Lecture 01:

EEB334/315: Computer Programming I

Introduction to C++
By N Ditshego

Adopted from
Dr. McCoy from University of Delaware
and
Federico Busato, Ph.D.
• Senior Software Engineer at Nvidia, 1
CUDA Core Compute Libraries
 What is this course about?
• Basic principles of computer science
• Programming Course using C++
• What does good programming involve?
– Software engineering, structured
programming, object oriented design
– Planning
– Writing clear, well documented, and well
formatted code
– Clear modularity – clear sections of code
doing their job
2
 What is this course about (cont.)?
• Understanding various tools (data
structures, and computer programs) for
doing the job

3
 4

1.2 What is a Computer?

• Computer
– Device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
• Computer programs
– Sets of instructions that control computer’s processing of
data
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising computer
• Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM,
processing units, …
• Software
– Programs that run on computer

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 5

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

1. Input unit
• “Receiving” section
• Obtains information from input devices
– Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, networks, …
2. Output unit
• “Shipping” section
• Takes information processed by computer
• Places information on output devices
– Screen, printer, networks, …
– Information used to control other devices

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 6

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

3. Memory unit
• Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse” section
• Retains information from input unit
– Immediately available for processing
• Retains processed information
– Until placed on output devices
• Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• “Manufacturing” section
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 7

1.3 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

5. Central processing unit (CPU)
• “Administrative” section
• Supervises and coordinates other sections of computer
6. Secondary storage unit
• Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
• Storage
– Inactive programs or data
• Secondary storage devices
– Disks
• Longer to access than primary memory
• Less expensive per unit than primary memory

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Little History of C

8
A Little History of C

9
A Little History of C

10
A Little History of C++

11
A Little History of C++

12
 Computer Programming
Languages
• Programmers write programs/instructions
in various programming languages – some
easier for the computer to understand and
some easier for the programmer to
understand.
– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-level languages

13
 14
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and
High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
1. Machine language
• Only language computer directly understands
• “Natural language” of computer
• Defined by hardware design
– Machine-dependent
• Generally consist of strings of numbers
– Ultimately 0s and 1s
• Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
– One at a time
• Cumbersome for humans
• Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 15
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and
High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
2. Assembly language
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations
• Clearer to humans
• Incomprehensible to computers
– Translator programs (assemblers)
• Convert to machine language
• Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 16
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and
High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
3. High-level languages
• Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical
notations
• Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
– Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
• Translator programs (compilers)
– Convert to machine language
• Interpreter programs
– Directly execute high-level language programs
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Background on C++
• One of the most popular software
development languages
• Superset of the C language (with object
oriented features)
• Be Careful!
– Does not enforce structured style (e.g., array
out of bounds not checked)
– Gives a lot of control to the programmer
(enough rope to…)
– Programmer must be responsible for
enforcing discipline
17
 18

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• C++ systems
– Program-development environment
– Language
– C++ Standard Library

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 19

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Program is created in
Editor
Phases of C++ Programs: Disk the editor and stored
on disk.

Preprocessor Preprocessor program

1. Edit
Disk
processes the code.
Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
2. Preprocess it on disk.
Linker links the object
Linker Disk code with the libraries,
3. Compile Primary
creates [Link] and
stores it on disk
Memory

4. Link
Loader

Loader puts program

in memory.
5. Load Disk ..
..
..

6. Execute CPU
Primary
Memory

CPU takes each

instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 20

1.20 Introduction to C++ Programming

• C++ language
– Facilitates structured and disciplined approach to computer
program design
• Following several examples
– Illustrate many important features of C++
– Each analyzed one statement at a time
• Structured programming
• Object-oriented programming

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 21

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• Input/output
– cin
• Standard input stream
• Normally keyboard
– cout
• Standard output stream
• Normally computer screen
– cerr
• Standard error stream
• Display error messages

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 22
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 23
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++. Single-line comments. Outline
3 #include <iostream>Function main returns an
4 integer { begins Preprocessor
value.
Left brace function directive to
include input/output Statements
stream fig01_02.cpp
5 // function main begins Function
[Link] main appears
execution end with a(1 of 1)
6 int main() header
exactly once file <iostream>.
in every C++ semicolon ;.
7 {
program.. fig01_02.cpp
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
9 Corresponding right brace } output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // ends function
indicate thatbody.
program ended successfully
11 Name coutStream insertion
belongs to operator.
12 } // end function main namespace std.

Keyword return is one of

Welcome to C++!
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Namespace
– std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace”
std
– std:: removed through use of using statements
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character output

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 25
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 26
1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_04.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion (1 of 1)
6 int main() statements produce one line
7 {
of output. fig01_04.cpp
8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; output (1 of 1)
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 27
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
Using newline characters to fig01_05.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main() print on multiple lines. (1 of 1)
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; fig01_05.cpp
9 output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 28
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 29
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 30
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Input stream object
– >> (stream extraction operator)
• Used with std::cin
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 31
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_06.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
(1 of 1)
7 { Declare integer variables.
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
10 int sum; Use
// variable in stream
which sumextraction
will be stored
11 operator with standard input
12 std::cout << "Enter first stream to obtain
integer\n"; user input.
// prompt
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
16 std::cin >> integer2; Calculations //
canread
be performed in
output manipulator
an integer
Stream statements: alternative for
17 lines 18 and 20:
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
std::endl outputs a
19 newline, then “flushes output
std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum buffer.”
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23
24 } // end function main Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 32
Enter first integer
45
Outline
Enter second integer
72
fig01_06.cpp
Sum is 117
output (1 of 1)

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 33

Software to USE:

• We will use Code::Blocks.

• It is a free software.
• Download at:
• [Link]

• Download: [Link]
• Then follow the instructions.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.