Science, Technology & Society.

1 - Concerned with transportation,

navigation system, communication
Historical Antecedents in the Course and record keeping, mass
of Science & Technology production, security and protection
- health, aesthetics and architecture.
Science (Scientia- Latin word)
Sumerian
- to know
- knowledge - Cuneiform (first writing system)
- knowing about the world - Invented plowing, irrigation and
- natural & social phenomena by means dikes and wheel for farming (solution
of well-defined methods for the challenge to mass produce).
- Waterways such as rivers and seas
Technology
(main mode of transportation).
- Greek word techne means art/ craft - Develop the first road.
- Logos- means study
Babylonian civilization
- application of scientific theory &
knowledge to practical purpose & - Emerged near Tigris and Euphrates
human needs River.
- Great builders, engineers and
Science & Technology
architects (Famous for)
- key drivers to development - Hanging Gardens of Babylon- 7
- underpin economic advances, wonders of the world. (Greatest
improvements in health system, contribution)
education & infrastructure
Egyptians
- Modernization, through the use of
gadgets. Greatest example- modern - Death Mask of Tutankhamen
gadgets (renowned archeological artifact)
- end goal is improving lives and making - Pyramid of Giza
the work easier, faster and efficient - Water clock or clypsedra, paper or
- our society respond by changing as well. papyrus and ink (earlier
contributions)
STATE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN
- Hieroglyphics (writing system)
THE PH
- Invented cosmetics for aesthetic
- science & mathematics is weak reason.
- research & devt- low level of activity - Wigs worn by wealthy Egyptians to
- low level tech by local companies in the protect the shave heads from the
manufacturing process harmful rays of the sun.
IMPACTS OF STS Ancient Greeks
Medicine - Birth place of western philosophy.
- In-depth works on Philosophy and
- Immunization Mathematics (major achievements)
- Antibiotics - Celebrated for their contribution to
- Surgery the world like coliseum, olympics,
- Health Care Devices alarm clock and water mill.
- Mental Health
Roman Empire
Transportation & Communication
- Strongest political and social entity
- GPS in the west.
- Magnetic levitation - Cradle of politics and governance.
- Telephone - A model to other civilizations in
Agriculture terms of codified laws and
legislation.
- Food Transport - Celebrated for the invention of
- Agricultural newspaper, bound books or codex.
- Genetic Modification - Known for building elaborate
churches, basilicas, aqueducts,
Science & Technology in Ancient times
 coliseums, amphitheaters and - Great development in the weaponry
residential houses. technology.
- Roman Numeral System. - Include cross bows and long bows.
- Additionally, in close range hand-to-
Ancient China hand combat, soldiers should wear
- Oldest civilization in Asia. something to protect themselves, lead
- Known for the silk trade, tea to creation of iron body armors.
production, gun powder. - Body armors were heavy and limits the
- Great wall of China. movements of the soldiers, chainmail
was invented to solve the problem.
Middle Ages (Age of Exploration)
Science and Technology in Modern
- Massive invasions & migrations Times
- Wars
- Declined in population and has The booming world population during the
significant increase. nineteenth century onwards demanded
- Trade & commerce increased, that more goods be produced at faster rate.
resulted in greater demands for People needed efficient means of
transportation technology. transportation to trade more goods and
- Most innovative minds came from cover a larger distance.
this period.
- Age of Exploration, the need for Machines that required animals to operate
nautical inventions was high. must be upgraded.
Printing Press Faster and easier means to communicate
and compute should be developed to
- Woodlock printing was developed by a establish connections between and among
Chinese nations.
- Improved by the time of Johann
Gutenberg through cast- type printing All these needs resulted in the
press development of industries.
- Evolved to be the mechanical printing
However, due to massive industrialization,
press which is used all over the world.
the modern times again faced more
- Invented to address the need for
complicated problems.
publishing books that would spread
information to many people at a faster Food processing and medicine posed some
rate. of the bigger challenges since health was of
- This invention also made works great concern.
accessible to individuals who could not
even write (Streissguth, 1997). Pasteurization
Microscope - Invented by Louis Pasteur (French
biologist, microbiologist and chemist)
- Because of massive migration and - Process of heating dairy products to kill
urbanization during the period. More the harmful bacteria that allow them to
and more people transferred to polluted spoil faster.
and populated urban areas which - Milk could be stored and consumed for a
resulted in more people getting sick. longer period.
- Device to study microorganisms in order - Prevented illnesses caused by harmful
to develop proper medicines for bacteria.
illnesses.
- Guided by the principles used for the Louis Pasteur
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years,
Zacharias Janssen was able to - Pasteurization (food preservation)
develop the first compound microscope - Molecular asymmetry
(Davidson, 2015). - Fermentation
- Optical instrument that helps in the - Vaccination.
observation of remote objects, was a
great help for navigators during this
time. Kerosene & Petroleum refinery
industry
Weaponry
- Better means of powering homes and - Challenged the Geocentric model by the
transportation. concept of Heliocentrism. (sun is the
- Petroleum- widely used in powering center of the universe)
automobiles, factories, powerplants. - Rejected at first by the public.
- It appalled many since their religious
Telephone belief had taught them that the Earth
- Alexander Graham Bell was created first before all other things.
- Most important inventions at that time - Copernicus was even persecuted as a
- Allowed people to be connected in trade heretic.
& exploration Charles Darwin
- The government to administer states as
well. - English naturalist
- Studied variation in plants, animals, &
Calculator fossils during a 5-year voyage around
- Older version has been developed, but the world in 19th century.
requires a faster way to compute - Idea of Evolution- challenged the idea
complicated equations. that God made all the animals and
- Must be easy to carry, since it is used on plants that live on Earth in a single day,
a day- to-day basis. which contradicted the commonly held
- Paved the way for easier arithmetic Christian views of his era.
calculations. - He did not publish his scientific work
- Lead the development of more complex and ideas until 28 years after his
processing machines like the computer. voyage.
- As a result of Darwin’s world expedition
Science, Technology & Society.2 & observations which were enhanced by
many years of experimentation, his
Intellectual Revolution
discussions with like-minded scientists
Astronomy and his developing knowledge of
geology and fossils, he proposed the
- Sun is the center of the solar system theory of evolution by natural selection.
- Planets including Earth revolves around
it in an elliptical orbit Theory of Evolution by Natural
- Heliocentric Selection

Ancient Times - Darwin proposed that:

- individual organisms within a particular
- Geocentric (Earth is the center of the species show a wide range of variation
universe) for a characteristic, individuals with
- Human beings were to create through characteristics most suited to the
“Divine Creation” environment are more likely to survive
- Was replaced by Darwin’s theory of to breed successfully and the
evolution by natural selection characteristics that have enabled these
individuals to survive are then passed
THE MAN WHO MOVED THE SUN
on to the next generation.
Claudius Ptolemy (Geocentricism) FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- Before the development of telescope, Psychology
astronomy beliefs were based on what
can be seen by the naked eye. - Was always classified under philosophy
- The planets, sun and the moon, moved in the past.
in a circular motion around the Earth - Was considered more of an art rather
(Geocentricism) than a science.
- One of the greatest discoveries of all - In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud
time, was widely accepted by the was able to change people’s perception
people and became the astronomical of psychology with his revolutionary
dogma in Western civilization for 1,400 theory of psychoanalysis.
years.
Nicolaus Copernicus- 16th century
Psychoanalysis
- study of human behavior. COLONIAL PERIOD
- In his theory, Freud explained that there
are many conscious and unconscious Spanish
factors that can influence behavior and - paved way to modern means of
emotions. construction.
- He also argued that personality is a - Roads, bridges, churches, and other
product of three conflicting elements: id large infrastructures were built with
(I want this) ego (let’s work on it) and more sophistication using some
superego (this is not the way to get it). engineering skills and tools brought by
- Science hardliners brushed off the the Spaniards.
legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a - Developed health and education
science since concepts were viewed as system in the country.
philosophical and supernatural.
- Many believed that Freud’s theory has American
no scientific basis as no empirical or
- Modernized almost all aspects of life in
experimental data could support it.
the country.
- Despite criticisms, Freud still continued
- They established the Bureau of Science
to work on refining his theory and in fact
to initiate the development in the field
tried to explain how psychoanalysis can
of science and technology.
be a clinical method in treating some
mental disorders. Soon enough, people POST – COLONIAL
were able to understand the concepts of
psychoanalysis, which eventually - Period After achieving independence
resulted in classifying psychology as a from the colonial masters, the
science. Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue
programs in science and technology.
Science, Technology & Society.3 - Each leadership had its own S&T
agenda. However, it is important to note
Science & Technology and Nation
that some Philippine presidents
Building
introduced more developments in the
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF field than others, which you will find out
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE soon as you course through this topic.
PHILIPPINES FILIPINO PRESIDENTS AND THEIR
PRE – COLONIAL PERIOD CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
- Indigenous science and technology has PHILIPPINES
already existed with regards to
agriculture like farming, animal – raising, Philippine Presidents and the Status
and the utilization of plants and herbs of S&T During their Administration
as medicines. Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)
- The use of technology is evident in the
in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and - lack of support of experimental work
tools used by ancient Filipinos in their - marginal budget for scientific research
everyday life. - low salaries of scientists employed by
- Innovation and ingenuity were the government
unmistakable by the way native Filipinos - established the National Science
built the rice terraces by hand. Development Board
- They also developed tools for planting,
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)
hunting, cooking, fishing, and also for
fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. - Directed the Department of Education to
- They used indigenous technology in revitalize the science courses in public
building houses, irrigations and high schools
transportation, both on land and on - Channeled additional funds to support
waterways. projects in applied sciences and science
- The ancient practices in science and education
technology by our ancestors are now - He proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan,
considered as indigenous science or folk Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine
science. Science Community
- Scholarships for graduate and - Significant increase in personnel
undergraduate science scholars, and specializing in the science and
workshops on fisheries and technology field -addition of Philippine
oceanography Science High Schools in Visayas and
- Added the Philippine Coconut Research Mindanao
Institute to the NSDB to modernize the - Government provided 3,500
coconut industry. scholarships for students who were
- Support for the promotion of scientific taking up professions related to S&T -
research and invention with Presidential Schools were becoming more
Decree No. 49, s. 1972 modernized and updated with the
- He enacted a law under Presidential addition of high-tech equipment for
Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish student
the National Academy of Science and - Priority for S&T personnel increased
Technology when Magna Carta for Science and
- He enacted a law on the completion of Technology Personnel (Republic Act No.
the National Agriculture and Life 8439) was established
Sciences Research Complex at the - Award was published in order to give
University of Sciences Research incentives and rewards for people who
Complex at the University of the have been influential in the field of S&T
Philippines at Los Baños (Executive (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
Order No. 840, s. 1982) or Republic Act No. 7459)
- He established the Mindanao and - Programs such as National Program for
Visayas campuses of the Philippine Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Science High School to encourage Technology
careers in science and technology - Enactment of a law creating a
- Established other research institutes like nationwide system of high schools
PAGASA, National Grains Authority, specializing in the field of science and
Philippine Council for Agricultural engineering (Science and Technology
Research, Philippine National Oil Scholarship Law of 1994)
Company among others - Enacted the Intellectual Property Code
of the Philippines (Republic Act No.
Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992) 8293)
- National Science and Technology Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)
Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and Technology - launched a full-scale program based on
- Science and technology's role in cost-effective irrigation technologies
economic recovery and sustained - establishment of one science high
economic growth was highlighted school in every province
- Created the Presidential Task Force for - advancement of industries and schools
Science and Technology which came up into the Internet age
with the first Science and Technology - passage of the e-Commerce Act Pres.
Master Plan or STMP
- Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)
No. 3859, also known as the Philippine - The science and technology sector of
Inventors Incentive Act the Philippines was dubbed as the
- Gave assistance to Filipino inventors "golden age“ during her term
through giving financial aid, patent - Numerous laws and projects that
application assistance, legal assistance, concerns both the environment and
and to help inventors market their science to push technology as a tool to
products domestically and abroad increase the country's economic level
- R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary - The term "Filipinnovation" was the
Education Act of 1988 opened doors to coined term used in helping the
free education up to the secondary level Philippines to be an innovation hub in
- “Science for the Masses Program” Asia
which aimed at scientific and - Science Technology and Innovations
technological literacy among Filipinos (STI) was developed further by
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998) strengthening the schools and education
system such as the Philippine Science
High School (PSHS), which focuses in
 science, technology and mathematics in - Her research led to the faster
their curriculum propagation of pure macapuno trees
- Imposes Republic Act 10601 which and increased macapuno nut production
improves the Agriculture and Fisheries from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech) (1980).
- She also invented tissue culture
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS AND THEIR techniques for the rapid propagation of
INVENTIONS abaca and banana plants.
Dr. Arturo Alcaraz Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)
- volcanologist specializing in geothermal - Filipino doctor
energy development. - credited with studies that lead to the
- In 1967, Alcaraz and team powered an invention of an improved incubator and
electric light bulb using steam-powered a jaundice relieving device.
electricity.
- This was the first geothermal power Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)
generated in the Philippines.
- Famous Filipino Scientist
Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988) - Invented the two-way television
telephone or videophone (1955)
- Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon patented as a "photo phone signal
researched methods of producing separator network";
alternative fuels. - discovered the physical law of electrical
- Experimented with the production of kinetic resistance called the Zara effect
ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and (around 1930);
coconut. - invented an airplane engine that ran on
Pedro Escuro (1923 - ) plain alcohol as fuel (1952)

- Filipino scientist,
- best known for his isolation of nine rice
varieties, thus was renowned by
developing rice breeding in the country.
- The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are:
Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and
C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and C-12.
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)
- Father of poultry science in the
Philippines. Francisco Fronda has
improved methods of production for the
poultry and livestock industry.
Felix Maramba
- Built a coconut oil-fueled power
generator.
- Developer of one of the world's most
profitable biogas systems.
Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)
- Filipino chemist
- researched the phytochemical
properties of plants in the Philippines for
natural products, essential oils, and the
medicinal qualities.
Emerita De Guzman
- Filipino scientist
- researched the propagation of pure
macapuno trees.