Excel Func ons

Let’s go through each Excel func on with descrip on + syntax (declara on) + arguments explained + quick example.

1. ABS

 Descrip on: Returns the absolute value of a number (removes the sign).

 Syntax:

 ABS(number)

 Arguments:

o number → The numeric value for which you want the absolute value.

 Example: =ABS(-15) → 15

2. AGGREGATE

 Descrip on: Returns an aggregate calcula on (like AVERAGE, SUM, MAX, etc.) with op ons to ignore hidden
rows, errors, or nested SUBTOTAL/AGGREGATE func ons.

 Syntax:

 AGGREGATE(func on_num, op ons, array, [k])

 Arguments:

o func on_num → A number (1–19) that specifies the func on (e.g., 1=AVERAGE, 9=SUM).

o op ons → Defines what to ignore (0=none, 6=ignore errors, 7=ignore hidden rows & errors, etc.).

o array → The range of data.

o [k] → Required for func ons like LARGE, SMALL, PERCENTILE.

 Example: =AGGREGATE(9, 6, A1:A10) → Sum of values in A1:A10 ignoring errors.

3. ADDRESS

 Descrip on: Returns a cell reference as text, given row and column numbers.

 Syntax:

 ADDRESS(row_num, column_num, [abs_num], [a1], [sheet_text])

 Arguments:

o row_num → The row number.

o column_num → The column number.

o [abs_num] → Type of reference (1=absolute $A$1, 2=row absolute, 3=col absolute, 4=rela ve).

o [a1] → TRUE = A1 reference style; FALSE = R1C1 style.

o [sheet_text] → Sheet name (op onal).

 Example: =ADDRESS(2,3) → "$C$2"

4. AND

 Descrip on: Tests mul ple condi ons and returns TRUE if all are TRUE, otherwise FALSE.

 Syntax:

 AND(logical1, [logical2], …)

 Arguments:

o logical1, logical2… → Condi ons to test.

 Example: =AND(5>3, 10<20) → TRUE

5. AREAS

 Descrip on: Returns the number of areas in a reference (an area = a con nuous cell range).

 Syntax:

 AREAS(reference)

 Arguments:

o reference → A range or mul ple ranges.

 Example: =AREAS((A1:A5,B1:B5)) → 2

6. ARRAYTOTEXT

 Descrip on: Converts an array or range to a single text string.

 Syntax:

 ARRAYTOTEXT(array, [format])

 Arguments:

o array → The range or array.

o [format] → 0 = Concise form, 1 = Strict form (with full forma ng).

 Example: =ARRAYTOTEXT(A1:A3) → "10,20,30"

7. AVERAGE

 Descrip on: Returns the arithme c mean of a set of numbers.

 Syntax:

 AVERAGE(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Numbers, cell references, or ranges.

 Example: =AVERAGE(10,20,30) → 20
8. AVERAGEIF

 Descrip on: Returns the average of cells that meet a specified condi on.

 Syntax:

 AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, [average_range])

 Arguments:

o range → Range to evaluate.

o criteria → Condi on to apply (e.g., ">10").

o [average_range] → Op onal; actual range to average (if different).

 Example: =AVERAGEIF(A1:A5,">10")

9. CEILING

 Descrip on: Rounds a number up to the nearest mul ple of significance.

 Syntax:

 CEILING(number, significance)

 Arguments:

o number → The value to round.

o significance → The mul ple to round up to.

 Example: =CEILING(12.3, 5) → 15

1. CHAR

 Descrip on: Returns the character specified by a number code from the character set.

 Syntax:

 CHAR(number)

 Arguments:

o number → A number (1–255 for Windows ANSI set).

 Example: =CHAR(65) → "A"

2. CHOOSE

 Descrip on: Returns a value from a list, based on an index number.

 Syntax:

 CHOOSE(index_num, value1, [value2], …)

 Arguments:

o index_num → Posi on of the value to return.

o value1, value2… → The list of values.

  Example: =CHOOSE(2,"Red","Blue","Green") → "Blue"

3. CHOOSECOLS

 Descrip on: Returns specific columns from an array or range.

 Syntax:

 CHOOSECOLS(array, col_num1, [col_num2], …)

 Arguments:

o array → The range/array.

o col_num1, col_num2… → Column numbers to return.

 Example: =CHOOSECOLS(A1:C5,2) → Extracts column 2 from the range.

4. CHOOSEROWS

 Descrip on: Returns specific rows from an array or range.

 Syntax:

 CHOOSEROWS(array, row_num1, [row_num2], …)

 Arguments:

o array → The range/array.

o row_num1, row_num2… → Row numbers to return.

 Example: =CHOOSEROWS(A1:C5,1,3) → Extracts rows 1 and 3.

5. CLEAN

 Descrip on: Removes all non-printable characters from text.

 Syntax:

 CLEAN(text)

 Arguments:

o text → The text string to clean.

 Example: =CLEAN("Hello"&CHAR(7)) → "Hello"

6. COLUMN

 Descrip on: Returns the column number of a reference.

 Syntax:

 COLUMN([reference])

 Arguments:

o [reference] → Op onal; cell or range reference. If omi ed, returns the column of the current cell.
  Example: =COLUMN(C5) → 3

7. COLUMNS

 Descrip on: Returns the number of columns in a reference.

 Syntax:

 COLUMNS(array)

 Arguments:

o array → A range or array.

 Example: =COLUMNS(A1:D5) → 4

8. COMBIN

 Descrip on: Returns the number of combina ons (without repe on) for a given number of items.

 Syntax:

 COMBIN(number, number_chosen)

 Arguments:

o number → Total number of items.

o number_chosen → Number of items in each combina on.

 Example: =COMBIN(5,2) → 10

9. COMBINA

 Descrip on: Returns the number of combina ons with repe on allowed.

 Syntax:

 COMBINA(number, number_chosen)

 Arguments:

o number → Total number of items.

o number_chosen → Number of items in each combina on.

 Example: =COMBINA(5,2) → 15

1. CONCAT

 Descrip on: Joins mul ple text strings into one (successor to CONCATENATE).

 Syntax:

 CONCAT(text1, [text2], …)

 Arguments:

o text1, text2… → Text strings, ranges, or arrays.

  Example: =CONCAT(A1, " ", B1) → Joins first and last name.

2. CONCATENATE (legacy func on – replaced by CONCAT)

 Descrip on: Joins mul ple text strings into one.

 Syntax:

 CONCATENATE(text1, [text2], …)

 Arguments:

o text1, text2… → Text strings or ranges.

 Example: =CONCATENATE("Hello"," ","World") → "Hello World"

3. COUNT

 Descrip on: Counts the number of numeric values in a range.

 Syntax:

 COUNT(value1, [value2], …)

 Arguments:

o value1, value2… → Range or numbers.

 Example: =COUNT(A1:A5) → Counts numeric cells only.

4. COUNTA

 Descrip on: Counts the number of non-empty cells (numbers + text).

 Syntax:

 COUNTA(value1, [value2], …)

 Arguments:

o value1, value2… → Range or values.

 Example: =COUNTA(A1:A5) → Counts all non-empty cells.

5. COUNTBLANK

 Descrip on: Counts the number of empty cells in a range.

 Syntax:

 COUNTBLANK(range)

 Arguments:

o range → Range to check.

 Example: =COUNTBLANK(A1:A10) → Number of blank cells.

6. COUNTIFS

 Descrip on: Counts the number of cells that meet mul ple criteria.

 Syntax:

 COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], …)

 Arguments:

o criteria_range1 → First range to evaluate.

o criteria1 → Condi on for first range.

o [criteria_range2, criteria2] → Addi onal ranges + condi ons.

 Example: =COUNTIFS(A1:A10,">10",B1:B10,"Red")

7. DATE

 Descrip on: Returns a date based on year, month, and day inputs.

 Syntax:

 DATE(year, month, day)

 Arguments:

o year → Four-digit year.

o month → Month (1–12).

o day → Day (1–31).

 Example: =DATE(2025,9,9) → 09-Sep-2025

8. DATEDIF (hidden/undocumented func on)

 Descrip on: Returns the difference between two dates in years, months, or days.

 Syntax:

 DATEDIF(start_date, end_date, unit)

 Arguments:

o start_date → Earlier date.

o end_date → Later date.

o unit → "Y" (years), "M" (months), "D" (days), "MD" (days ignoring months/years), "YM" (months
ignoring years), "YD" (days ignoring years).

 Example: =DATEDIF("01-Jan-2020","01-Jan-2025","Y") → 5

9. DAY

 Descrip on: Extracts the day of the month from a date.

 Syntax:
  DAY(serial_number)

 Arguments:

o serial_number → A valid date.

 Example: =DAY("2025-09-09") → 9

10. DAYS

 Descrip on: Returns the number of days between two dates.

 Syntax:

 DAYS(end_date, start_date)

 Arguments:

o end_date → The later date.

o start_date → The earlier date.

 Example: =DAYS("2025-12-31","2025-01-01") → 364

11. DAYS360

 Descrip on: Returns the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (12 months × 30 days),
o en used in financial calcula ons.

 Syntax:

 DAYS360(start_date, end_date, [method])

 Arguments:

o start_date → Star ng date.

o end_date → Ending date.

o [method] → FALSE (US method, default) / TRUE (European method).

 Example: =DAYS360("2025-01-01","2025-12-31") → 360

1. DECIMAL

 Descrip on: Converts a text representa on of a number in a given base into a decimal number.

 Syntax:

 DECIMAL(text, radix)

 Arguments:

o text → The number in text form.

o radix → The base (2–36).

 Example: =DECIMAL("1010",2) → 10
2. DOLLAR

 Descrip on: Converts a number to text using currency format, rounded to a specified number of decimals.

 Syntax:

 DOLLAR(number, [decimals])

 Arguments:

o number → The number to convert.

o [decimals] → Op onal; number of decimal places (default = 2).

 Example: =DOLLAR(1234.567,2) → "$1,234.57"

3. EOMONTH

 Descrip on: Returns the last day of the month that is the given number of months before or a er a date.

 Syntax:

 EOMONTH(start_date, months)

 Arguments:

o start_date → Star ng date.

o months → Number of months to move (posi ve = future, nega ve = past).

 Example: =EOMONTH("15-Jan-2025",1) → 28-Feb-2025

4. ERF

 Descrip on: Returns the error func on (used in sta s cs).

 Syntax:

 ERF(lower_limit, [upper_limit])

 Arguments:

o lower_limit → Lower bound.

o [upper_limit] → Op onal; upper bound. If omi ed, returns ERF from 0 to lower_limit.

 Example: =ERF(1) → 0.8427

5. EVEN

 Descrip on: Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.

 Syntax:

 EVEN(number)

 Arguments:

o number → Value to round.

 Example: =EVEN(7) → 8
6. EXACT

 Descrip on: Compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they are exactly the same (case-sensi ve).

 Syntax:

 EXACT(text1, text2)

 Arguments:

o text1, text2 → Strings to compare.

 Example: =EXACT("Hello","hello") → FALSE

7. FACT

 Descrip on: Returns the factorial of a number.

 Syntax:

 FACT(number)

 Arguments:

o number → Non-nega ve integer.

 Example: =FACT(5) → 120

8. FILTER

 Descrip on: Returns an array filtered by given criteria.

 Syntax:

 FILTER(array, include, [if_empty])

 Arguments:

o array → Range/array to filter.

o include → Boolean array or condi on.

o [if_empty] → Value to return if no match found.

 Example: =FILTER(A2:C10,B2:B10="Yes") → Extracts rows where column B = "Yes".

9. FIND

 Descrip on: Returns the posi on of a substring within another string (case-sensi ve).

 Syntax:

 FIND(find_text, within_text, [start_num])

 Arguments:

o find_text → Text to search for.

o within_text → Text to search inside.

 o [start_num] → Posi on to start search (default = 1).

 Example: =FIND("cat","Concatenate") → 4

10. HLOOKUP

 Descrip on: Searches for a value in the first row of a table and returns a value from the same column in a
specified row.

 Syntax:

 HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])

 Arguments:

o lookup_value → Value to search.

o table_array → Table range.

o row_index_num → Row number to return (rela ve to table).

o [range_lookup] → TRUE = approximate match, FALSE = exact match.

 Example: =HLOOKUP(90,A1:D4,3,FALSE)

11. HOUR

 Descrip on: Extracts the hour (0–23) from a me value.

 Syntax:

 HOUR(serial_number)

 Arguments:

o serial_number → Time value.

 Example: =HOUR("14:45") → 14

1. IF (most common)

 Descrip on: Returns one value if a condi on is TRUE, and another if FALSE.

 Syntax:

 IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])

 Arguments:

o logical_test → Condi on to evaluate.

o value_if_true → Value returned if TRUE.

o [value_if_false] → Value returned if FALSE.

 Example: =IF(A1>50,"Pass","Fail")

2. IFS
  Descrip on: Tests mul ple condi ons and returns the first TRUE result (avoids nes ng mul ple IFs).

 Syntax:

 IFS(logical_test1, value1, [logical_test2, value2], …)

 Arguments:

o logical_test1, logical_test2… → Condi ons.

o value1, value2… → Values returned when condi on is TRUE.

 Example:
=IFS(A1>90,"A",A1>75,"B",A1>60,"C",TRUE,"Fail")

3. IFERROR

 Descrip on: Returns a custom value if a formula results in an error, otherwise returns the formula result.

 Syntax:

 IFERROR(value, value_if_error)

 Arguments:

o value → Formula/expression to check.

o value_if_error → Value to return if error.

 Example: =IFERROR(1/0,"Error!") → "Error!"

4. IFNA

 Descrip on: Returns a custom value if a formula results in #N/A error, otherwise returns the formula result.

 Syntax:

 IFNA(value, value_if_na)

 Arguments:

o value → Formula/expression to check.

o value_if_na → Value returned if result is #N/A.

 Example: =IFNA(VLOOKUP(100,A1:B10,2,FALSE),"Not Found")

5. IMAGE (Excel 365+)

 Descrip on: Inserts an online image inside a cell from a given URL.

 Syntax:

 IMAGE(source, [alt_text], [sizing], [height], [width])

 Arguments:

o source → URL of the image.

o [alt_text] → Alterna ve text.

 o [sizing] → 0=fit, 1=fill, 2=original, 3=custom.

o [height], [width] → Required if sizing=3.

 Example: =IMAGE("h ps://[Link]/[Link]","Logo")

6. INDEX (very common, with MATCH)

 Descrip on: Returns the value of a cell at a specific row and column within a range.

 Syntax:

 INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])

 Arguments:

o array → Range or array.

o row_num → Row number.

o [column_num] → Column number.

 Example: =INDEX(A1:C10,2,3) → Value from row 2, col 3.

7. INDIRECT

 Descrip on: Returns a cell reference specified by a text string.

 Syntax:

 INDIRECT(ref_text, [a1])

 Arguments:

o ref_text → Reference given as text.

o [a1] → TRUE = A1-style, FALSE = R1C1-style.

 Example: =INDIRECT("A"&5) → Value in A5.

8. INT

 Descrip on: Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

 Syntax:

 INT(number)

 Arguments:

o number → Value to round.

 Example: =INT(7.9) → 7

9. LCM

 Descrip on: Returns the least common mul ple of numbers.

 Syntax:
  LCM(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Integers.

 Example: =LCM(4,6) → 12

10. LEFT

 Descrip on: Extracts a given number of characters from the start of a text string.

 Syntax:

 LEFT(text, [num_chars])

 Arguments:

o text → Text string.

o [num_chars] → Number of characters (default = 1).

 Example: =LEFT("Excel",2) → "Ex"

11. LOOKUP

 Descrip on: Returns a value from a range (vector or array) using approximate match. (Older func on –
replaced by VLOOKUP/XLOOKUP)

 Syntax:

 LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, [result_vector])

 Arguments:

o lookup_value → Value to search for.

o lookup_vector → Range with possible matches.

o [result_vector] → Op onal; return range.

 Example: =LOOKUP(25,{1,10,20,30},{"A","B","C","D"}) → "C"

12. MATCH (usually with INDEX)

 Descrip on: Returns the rela ve posi on of a value in a range.

 Syntax:

 MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])

 Arguments:

o lookup_value → Value to search.

o lookup_array → Range to search in.

o [match_type] → 1=less than, 0=exact, -1=greater than.

 Example: =MATCH(20,{10,20,30},0) → 2
13. MAX

 Descrip on: Returns the largest number in a set of values.

 Syntax:

 MAX(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Numbers or ranges.

 Example: =MAX(10,30,25) → 30

14. MAXA

 Descrip on: Returns the largest value in a set, trea ng TRUE=1 and text/non-numeric=0.

 Syntax:

 MAXA(value1, [value2], …)

 Arguments:

o value1, value2… → Values or ranges.

 Example: =MAXA(10,TRUE,"Text") → 10

1. MAXIFS

 Descrip on: Returns the maximum value in a range that meets one or more criteria.

 Syntax:

 MAXIFS(max_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], …)

 Arguments:

o max_range → Range of numbers to find the maximum from.

o criteria_range1 → Range to evaluate.

o criteria1 → Condi on to apply.

 Example: =MAXIFS(A1:A10,B1:B10,"Red") → Max of A1:A10 where B=Red.

2. MEDIAN

 Descrip on: Returns the median (middle value) of a dataset.

 Syntax:

 MEDIAN(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Numbers or ranges.

 Example: =MEDIAN(10,20,30,40) → 25
3. MIN

 Descrip on: Returns the smallest numeric value in a dataset.

 Syntax:

 MIN(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Numbers or ranges.

 Example: =MIN(15,8,22) → 8

4. MINA

 Descrip on: Returns the smallest value in a set, trea ng TRUE=1 and text/non-numeric=0.

 Syntax:

 MINA(value1, [value2], …)

 Arguments:

o value1, value2… → Values or ranges.

 Example: =MINA(5,TRUE,"Text") → 0

5. MINIFS

 Descrip on: Returns the minimum value in a range that meets one or more criteria.

 Syntax:

 MINIFS(min_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], …)

 Arguments:

o min_range → Range of numbers to find the minimum from.

o criteria_range1 → Range to evaluate.

o criteria1 → Condi on to apply.

 Example: =MINIFS(A1:A10,B1:B10,"Blue")

6. MINUTE

 Descrip on: Extracts the minute (0–59) from a me value.

 Syntax:

 MINUTE(serial_number)

 Arguments:

o serial_number → A valid me.

 Example: =MINUTE("14:45") → 45
7. MODE

 Descrip on: Returns the most frequently occurring number in a dataset.

 Syntax:

 MODE(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Numbers or ranges.

 Example: =MODE(1,2,2,3,3,3,4) → 3

8. MONTH

 Descrip on: Extracts the month (1–12) from a date.

 Syntax:

 MONTH(serial_number)

 Arguments:

o serial_number → A valid date.

 Example: =MONTH("2025-09-09") → 9

9. NOT

 Descrip on: Reverses a logical value (TRUE→FALSE, FALSE→TRUE).

 Syntax:

 NOT(logical)

 Arguments:

o logical → Value or expression.

 Example: =NOT(5>3) → FALSE

10. NOW

 Descrip on: Returns the current system date and me.

 Syntax:

 NOW()

 Arguments:

o (none)

 Example: =NOW() → e.g. 09-Sep-2025 14:15

11. ODD
  Descrip on: Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.

 Syntax:

 ODD(number)

 Arguments:

o number → Value to round.

 Example: =ODD(6) → 7

12. OR

 Descrip on: Tests mul ple condi ons and returns TRUE if any are TRUE.

 Syntax:

 OR(logical1, [logical2], …)

 Arguments:

o logical1, logical2… → Condi ons to test.

 Example: =OR(5>10,2<3) → TRUE

1. POWER

 Descrip on: Returns a number raised to a given power.

 Syntax:

 POWER(number, power)

 Arguments:

o number → Base number.

o power → Exponent.

 Example: =POWER(5,3) → 125

2. PRODUCT

 Descrip on: Mul plies all given numbers and returns the product.

 Syntax:

 PRODUCT(number1, [number2], …)

 Arguments:

o number1, number2… → Numbers or ranges.

 Example: =PRODUCT(2,3,4) → 24

3. PROPER

 Descrip on: Capitalizes the first le er of each word in text.

  Syntax:

 PROPER(text)

 Arguments:

o text → The text to convert.

 Example: =PROPER("hello world") → Hello World

4. RAND

 Descrip on: Returns a random decimal number between 0 and 1.

 Syntax:

 RAND()

 Arguments:

o (none)

 Example: =RAND() → e.g. 0.5723

5. RANDARRAY (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Returns an array of random numbers.

 Syntax:

 RANDARRAY([rows], [columns], [min], [max], [integer])

 Arguments:

o rows → Number of rows.

o columns → Number of columns.

o min → Minimum value.

o max → Maximum value.

o integer → TRUE for integers, FALSE/omi ed for decimals.

 Example: =RANDARRAY(3,2,1,10,TRUE) → 3×2 array of integers between 1–10.

6. RANDBETWEEN

 Descrip on: Returns a random integer between two specified numbers.

 Syntax:

 RANDBETWEEN(bo om, top)

 Arguments:

o bo om → Smallest integer.

o top → Largest integer.

 Example: =RANDBETWEEN(1,100) → e.g. 47

7. RANK

 Descrip on: Returns the rank of a number in a list (rela ve posi on).

 Syntax:

 RANK(number, ref, [order])

 Arguments:

o number → Number to rank.

o ref → Range of numbers.

o order → 0 or omi ed = descending, 1 = ascending.

 Example: =RANK(85,A1:A10,0) → Rank of 85 in descending order.

8. REPLACE

 Descrip on: Replaces part of a text string with new text.

 Syntax:

 REPLACE(old_text, start_num, num_chars, new_text)

 Arguments:

o old_text → Original text.

o start_num → Posi on to start replacing.

o num_chars → Number of characters to replace.

o new_text → Text to insert.

 Example: =REPLACE("Goodbye",1,4,"Hi") → Hibye

9. REPT

 Descrip on: Repeats text a given number of mes.

 Syntax:

 REPT(text, number_ mes)

 Arguments:

o text → The string to repeat.

o number_ mes → Number of repe ons.

 Example: =REPT("*",5) → *****

1. RIGHT

 Descrip on: Returns the last n characters from a text string.

 Syntax:
  RIGHT(text, [num_chars])

 Arguments:

o text → Text string.

o num_chars → (Op onal) Number of characters to extract (default=1).

 Example: =RIGHT("Excel",3) → cel

2. ROMAN

 Descrip on: Converts a number to Roman numeral text.

 Syntax:

 ROMAN(number, [form])

 Arguments:

o number → Arabic number to convert.

o form → (Op onal, 0–4) Level of simplifica on (0 = classic, 4 = simplified).

 Example: =ROMAN(2025) → MMXXV

3. ROUND

 Descrip on: Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

 Syntax:

 ROUND(number, num_digits)

 Arguments:

o number → Value to round.

o num_digits → Digits to round to (posi ve = decimals, 0 = integer, nega ve = tens/hundreds).

 Example: =ROUND(12.345,2) → 12.35

4. ROW

 Descrip on: Returns the row number of a reference.

 Syntax:

 ROW([reference])

 Arguments:

o reference → (Op onal) Cell reference.

 Example: =ROW(B5) → 5

5. ROWS

 Descrip on: Returns the number of rows in a reference or array.

  Syntax:

 ROWS(array)

 Arguments:

o array → Range or array.

 Example: =ROWS(A1:A10) → 10

6. SEARCH

 Descrip on: Finds the posi on of a substring within text (case-insensi ve).

 Syntax:

 SEARCH(find_text, within_text, [start_num])

 Arguments:

o find_text → Text to search for.

o within_text → Text to search in.

o start_num → (Op onal) Posi on to start.

 Example: =SEARCH("c","Excel") → 3

7. SIGN

 Descrip on: Returns the sign of a number: -1 (nega ve), 0 (zero), 1 (posi ve).

 Syntax:

 SIGN(number)

 Arguments:

o number → Numeric value.

 Example: =SIGN(-25) → -1

8. SORT (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Sorts a range or array by one or more columns/rows.

 Syntax:

 SORT(array, [sort_index], [sort_order], [by_col])

 Arguments:

o array → Range/array to sort.

o sort_index → (Op onal) Column/row index to sort by.

o sort_order → (Op onal) 1=ascending, -1=descending.

o by_col → (Op onal) TRUE = sort by column, FALSE = sort by row.

 Example: =SORT(A2:B10,2,-1) → Sorts by 2nd column descending.

9. SORTBY (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Sorts a range or array based on values in a corresponding range/array.

 Syntax:

 SORTBY(array, by_array1, [sort_order1], [by_array2, sort_order2], …)

 Arguments:

o array → Range to sort.

o by_array1 → Range/array to sort by.

o sort_order1 → (Op onal) 1=ascending, -1=descending.

 Example: =SORTBY(A2:C10,C2:C10,1) → Sort A2:C10 by column C ascending.

10. SQRT

 Descrip on: Returns the posi ve square root of a number.

 Syntax:

 SQRT(number)

 Arguments:

o number → Numeric value (must be ≥0).

 Example: =SQRT(25) → 5

11. SUBTOTAL

 Descrip on: Returns a subtotal for a range with specified func on (sum, avg, count, etc.).

 Syntax:

 SUBTOTAL(func on_num, ref1, [ref2], …)

 Arguments:

o func on_num → Number indica ng func on (e.g., 1=AVERAGE, 9=SUM).

o ref1, ref2… → Ranges.

 Example: =SUBTOTAL(9,A1:A10) → Sum of A1:A10.

12. SUMPRODUCT

 Descrip on: Mul plies corresponding elements in arrays and returns the sum.

 Syntax:

 SUMPRODUCT(array1, [array2], …)

 Arguments:

o array1, array2… → Arrays or ranges.

  Example: =SUMPRODUCT(A1:A3,B1:B3) → (A1×B1 + A2×B2 + A3×B3).

1. TEXTAFTER (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Returns text that appears a er a specified character or substring.

 Syntax:

 TEXTAFTER(text, delimiter, [instance_num], [match_mode], [match_end], [if_not_found])

 Arguments:

o text → Original text.

o delimiter → The character(s) to search for.

o instance_num → (Op onal) Which occurrence to use (default=1).

o match_mode → (Op onal) 0=case-sensi ve, 1=ignore case.

o match_end → (Op onal) Treat end of text as delimiter (TRUE/FALSE).

o if_not_found → (Op onal) Value to return if delimiter not found.

 Example: =TEXTAFTER("Hello-World","-") → World

2. TEXTBEFORE (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Returns text that appears before a specified character or substring.

 Syntax:

 TEXTBEFORE(text, delimiter, [instance_num], [match_mode], [match_end], [if_not_found])

 Arguments: → Same as TEXTAFTER.

 Example: =TEXTBEFORE("Hello-World","-") → Hello

3. TEXTJOIN (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Joins text from mul ple ranges with a delimiter.

 Syntax:

 TEXTJOIN(delimiter, ignore_empty, text1, [text2], …)

 Arguments:

o delimiter → Separator between values.

o ignore_empty → TRUE = skip blanks, FALSE = include blanks.

o text1, text2… → Strings/ranges.

 Example: =TEXTJOIN(", ",TRUE,A1:A3) → "Apple, Banana, Mango"

4. TEXTSPLIT (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Splits text into an array using delimiters.

  Syntax:

 TEXTSPLIT(text, col_delimiter, [row_delimiter], [ignore_empty], [match_mode], [pad_with])

 Arguments:

o text → Text to split.

o col_delimiter → Separator for columns.

o row_delimiter → (Op onal) Separator for rows.

 Example: =TEXTSPLIT("A,B,C",",") → Array {A;B;C}

5. TIME

 Descrip on: Returns a me value based on hour, minute, and second.

 Syntax:

 TIME(hour, minute, second)

 Arguments:

o hour → 0–23.

o minute → 0–59.

o second → 0–59.

 Example: =TIME(14,30,0) → 2:30 PM

6. TODAY

 Descrip on: Returns the current system date (without me).

 Syntax:

 TODAY()

 Arguments: (none)

 Example: =TODAY() → 09-Sep-2025

7. TRANSPOSE

 Descrip on: Converts rows to columns and columns to rows.

 Syntax:

 TRANSPOSE(array)

 Arguments:

o array → Range/array to flip.

 Example: =TRANSPOSE(A1:C2) → 2×3 becomes 3×2.

8. TYPE
  Descrip on: Returns the type of value:

o 1=Number, 2=Text, 4=Logical, 16=Error, 64=Array.

 Syntax:

 TYPE(value)

 Arguments:

o value → Data to check.

 Example: =TYPE("Hello") → 2

9. VLOOKUP

 Descrip on: Looks for a value in the first column of a range and returns a value from another column.

 Syntax:

 VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

 Arguments:

o lookup_value → Value to search for.

o table_array → Table range.

o col_index_num → Column number to return.

o range_lookup → TRUE=approx match, FALSE=exact match.

 Example: =VLOOKUP(101,A2:C20,3,FALSE)

10. WEEKDAY

 Descrip on: Returns the day of the week as a number.

 Syntax:

 WEEKDAY(serial_number, [return_type])

 Arguments:

o serial_number → Date.

o return_type → 1=Sun–Sat (1–7), 2=Mon–Sun (1–7), 3=Mon–Sun (0–6).

 Example: =WEEKDAY("09-Sep-2025",2) → 2 (Tuesday)

11. WEEKNUM (I think you meant WEEKNUM, not weekdays?)

 Descrip on: Returns the week number of a date (1–52).

 Syntax:

 WEEKNUM(serial_number, [return_type])

 Arguments:

o serial_number → Date.
 o return_type → 1=Week starts Sunday, 2=Week starts Monday.

 Example: =WEEKNUM("09-Sep-2025",2) → 37

12. XLOOKUP (Excel 365/2021+)

 Descrip on: Searches a range or array and returns a corresponding value (replacement for
VLOOKUP/HLOOKUP).

 Syntax:

 XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found], [match_mode], [search_mode])

 Arguments:

o lookup_value → Value to search for.

o lookup_array → Where to look.

o return_array → Values to return.

o if_not_found → (Op onal) Value if not found.

o match_mode → (Op onal) 0=exact, -1=exact/next smaller, 1=exact/next larger.

 Example: =XLOOKUP(101,A2:A20,C2:C20,"Not Found")

13. YEAR

 Descrip on: Returns the year from a date.

 Syntax:

 YEAR(serial_number)

 Arguments:

o serial_number → Date value.

 Example: =YEAR("09-Sep-2025") → 2025