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AGRICULTURAL Revised 2017
POWER AND
ENERGY
SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
by
Alexis T. Belonio, MS, PAE, ASEAN Engineer
Former Associate Professor
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Management
College of Agriculture Resources and Environmental Sciences
,Central Philippine University, Iloilo City
Former Affiliate Professor
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Former Adjunct Assistant Professor
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering and
Department of Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-industrial Technology
University of the Philippines at Los Banos
College, Laguna
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the topic, the students are expected to be able:
– To differentiate energy and power;
– To enumerate and describe the various forms of energy;
– To distinguish the Laws of Thermodynamics;
– To classify the major sources of energy
– To identify the different energy sources;
– To classify the various energy conversion systems and devices;
– To familiarize with the different units of energy and power and learn
how to convert from one unit to another; and
– Practice how to solve problems related to energy conversion.
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TOPIC OUTLINE
• Energy and Power
• Forms of Energy
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Classification of Energy Sources
• Major Sources of Energy
• Energy Conversion Systems
• Energy Conversion Devices
• Units of Energy and Power
• References
• Study Questions
• Problem Exercises
ENERGY AND POWER
• Energy – It consists of a mass of
molecules that produces power either
heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, or
combinations of any of them. Simply, it is
the capacity of a physical system to
perform work.
• Power – It is the rate at which the energy
is used or work is performed. Basically, it
is calculated by dividing energy with time.
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FORMS OF ENERGY
• Kinetic Energy – It is the form of mechanical energy that has
something to do with the mass in motion.
– Wind harnessed through wind rotors
– Moving water on a turbine
• Potential Energy – This is the form of energy associated with the
position of the force field.
KINETIC
POTENTIAL
THERMAL
ENERGY CHEMICAL
ELECTRICAL
MAGNETIC
NUCLEAR
SOUND
Different Forms of Energy
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• Heat (Thermal) Energy – This is the energy associated with
random molecular motions within any medium and is usually related
to the increase or decrease in the temperature of a substance.
– Steam production for power generation
– Collection of solar heat
– Burning of fuel for drying, kiln firing, etc.
• Chemical Energy – This is the energy stored in certain chemicals
or materials that can be released by chemical reaction.
– Combustion of fuel such as gasoline and diesel
– Hydrogen
– Energy produced in batteries
• Magnetic Energy – This energy is closely related to electrical
energy. When magnetic field is created, a force to propel devices
like motors, solenoid valve, door bell create a work.
• Electrical Energy – This is the form of energy generated by friction
or by chemical change, having magnetic chemical and radiant effect.
• Nuclear Energy - This a part of the energy of an atomic nucleus,
which can be released by fusion or fission or radioactive decay
• Sound Energy – This is the form of energy associated with the
vibration or disturbance of matter.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be
created nor destroyed.
• The total amount of energy and matter in the universe remains
constant, merely changing from one form to another.
• The First Law of Thermodynamics (also called the Law of
Conservation) states that energy is always conserved, it is neither
created nor destroyed. In essence, energy can be converted from
one form to another.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that "in all energy
exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential
energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state."
• This is also commonly referred to as entropy. In the process of
energy transfer, some energy dissipate as heat.
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Conventional and Non-Conventional
Energy Sources
• Conventional
• These are the commonly and widely used sources of energy, eg. fossil fuel,
hydroelectricity, thermal power (from coal, mineral oil, natural gas), nuclear, etc.
• They are expensive and require established technologies to produce energy around
the clock.
• Conventional sources of energy have limited supply because eventually the nuclear
elements and fossil fuels will be used up.
• In addition, burning fossil fuels release significant amount of greenhouse gases and
contribute to acid rain.
• Non-Conventional
• These are the new sources of energy, hence they are still not in common use such as
solar, tidal, wind, biogas, and ocean thermal.
• Their contribution to the national power is nominal.
• They are also known as renewable energy sources.
• Nonconventional energy sources have a much smaller environmental footprint and
they are still expensive and are often limited to producing energy only under certain
circumstances.
• In other words, they are location specific.
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Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
Sources
• Renewable energy - is energy that comes from natural resources
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
– They are considered renewable because they are naturally
replenished at a constant rate.
• Non-renewable resource - is a natural resource which cannot be
reproduced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain
its consumption rate.
– Once depleted there will be no more available for future use.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
Kerosene
Gasoline
• Fuel Oil – Gasoline, Diesel,
Kerosene, etc
• Coal
Diesel
• Solar – Solar Thermal and
Photovoltaic
Solar
• Biomass – Direct Combustion,
Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Coal
Biofuel
• Wind – Windmill, Windpump,
Wave
Wind Turbine Biomass
• Hydro
• Geothermal
• Wave and Tidal
• Ocean Thermal
Wind
Geotherma
Hydro l
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENERGY SOURCES
Energy Source Conventional Non- Non Renewable Renewable
Conventional
Fossil Fuel
Crude Oil ● ●
Natural Gas ● ●
LPG ● ●
Solar ● ●
Biomass
Wood ● ●
Coal ● ●
Agri-residue ● ●
Forest-residue ● ●
Municipal Solid Waste ● ●
Bio-ethanol ● ●
Bio-diesel ● ●
Biogas ● ●
Wind ● ●
Hydro ● ●
Geothermal ● ●
ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEMS
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Animal Power System
In this energy conversion
system, the draft developed
by animal is converted into
useful work in crushing
sugar cane to produce liquid
juice. The animals walk
around a circumferential
path pulling a lever that
drives a vertical roller
crusher, which presses
sugar cane between two
rollers.
ANIMAL POWER è MECHANICAL POWER
Biogas System
In this conversion system,
animal wastes are allowed to
undergo decomposition
process inside a digester for
a certain period to produce a
combustible gas, which is a
mixture of methane and
carbon dioxide. Gas
containing higher percentage
of methane can be used to
provide heat as well as to
generate mechanical power.
ANIMAL WASTE ENERGY è CHEMICAL ENERGY è THERMAL ENERGY
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Biomass Power Generation System
In this energy conversion
system, biomass is used as
fuel to produce heat that
converts water into steam
inside a boiler. The pressure
of the steam drives the
steam turbine at a certain
speed and propels the
generator that produces
electricity. Biomass like
wood waste and agri-waste
are commonly used as fuel.
BIOMASS ENERGY è THERMAL ENERGY è ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Human Power System
In this conversion system, the
human muscle is used as
source of power in doing tasks
such as pumping of water and
other applications in
agriculture. Approximately,
human can provide 0.1-hp
power for doing various tasks.
HUMAN ENERGY è MECHANICAL ENERGY
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Electrical Battery System
In this system, the
chemical used
(commonly acid)
generates electricity as it
reacts with the plates of
the battery, which are
commonly made of lead.
The battery provides
direct current that
provides light and
energizes small home
appliances.
CHEMICAL ENERGY è ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Internal Combustion Engine System
In this energy conversion
system, fuel oil is used to
provide mechanical
power through
combustion. The piston
that causes the
movement after
explosion of fuel rotates
the crankshaft at a
certain speed and
torque.
CHEMICAL ENERGY è HEAT ENERGY è MECHANICAL ENERGY
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Biomass Thermal Production System
In this energy conversion
system, heat is provided by
burning the biomass inside
the combustion chamber of
a furnace. The burning
biomass is mixed with
excess air to efficiently burn
the gas generated during
combustion which is
subsequently used to
supply heat to a dryer, kiln,
boiler, etc.
BIOMASS ENERGY è THERMAL ENERGY
Wind Turbine System
In this conversion system, the
kinetic energy of the wind is used
to drive the rotor of the wind
turbine which produces
mechanical power that drives a
generator to produce electricity.
When the diameter of the rotor is
increased , the power is doubled.
When the velocity is doubled,
moreover, the power is increased
by eight times.
WIND ENERGY è ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Electrical Generator System
In this conversion system,
mechanical power is
provided by an engine that
drives a generator to
produce electricity. Diesel
fuel is used for a large-
scale power generating
unit while gasoline is used
for small units. The
generator used for this
purpose is usually 3-
phase or single-phase.
MECHANICAL ENERGY è ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Solar Photovoltaic System
In this system, the solar energy in
the form of light is captured in a
cell made of crystalline material
that converts light energy into
electricity. The system is usually
used for lighting facility using LED,
for providing power for
communication, and for charging
battery for other applications. It is
also used for water pumping or
irrigating high-value crops.
SOLAR ENERGY è ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Solar Thermal System
In this system, the heat from
the sun is captured using a
disc which converges the sun
heat obtaining a high
temperature for heating water
or for cooking food. Low-
temperature solar collectors
made of black flat plate are
used for drying as well as for
space heating applications.
SOLAR ENERGY è HEAT ENERGY
Hydro Power System
In this system, the kinetic energy
of flowing water is used to drive
the wheel that provides power for
grinding, lifting water, or for
providing power to drive a
generator (if provided with gear
box). Turbine, which is other
design of the wheel, provides
faster speed and higher
mechanical power solely for
electric generation.
HYDRO ENERGY è MECHANICAL POWER
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ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT/DEVICES
Equipment/ Conversion Agricultural Applications
Devices
Generator Mechanical to Generates power for farmstead such as lighting, driving
Electrical motor, heating, etc.
Motor Electrical to Provides power for various stationary farmstead
Mechanical equipment
Engine Heat to Provides power for both stationary and mobile
Mechanical agricultural machines and equipment
Turbine Kinetic to Supplies energy to propel high-speed equipment used
Mechanical to drive small generators and milling machines
Boiler Heat to kinetic Provides steam for power generation and for various
energy food processing operation
Solar Solar radiation Supplies energy for drying, space heating, and others
Collector to heat energy
Solar Cell Light to Provides power for lighting, water pumping, etc.
Electricity
Peltier Chip Heat to Runs small fan, cooling, etc.
Electricity
Combustion Fuel to Heat Burns fuel to produce heat for drying grains, kiln firing,
Chamber tobacco curing, and others
Bulb Electricity to Provides lighting for residential houses , farm building,
light etc.
Spark Plug Heat to Create spark ignition to burn fuel injected at the
electricity combustion chamber of an engine
Piston Heat to Produce torque and rotary motion to drive agricultural
mechanical machines and equipment
Control Heat, Provides control for various agricultural and food
Equipment Pressure, equipment which includes thermostat switch, pressure
light, etc to switch, solenoid valve, etc.
mechanical
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UNITS OF ENERGY AND POWER
1. Joule
• It is the metric unit of energy.
• It is equal to force times the distance. One metric unit of
force acting through one metric unit of distance.
1J = 1 N-m
= 0.737 ft-lb
2. British Thermal Unit
• It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature
of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
1 BTU = 1.055 kJ
= 778.17 ft-lb
3. Calorie
• It is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of one gram of water by one degree
Celsius.
1 Cal = 4.1868 J
4. Foot-Pound
• It is a force in pound acting on a distance of one foot.
Foot-pound = (1/775) BTU
= 1.355 N-m
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5. Power
• It is the rate of using energy.
• It is usually expressed either in horsepower, watts, pferde
starke, etc.
1 hp = 745.7 W
= 76.2 kg-m/sec
= 2544.4 BTU/hr
REFERENCES
• Energy. [Link]
• Non-Renewable Resource. [Link]
renewable_resource
• Power (Physics). [Link]
• Renewable Energy.
[Link]
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STUDY QUESTIONS
• What is energy? How does it differ from power?
• Enumerate the different forms of energy and briefly explain each
form.
• Differentiate conventional from non-conventional sources of energy
and non-renewable from renewable energy sources.
• Give five (5) examples of energy and power conversion systems
commonly used in agriculture. Briefly explain each system.
• Enumerate five (5) sources of energy which can be tapped for
agricultural use. Which of the energy source would you recommend
for farming in areas out of the grid. Explain or justify your
recommendation.
PROBLEM EXERCISES
• Convert the following:
– 500,000 kcal to joule
– 3,000 kcal/kg to MJ/kg
– 65,500 kcal/hr to kW
– 10 MJ per m3 to kcal/m3
– 134,000 watts to kg/m-sec
• A biomass power-generating plant consumes rice husk at a rate of 40 kg
per hour. The plant has an over all system efficiency of 30% in generating
power. If rice husk has a heating value of 6,000 BTU per lb, what is the
power output of the plant in kWe?
• Compute the amount of gasoline fuel required for an engine that drives a
5-kVA single-phase generator. The engine is directly coupled to a
generator with 70% and 95% efficiency, respectively. The heating value
of the fuel is 11,500 kcal/liter with density of 0.7.
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• Rice husk at a rate of 1 ton per hour is designed to consume for
gasifier plant. If the gasifier plant efficiency in driving the engine is
40%, what is the expected power output of the engine? Assume a
heating value for rice husk of 3,000 kcal per kg.
• A wind turbine has an overall efficiency of 20% to convert wind
kinetic energy to electricity. If the average wind velocity on the
proposed site is 8 m/s, what is the estimated power output if the
wind turbine rotor is 2 meters?
Thank you very much and
God bless!!!
Recipient, 2016 Outstanding ASEAN Engineering Contribution Award (AFEO, Malaysia)
Associate Laureate, Rolex Awards for Enterprise 2008 (Geneva, Switzerland)
Laureate, Economic Business Development, The Tech Awards 2010 (San Jose, California, USA)
Recipient, Betterment for Mankind Award 2011 (Morgan Hill, California, USA)
Awardee, Seven Inspiring Modern-Day Filipino Heroes 2011 (Yahoo Southeast Asia)
Awardee, Heroes for Better 2015 (Western Union Philippines)
Awardee, The OutstandingYoung Filipino 1997 (TOYM and Roxas Foundation)
Awardee, Outstanding Professional in Agricultural Engineering 1993 (Professional Regulation Commission)
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