Development

How is a country planned by development?

Development refers to characteristics that describe how a country has advanced in
economic, cultural, social, and technological levels.
Standard of living is the value of their possessions and savings, the type of home
they live in, and whether they have access to a working telephone, television, and
computer.
Quality of life is the general well-being of a person; it includes standards of
living but is also affected by education, health, civil services, welfare,
environment, and social, political, and religious freedom.

MEDCs vs LEDCs
MEDCs
- Use resources efficiently
- Highly industrialized
- High standard of living
- Good education, health, transport systems
- Manufacturing and export goods; can make world trade
- Stable governments able to advance financially and to assist other countries

LEDCs
- Export raw materials
- Not highly industrialized
- High poverty levels
- Inefficient production, health, transport systems
- Imports goods; cannot make world trade
- Receive financial aid

Indicators of Development
Economic Indicators
- Gross National Income (GNI)
- Gross National Product (GNP)
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Gini-coefficient

Social Indicators
- The percentage of population living in urban areas/zone
- Education level and level of literacy
- Availability of services like water, electricity, and health care
- Food and nutritio.

Demographic Indicators:
- Birth rate
- Death rate
- Infant mortality rate
- Life expectancy
- Maternal mortality rate (The number of women who die during childbirth)

Population growth rate (The percentage by which a country's population grows a

year)

Physical factors:
- Housing
- Conservation lets to be increased by resource by developed countries.
- No laws against the rights of resources.
- A lack of institutional responses and borders to exploit natural resources,
especially in developing countries.
- A labour is exploited and cheap labour is used. Hours are not skilled.

Social factors:
- Population growth.
- The world's population is increasing so rapid not.
- This puts pressure on resources such as food, water, and fuel.
- These resources are becoming depleted or degraded.

Economic factors:
- Trade barriers.
- Globalisation has made it easy for countries to trade and exchange goods.
- World trade organisation has introduced a free market trade system in an effort
to attempt to integrate developing countries

Energy
- The energy wants having and security gaps
- Developing countries often due to export to developed countries and suffer war
orders for their goods on a global back.

Education and Training

- A educated labour force is a barrier for transfer of technology from developed
and developing countries.
- A high literacy rate improves sustained progress in a country economy.
- More than 60% the worlds population does not have access to clean cooking energy.
- The high use of biomass fuels in developing countries poses a loss of energy for
domestic use this does hamper development.
- Developed countries contribute to the high CO2 levels from the use of fossil
fuels for energy production.

Natural Resources
- Coming (copying?) the continuous depletion has sources in a quite environment and
support is restricted.

Trade and Transport

- Trade - is the exchange of goods and services.
- International trade = exchange of goods and services between countries.
- International trade happens when producing countries and are able to produce more
goods & services more rapidly, like a quality low costing countries.

Commodities
- They are items that captures trade is
- They can be "order raw materials" or finished products.

Notes on Trade
- *Trade barriers*: Many favour local products or processed products.
- How? Via tariffs, quotas, and by enforcing relationships between prices of
imports.
- Major reasons to buy local: support local and pay for what you buy locally.
- *Balance of trade*: Between exports and imports.
- Can be surplus or deficit.
- Negative balance of trade (-) imports are greater than exports.
- *Positive balance of trade (Surplus)*: exports are greater than imports.

Trade Relationships
- Free trade: no trade barriers or activities.
- When tariffs on goods and other taxes are on water, and on things like exports,
duties are applied to process.
- Trade has a need to bring # body partners.
- Trade supports growth in shaping outcomes by:
- Fair prices.
- Trade in a way that sustains development.
- Trade organisations are influenced by fisheries, social development, food
(production and farming) in developing areas.

Trade Barriers
- These occur to protect competitiveness.
- Governments might impose to make imported goods more expensive.
- Tariffs are also called protectionism. Key inside - tariffs and quotas - impact
goods coming across borders.
- More expensive than local. Supply and demand.
- Subsidies - Tax # financial assistance paid to business to help.

- *Top section (partially legible):* "Notes Business"

- *Main notes:*
- "What - thing goods we sell."
- "Globalisation"
- "is a + process of things removing the countries and interdependence
among countries, companies"
- "Globalisation bring countries + things have connections, transport +
tradeline"
- "Globalisation is changing the world prices"
- "It makes the flow of goods, ideas, information & knowledge, skills,
values + money national boundaries"
- "Effect of Globalisation"
- "become effects"
- "the result + flow trade between countries"
- "informal markets & business"

- Imports and exports economy notes.

- Communication:
- Worldwide communication through social media platforms.
- Selection speed and choices: similar hype of goods and services.
- Colonial effects:
- Observed values and values systems.
- Respect for human rights & freedom.
- Policy effects:
- Alternative series of systems of government.
- Policy continuity approaches.
- Basis on communication government to change.
- Bridges of globalization:
- Global need to leverage and innovate.
- Imports aims to achieve of sequence of actions.
- Quality of goods and services improve.
- Innovation employed and issues from poorer beliefs, poverty; imports needed
to bring and education. Unbalanced organizations point friction.
- Disadvantages of globalization:
- Technology advanced and weaker destroy traditional knowledge gaps.
- Sharing those demands for an unequal equity in competitiveness and in
markets.
- Unequal demand to bring and move being a poor feel exploited.
- Based from pressures in delivery of services and 'survival' of businesses.
Demand for labor transport and communication techniques.

Effects of Development on the Environment

- Development leads to increases in industrialization and technology.
- Positive impact: brings economic and social benefits.
- Negative impact: affects the environment due to:
- Global warming
- Deforestation
- Soil erosion
- Water and air pollution
- Extinction of plants and animals

Use of Fossil Fuels for Energy

- Increased by 30% between 1990 and 2020.
- Over 700 million motor cars produce 700 million tons of CO₂ in 2010.

Problems of Global Warming

- Severe droughts
- Heat waves
- Extreme weather
- Heavy rain and flooding
- Rise in sea levels

Effects of Oil Pollution

- Destruction of biodiversity and marine life
- Long-term effects
- Destruction of marine habitats or some marine life

On Exploitation of Resources
- Maybe mining operations still argued for by environmentalists

Use of chemical fertilizers and genetically modified crops can have negative
effects on food security.

- Creation of animal life

- Ingestion of pests kill and harms animal life and livestock food supply
- Destruction of tropical species and tropical rain forests
- Causes desertification and soil erosion

Negative impacts:
- Health
- Animal - lower yields
- Bad crops
- Leads to intensification and water supply
- Destruction of forests
- Problems with urbanization
- Development results in rapid urban growth 'money makes people unsustainable'
- Problem of weeds - removed and wastes disposed
- Less air, pollution go away causing health problems
- Use of outdated technologies for energy makes accidents

Overconsumption and Bioengineering:

- The human develops needs because more resources are consumed. If balanced, the
rate of at which people use resources and the ability to reproduce them. Society
needs to be maintained

Role of development aid

- Development aid is when MEDCs help LEDCs with loans, donations, and assistance.
- And is given to developed economies and improve the lives, provide to better the
quality of life for the population.
- Aid can also be given with or without conditions.
Types of Aid
- Financial Aid
- Transfer of money from MEDCs or international banks to LEDCs.
- Can be a loan or donation.
- This aid can either be bilateral or multilateral aid.
- Technical aid
- Experts/advice to promote development.
- Construction, use of machinery or technology by foreign agents to promote
development.
- Conditional Aid
- Foreign aid from a donor country that must be spent in a certain way in a
country that received the aid.
- Eg money must be spent on providing service to people.
- Humanitarian aid
- It is provided in crises like natural disasters and man-made disasters.
- Aim of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain
dignity.

Advantages of Aid
- *Education and Skills Training*: Can be improved.
- *Recipient Country Investment*: Can receive a large sum of money to invest in
development (e.g., roads, buildings, bridges).
- *Basic Needs Improvement*: Money can be used to improve schools, healthcare, and
transport for basic needs of people.
- *Technology and Expertise Benefits*: Developing countries benefit from expertise
and modern technology of developed countries.
- *Job Creation and Economic Benefits*: Development projects create jobs,
benefiting local people and the economy.

Disadvantages of Aid
- *Government Corruption*: Government receiving aid may hide the funds and money
for private purposes.
- *Aid Dependency*: Aid ends up being stuck, provided or marketed.
- *Conditions Attached*: Aid sometimes has conditions attached to guarantee and
political spin.
- *Debate on Outcomes*: Debated whether aid outcomes are needed.
- *Perception of Handout*: Aid is perceived as a handout not about economic
development.
- *Inappropriate Imports*: Imports encouraged are often inappropriate to the needs
of the people.