Modelling and Control of Wind Turbine and Battery

Energy Storage System for Grid Integration

Omid Khoubseresht Mohamadamin Rajabinezhad Bahman Ahmadi Elham Shirazi
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Faculty of EEMCS, Faculty of Engineering
Engineering, Iran University of Engineering, Iran University of University of Twente Technology,
Science and Technology, Science and Technology, Enschede, Netherlands. University of Twente
2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) | 978-1-6654-8032-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-Europe54678.2022.9960469

Tehran, Iran. Tehran, Iran. [Link] @[Link] Enschede, Netherlands.

omid_khoubseresht@[Link] m_rajabinezhad@[Link].a [Link]@[Link]
[Link] [Link]

Abstract— The benefits of renewable energy sources to uncertainty in power management [10]. Therefore,
(RES) are undeniable, despite the fact that controlling their proposing a method to control output power of these
output power is complicated due to their intermittent nature.
In this paper, a new set of analytical formulations has been resources and made them dispatchable is required to meet
proposed for simultaneous integration and control of wind the time varying load effectively as well as increase the
turbine (WT) and battery energy storage system (BESS) RESs shares, and the hosting capacity of energy grids.
considering the time-varying load models, and resources
In this regard, several methods and technologies have
uncertainty. The objective functions of this method include
smoothing the output power of the WT unit, balancing been proposed to suppress the WT output fluctuations in
demand and generation, increasing WT shares as well as the medium-frequency area. By substantial developing in
decreasing the automatic generation control (AGC) reserve energy storage systems (ESSs), and also reducing the
capacity which is essential in the gird. In addition, the
modification of BESS reference current is considered to power converters cost, the ESSs have become a possible
prolong the BESS effective lifetime and guarantee the solution for improving power quality and productivity, in
prevention of BESS from over-charge and discharge. The the networks with high penetration of RESs [11-14].
results show that simultaneous integration of WT and BESS Several types of energy storage are proposed in papers for
in the grid will smooth WT output power, balance load and
WT generation, thereby reducing AGC required capacity RESs power smoothing. The BESS is the most applicable
and increasing the hosting capacity of grids effectively. components in the microgrids due to its evolved
technology and appropriate energy density [8, 15].
Keywords— Wind Turbine, Energy Storage, Power System
Stability, Power Quality, Grid integration.
Furthermore, several approaches for power fluctuation
compensating based on energy storage have been
I. INTRODUCTION proposed including first-order low-pass filter (FOLPF),
The growth of electric load demands and the
real power point tracking, prediction-based model such as
increment of transmitted power between large networks
Kalman Filter, etc. Authors in [11] have proposed a
has led to complexity and reduction in energy systems’
method to smooth the WT output fluctuations considering
reliability. The amount of power produced, and its
dynamic implementation of the Hybrid ESS (Energy
transmission is not responsive to increase the growing
Storage System) integrated to the WT. Authors in [12]
demand for electrical energy. In addition, main power
implemented a stochastic model predictive control (MPC)
plants cannot change their output power immediately, and
to deal with the variation of WT and smooth the WT
as a result, meet the time varying load. Moreover, because
output using hybrid energy storages. The purpose of [13]
of the several issues such as technical, financial, etc., the
was to suggest an BESS active and reactive power
idea of using these sources the renewable energy sources
controller to smooth the output power of WT and regulate
(RESs) has been proposed to solve the mentioned
the voltage. A discrete Kalman filter-based state-space
problems [1, 2]. Given the inherent characteristics of the
strategy has been implemented in [14] to inject the
wind speed, the WT output has an oscillating behavior
smoothed power using BESS.
which made this resources not-dispatchable, resulting in
Additionally, in Ref. [16] a mixed-integer quadratic
technical and safety problems and reduction the quality of
algorithm for calculating the BESS size and power rating
produced power, and system performance [3-6]. Also,
in distributed microgrid, which includes PV and WT units
power oscillation in more vulnerable networks can cause
is proposed considering technical and economic objective
drastic deviations in the voltage and frequency [7]. Given
function, and the uncertainty of RESs. A new control
the fact that high and low frequency fluctuations are
strategy based on MPC for BESS has been represented in
reduced by generator inertia and automatic generation
[9] so that BESS operating cost and AGC required
control (AGC) respectively, energy grids are much more
capacity is minimized. Several papers proposed
sensitive to power fluctuations in the medium-frequency
optimized-based methods for load and energy
region from 0.01 to 1 Hz [8]. Moreover, in such systems,
management, thereby balancing the load demand. For
so much AGC capacity is necessitated to tackle with
instance, Ref. [18] implement a load planning approach
power oscillations [9]. Additionally, considering
considering the PV unit integrated with ESS. In these
stochastic load demands and WT inherent nature can lead
kinds of techniques, partial or full control on residential

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load is required. Also, a management strategy for RES A. Load Modeling
current sharing integrated with hybrid ESS in a grid- Three load profiles, namely commercial, industrial and
connected DC microgrid have been reported in [19]. In residential are modeled as distinctive hourly varying load
[20] an energy management method based on ramp-rate demand and depicted in Fig. 2 [10, 22].
control has been proposed for mitigating PV fluctuations
using hybrid ESS. Ref. [21] presents a rule-based energy
management approach for balancing load and generation
and power smoothing in a grid-connected microgrid
include PV and hybrid ESS.
Having studied former literatures, a few works have
considered the oscillating of output power of WT, and
time-varying load models, and almost none of them use
BESS in order to smooth of RESs output power and match
load and WTs generation simultaneously. For these Fig. 2. The daily demand curve
reasons, the new strategy of RES and BESS based on the
B. Distribution Energy Resources Modeling
analytical method is presented in this paper, aiming to
reduce AGC required capacity, smooth the WT production 1) Wind Turbine Modeling
power, balance the demand and WTs generations, and The Rayleigh probability density function (PDF) is a
make WT units dispatchable. In addition, the BESS suitable method to model the stochastic behavior of wind
current prevention and initial state of charge (SOC) speed from [23]. It is obtained by considering the shape
determination are considered in this work. The index equal to 2 in Weibull PDF (1):
contributions of this study are summarized hereunder:   v 2 
 2v 
1. This method can smooth the WT power oscillations f r (v) =  2  exp  −    (1)
effectively and correspondingly decrease the AGC c    c  
required capacity properly. The Rayleigh scale index can be determined as:
2. In this paper, a set of formulations is presented to c ≈ 1.128vm (2)
match the load and WTs output curves, thereby The wind speed probability during each period is
mitigating the adverse effects of stochastic behaviors determined as follows (3):
of WT and increasing its power shares in power grids. v2
3. The presented method can utilize the total capacity of Pv {Gw } =  f r (v) dv (3)
v1
BESS considering preventing the BESS from over- where v1 and v2 are wind speed limits of state w.
charge and discharge. The WT generation is affiliated on the wind speed.
II. LOAD AND DERS MODELING Therefore, once the Rayleigh PDF is calculated for a
Fig. 1 shows the diagram of the case study with WT and particular time interval, the generation power of various
BESS in power grid, where WT output power will be states is determined for this time as follows [23]:
smoothed, and supply and demand will be matched 0 0 ≤ v ≤ vci , v ≥ vco
suitably. In this study, different load models are 
 ( v − vci ) (4)
considered to evaluate the efficiency of the presented Pwo (v) =  Prated × vci ≤ v ≤ vr
method. In addition, the Rayleigh PDF is used for  ( vr − vci )
P vr ≤ v ≤ vco
modeling of WT generation. The WT generation for each  rated
interval can be obtained by summing up all the output where vci, vr and vco are the cut-in speed, rated speed, and
generation at that period. Finally, BESS will be modelled cutoff speed of the WT unit, respectively.
using equivalent circuit model. Finally, the probabilistic output power of each WT unit
Ene rgy G rid across any specific period can be calculated using (5) :
(The rmal Power Units)
w2
Pw (t ) =  Pwo ( v ) Pv {Gw } dv (5)
w1
Wind Turbine Unit

Loads C. BESS modeling

Battery Energy Battery system are usually modeled based on
Storage System
experimental, electrochemical or equivalent circuit
Fig. 1. Diagram of the energy grid with WT and BESS [9]. approach. The equivalent circuit model is most suitable
for dynamic simulation. In this paper, a combination of
controlled voltage source and a series resistance is
applied for modelling the battery [24, 25]. Based on this

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model, the battery characteristics in both charging and between the total output current of RESs and reference
discharge modes are the same. Two significant parameters current (Iref) are given in (10) and (11), respectively:
that represent the battery behavior are battery voltage Vbat I p _ filter 1
and SOC. In this model, open circuit voltage is calculated G filter ( s ) = = (10)
using a SOC-based nonlinear equation:
I wt τs +1
V bat = E bat − R int I bat (6) τs
I ref 1 = I wt (11)
in which Rint is battery internal resistance, Ebat is battery τ s +1
open-circuit voltage and Ibat is battery current. SOC is where τ is the time constant of LPF [15, 27]. This method
calculated as a function of the battery current: can compensate the active power oscillation in a specific
  I dt   frequency band. Ismooth(t) is the smoothed WT current, and

SOC = 100  SOCint −
 bat    (7) can be determined based on (12):
 Q 
   ISmooth (t ) = Iwt (t) − Iref 1(t) (12)
  
where SOCint is battery initial state and Q is battery B. Calculating the matching current of BESS
capacity which is modeled based on (8): The AGC reserve capacity can be properly reduced or
1 − SOC − B (1−SOC )Q smoothed by BESS installation in a grid with the WT unit
E bat = E 0 − K Q + Ae (8) for current matching. The required AGC capacity with the
SOC
presence of BESS is determined as:
In (8), E0 is battery nominal voltage, K is polarization
voltage, A is exponential voltage (in volts), and B is the
I eq _ bess (t ) = I load (t ) − I match (t ) (13)
exponential capacity [26]. It is assumed that the battery Here Ieq_bess(t) is the equivalent load current in period t
packs can be kept in a temperature-controlled when BESS is considered. Imatch(t) is the expected WT
environment for this kind of application; so, the current after being matched by BESS, and is calculated as:
temperature variation is not considered. The focus is on I match (t ) = I smooth (t ) − I ref 2 (t ) (14)
the variation of battery terminal voltage.
In addition, to maximize load and WT output matching,
III. BESS INTEGRATION INTO A GRID WITH HIGH WT Imatch (t) would be determined as:
PENETRATION
I match (t ) = (1 + ε1 ) Iload (t ) (15)
Considering the speed changing of wind, logically the
dramatic fluctuation of WT output power takes place ε1 is calculated using the equal BESS stored energy at the
during the day. Therefore, the approach to determinate the beginning and end of the given time (one day in this
AGC capacity in a power grid with high penetration of study) as following:
WT should be explained. At first, Ieq(t) is calculated by Ebess (t ) = Ebess (t + 24) (16)
subtracting actual demand current Iload(t) from WT current As a result, the reference current of BESS in per unit
Iwt(t), which shows the impact of WT current on AGC which is used for balancing load and supply can be
reserve capacity requirement [9]: obtained using (16) as follows:
I eq (t ) = I load (t ) − I wt (t ) (9) I ref 2 (t ) = I smooth (t ) − (1 + ε1 ) I load (t ) (17)
The calculated AGC necessary capacity of each period
C. Calculating the total current of BESS base on battery
can bring about most of the regulatory requirements. To prevention current
be more specific, on windy times, the AGC capacity The optimal output current of BESS in per unit which is
varied significantly. Thus, if the power oscillations is used for power smoothing and matching can be obtained
compensated properly in a grid with high RES as follows:
penetration, the AGC necessary capacity will be
Ibess _ opt (t ) = I ref 1 (t ) + I ref 2 (t ) (18)
drastically reduced. Hence, to smooth the power
oscillations of WT, BESS is considered in this study. In general, the battery should be operated within a certain
range of SOC for continuity of operation. Practical
A. Calculating the smoothing current of BESS constraints on the SOC of BESS needs to be satisfied to
To calculate the smoothing current injected to the grid, a
prevent forced shutdown of BESS, resulting from over-
sample of WT is needed. The target signal for BESS
charge or over-discharge. Subsequently, BESS lifetime
charging or discharging is obtained by subtracting pre-
will be increased. To ensure the SOC is within the
and post-filtered current of WT units using a Low-Pass
permissible range, feedback is taken from the SOC of
Filter (LPF). The demand for the BESS output is
battery and transferred to the battery energy management
calculated by subtracting Ifilter from Iwt. The transfer
level [28]. When the difference between reference SOC
function of the low-pass filter and the relationship

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(SOCref) and the actual SOC places inside the dead region, generator inertia and the AGC. As it can be seen in Fig.5
the optimal BESS current does not change, then: the medium-frequency oscillations of the WT output
* generation, has been smoothed.
I bess _ opt (t ) = I bess _ opt (t ) (19)
Otherwise, equations (20-23) can be used to compute the
reference current of the battery as following:
∆SOC = SOC ref − SOC bat (20)

∆SOC , ∆SOC ≥ C 1
eSOC =  (21)
0 , ∆SOC < C 1


I SOC = eSOC GPI 2 = eSOC  kP 2 +
ki 2 
 (22)
 s 
Fig. 4. The frequency spectrum of the WT power fluctuation
*
Ibess _ opt (t ) = I soc (t ) + I bess _ opt (t ) (23)
The fluctuation harmonic content (FHC) approach is used
To protect the battery and to avoid the battery from for quantifying the power oscillation in the specific
overcharge and discharge, it is supposed that: frequency range, in our case medium-frequency, and
SOC max +SOC min calculated as follows [29]:
SOC ref =
2
= 50%
(24)
f
2
(I ( f )/ 2)
In (21), C1 is equal to 0.1 and in (22) kp2 and ki2 are equal ∈{ F}
FHC ( F ) = (25)
to 2500 and 10 respectively. According to this control
I0
level, if SOC<SOCmin, then the BESS is only allowed to
charge, and if SOC>SOCmax, then the BESS is only In (25), F is the frequency area, and I0 is the DC
allowed to discharge. component current. When F is the whole frequency area,
the total FHC is similar to the Total Harmonic Distortion
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS (THD) conventional equation. In other word, the bigger
To evaluate the efficiency of presented method for WT FHC value, the larger power fluctuations in specific
and BESS integration, this method is the case study in [9]. frequency area. The FHC values of various cases are
In this part, verification results of the proposed approach calculated and presented in Table 1. It can be seen that in
for WT output smoothing and balancing supply and the 0.01∼1 Hz frequency region the power fluctuations
demand on the given grid are provided. have been reduced properly in the filtered power.
A. Simulation results
TABLE I. FHC VALUES OF WT POWER OSCILLATION IN THE
The proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink DISTINCTIVE FREQUENCY AREA
environment. The output power of WT systems for both
Frequency region Medium High Full
pre- and post-filtered cases is shown in Fig. 3. It (0.01~1 Hz) (>1 Hz) region
demonstrates that the WT output was smoothed properly, Per-filtered Pwind , % 54.7 5.27 54.95
and as a result, the WT power fluctuation was decreased Filtered Pwind , % 30.06 3.96 30.41
in the medium region frequency.
Furthermore, the demand, cumulative stored energy in the
BESS corresponding to charge and discharged power, and
outputs of WT, BESS and RES are illustrated in Fig. 5.
For all load models, the WT-BESS output power curves
and the load demand curves become completely matched
based on the proposed method. By matching these curves,
the energy losses in the lines of the network were
minimized. In other words, the more match between the
curves is, the lower energy losses will be. Also, from Fig.
Fig. 3. The daily normalized WT output before and after filtering 5, we can see that BESS is mainly charged between 00:00
The power fluctuation spectrum of DER before and after and 6:00, discharge between 6:00 and 10:00, etc., for the
filtering is calculated based on the Fast Fourier Transform commercial load model. However, for the other load
(FFT) method in the frequency domain and shown in Fig. models, BESS charged, and discharge curves are different.
4. The most wind power fluctuations are placed in low Additionally, the initial SOC of BESS was determined
and medium frequency areas. High frequency power based on the proposed method which utilizes the total
fluctuations are negligible, for mostly are reduced by the capacity and reduces the investment cost of BESS.

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 (a) Fig. 6. State of Charge in normal and abnormal operating modes for
commercial load model.

Fig. 7 show daily power variation before and after power

smoothing as well as after power matching. From the
results, the WT output power has much lower power
variation after power smoothing as compared to that of
before BESS installation, which shows BESS can perform
well in reducing the fluctuation of WT output. This means
the AGC reserve capacity significantly reduced after
(b)
BESS installation. Hence, it can be concluded that the WT
output power variation, and as a result, AGC capacity
with BESS integration is less than that of without BESS
integration.

(c)
Fig. 5. Load, cumulative stored energy in BESS and power outputs
from WT, BESS and WT-BESS for (a) Commercial, (b) Industrial, and
(c) Residential load models.
Fig. 7. Power variation before and after power smoothing
In addition, SOC of BESS in normal and abnormal
operating modes for commercial load model is depicted in Fig. 8 demonstrates the differences between load demand
Fig. 6. In this study, abnormal operating mode for the and WT output power become linear effectively after
commercial load includes a 20% load increment at 10:00 BESS integration as comparison with that of before BESS
to 15:00 and a 30% WT output decrement at 00:00 to installation, which means BESS can perform well in
5:00. From results, BESS can operate in the proper zone mitigating the load and WT power mismatch, thereby
(0.1<SOC<0.9) considering preventing the BESS from encouraging WT unit’s owners to participate in the energy
over-charge and discharge even when loads or WT output grid, and as a result, increasing WT penetration in the
have unpredictable fluctuations and changes. This grid.
condition can prolong BESS lifetime, thereby bringing
economic benefits in the long run.
In this study, some evaluation indices are defined for
further evaluation of the proposed method as follows:
E1 (t + 1) = I wt (t + 1) − I wt (t ) (26)
E2 (t + 1) = I smooth / match (t + 1) − I smooth / match (t ) (27)
E3 (t ) =  Iload (t ) − Iwt (t ) Iload (t )
(28)
Fig. 8. Power matching for (a) Commercial, (b) Industrial, and (c)
E4 (t ) =  Iload (t ) − I match (t ) Iload (t ) Residential load models.
(29)
Where E1 and E2 is the power variation of WT output
power before and after smoothing or matching with load V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new set of formulation for optimal
demand, respectively. In addition, E3 and E4 is the power
planning of WT and BESS considering the time-varying
mismatch between load and WT output power before and
load models and source uncertainty is proposed. This
after BESS integration, respectively.

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