10-10-2023

Tutorial 2

 First law applied to closed systems

Dr. Sharu B K
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Calicut

Office: GF, old library

Email: sharubk@[Link]

Example: 2.2

 Four kilograms of a certain gas is contained within a piston–

cylinder assembly. The gas undergoes a process for which the
pressure–volume relationship is

.
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3. The change in specific internal energy of the
gas in the process is 𝑢 − 𝑢 = −4.6 kJ/kg. There are no
significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the
net heat transfer for the process, in kJ.

Answer: − 0.8 kJ
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Solution: Example- 2.2

Assumptions:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The process is described by 𝑝𝑉 . = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
3. There is no change in the kinetic or potential energy of the system
Answer: − 0.8 kJ
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Solution: Example- 2.2

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Example: 2.3
 Air is contained in a vertical piston–cylinder assembly fitted with
an electrical resistor. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 1 bar on
the top of the piston, which has a mass of 45 kg and a face area of
0.09 m2. Electric current passes through the resistor, and the
volume of the air slowly increases by 0.045 m3 while its pressure
remains constant. The mass of the air is 0.27 kg, and its specific
internal energy increases by 42 kJ/kg. The air and piston are at rest
initially and finally. The piston–cylinder material is a ceramic
composite and thus a good insulator. Friction between the piston
and cylinder wall can be ignored.
 Determine the heat transfer from the resistor to the air, in kJ, for
a system consisting of (a) the air alone, (b) the air and the piston

Answer: (a) 15.8 kJ; (b) 15.8

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Solution: Example- 2.3

Assumptions:
1. Two closed systems are under consideration, as shown in the schematic.
2. The only significant heat transfer is from the resistor to the air, during which
the air expands slowly and its pressure remains constant.
3. There is no net change in kinetic energy; the change in potential energy of the
air is negligible; and since the piston material is a good insulator, the internal
energy of the piston is not affected by the heat transfer.
4. Friction between the piston and cylinder wall is negligible
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Solution: Example- 2.3

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Solution: Example- 2.3

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Example- 2.4
 A piston–cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapour that
is maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater
within the cylinder is turned on and passes a current of 0.2 A for 5
min from a 120-V source. At the same time, a heat loss of 3.7 kJ
occurs.
a) Show that for a closed system the boundary work Wb and the
change in internal energy ∆U in the first-law relation can be
combined into one term, ∆H, for a constant pressure process.
b) Determine the final temperature of the steam.

Ref: Cengel, EXAMPLE 4–5

Answer: (a) 𝑸 − 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 = 𝑯𝟐 − 𝑯𝟏 ; 𝒃 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ℃
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Solution: Example- 2.4

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Solution: Example- 2.4

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Solution: Example- 2.4

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Example- 2.5
 A rigid and insulated tank of volume 100 litres contains nitrogen at
300 K and 1 bar. An electrical resistor placed inside the tank is
connected to a battery and current flows through the resistor till
the gas raises to a temperature of 350 K. Assume that nitrogen is an
ideal gas. The molar heat capacity at constant volume (CV) of
nitrogen is 5R/2 where R is the universal gas constant.
a) Determine the work done by the battery and
b) the final pressure of the gas in the tank.

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Solution: Example- 2.5

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Example- 2.6
 A system is taken through a series of processes as a result of
which it is restored to the initial state. The work and heat
interactions for some of the processes are measured and they are
as given below.

Complete the table and determine the net work done and the
net heat interaction.

Process W(kJ) Q(kJ) ∆𝑈(𝑘𝐽)

1-2 100 200 ---
2-3 --- -150 200
3-4 -250 --- ---
4-1 300 --- 50
Answer: 100 kJ; -350 kJ; -600 kJ; 350 kJ; net work= -200 kJ
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Solution: Example- 2.6

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Example- 2.7
 4 m × 5m × 6m room is to be heated by a resistance heater.
It is desired that the resistance heater be able to raise the
air temperature in the room from 7 to 23 °C within 15 min.
Assuming no heat losses from the room and an atmospheric
pressure of 100 kPa, determine the required power of the
resistance heater. Assume constant specific heats at room
temperature.
(R = 0.287 kJ/kgK; cv = 0.718 kJ/kg for air at room
temperature )

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝑾𝒊𝒏 =1.91 kW

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Solution: Example- 2.7

1.91 kW
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Example- 2.8
 Air is contained in a variable-load piston-cylinder device equipped
with a paddle wheel. Initially, air is at 500 kPa and 27 °C. The paddle
wheel is now turned by an external electric motor until 50 kJ/kg of
work has been transferred to air. During this process, heat is
transferred to maintain a constant air temperature while allowing
the gas volume to triple. Calculate the required amount of heat
transfer, in kJ/kg.

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝒒𝒊𝒏 =44.6 kJ/kg

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Solution: Example- 2.8

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Example- 2.9
 A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston-cylinder device is heated from
25 to 77°C by passing current through a resistance heater inside
the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at
300 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs.
Determine the electric energy supplied, in kWh.

Please note:

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓: 𝑾𝒆, 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 kWh

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Solution: Example- 2.9

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Example- 2.10
 A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three
processes beginning at an initial state where p1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5
m3 and U1 = 512 kJ.
The processes are as follows:
I. Process 1–2: Compression with pV = constant to p2
= 2 bar, U2 = 690 kJ
II. Process 2–3: W23 = 0, Q23 = –150 kJ, and
III. Process 3–1: W31 = +50 kJ. Neglecting KE and PE
changes,

Determine the heat interactions Q12 and Q31.

Answer: Q12 = 74.03 kJ and Q31= 22 kJ

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Solution: Example- 2.10

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Example- 2.11
 A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following
processes:
1) Process 1–2: Constant pressure p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W12 =
10.5 kJ
2) Process 2–3: Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2
3) Process 3–1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = – 26.4 kJ.

There are no significant changes in KE and PE.

(a) Sketch the cycle on a p–V diagram

(b) Calculate the net work for the cycle in kJ
(c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1–2
(d) Show that cycle cycle ΣQ =ΣW.
Answer: Q12 = 36.9 kJ; Q23= -18.8 kJ and Q31= -26.4 kJ 109
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Solution: Example- 2.11

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Example- 2.12

 1 kg of air at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed reversibly and

adiabatically to 6 bar and then it is cooled at constant pressure
to the original temperature. The air is then restored to the
initial state through an isothermal process. Assume air as an
ideal gas and calculate the network and heat interaction for
the process. (Take R = 0.287 kJ/kg K and 𝛾 = 1.4 )

Answer: cyclic process, hence, q=W

W=-47.9 kJ/kg
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Solution: Example- 2.12

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Solution: Example- 2.12

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Example- 2.13
 A 4 m × 5 m × 6 m room is to be heated by a baseboard
resistance heater. It is desired that the resistance heater be
able to raise the air temperature in the room from 5 to 25
°C within 11 min. Assuming no heat losses from the room
and an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the
required power of the resistance heater. Assume constant
specific heats at room temperature. (Take R = 0.287 kJ/kg K
and γ =1.4 )

Answer: 𝑾𝒆,𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌W
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Solution: Example- 2.13

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Example- 2.14
 A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which
follows a relationship p = a + bV, where a and b are constants. The
initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and
the corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20 m3. The specific
internal energy of the gas is given by the relation u = 1.5 pv – 85
kJ/kg, where p is the kPa and v is in m3/kg. Calculate the net heat
transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas attained
during expansion.

Answer: ∆𝑼 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑱; 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑱

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Solution: Example- 2.14

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Solution: Example- 2.14

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Example- 2.15
 A student living in a 4 m x 6 m x 6 m dormitory room turns on
her 150 W fan before she leaves the room on a summer day,
hoping that the room will be cooler when she comes back in the
evening. Assuming all the doors and windows are tightly closed
and disregarding any heat transfer through the walls and the
windows, determine the temperature in the room when she
comes back 10 h later. Use specific heat values at room
temperature, and assume the room to be at 100 kPa and 15°C in
the morning when she leaves.

Answer: 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟐 ℃
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Solution: Example- 2.15

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