Revision for RTS (zoology)
Topic : structural organisation in animals
Animal tissue
Epithelial tissues
Muscular
Muscular tissue is a type of soft tissue that makes
up the muscles in your body. Its primary function is
to generate force and produce movement. This is
possible because muscle cells have a special
ability to contract, or shorten, when stimulated.
Adipose tissue
Location of adipose tissue and work
Connective tissues
Areolar connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue is characterized by a loose, irregular
arrangement of fibers within a gel-like ground substance. The main
components are:
● Fibers: It contains a mix of protein fibers, primarily strong
collagen fibers for tensile strength and flexible elastic
fibers for resilience.
● Cells: The primary cells are fibroblasts, which produce and
maintain the fibers and ground substance. Other cells, like
macrophages and mast cells, are also present and play a
role in the immune system.
● Ground Substance: This is the semi-fluid, gel-like matrix
that fills the space between the cells and fibers. Its
consistency allows for the diffusion of nutrients and waste
products.
Ligaments and tendons
Difference between ligaments and tendons
Cartilage & bones
The primary difference between cartilage and bone lies in their hardness, composition, and vascularity.
While both are specialized connective tissues that provide support, bone is a hard, rigid, and highly
vascularized tissue, whereas cartilage is a soft, flexible, and avascular tissue.
Cartilage Bone
blood blood Lymph
Frog
• General characters
Morphology
Anatomy
Ventrally dissected frog
Anatomy
Important points of anatomy
[Link] tigrina, which of the following structures is homologous to the human stapes?
A. Columella auris
B. Eustachian tube
C. Operculum
D. Tympanic membrane
[Link] ventral surface of a frog is lighter in colour compared to the dorsal surface. This is primarily
for:
A. Thermoregulation
B. Countershading for camouflage
C. Mating behaviour
D. Warning coloration
[Link] one of the following is NOT a function of the frog’s buccopharyngeal cavity?
A. Pulmonary respiration
B. Vocal sound production
C. Food manipulation
D. Cutaneous respiration
4. During estivation frog primarily re through:
A. Pulmonary surface
B. Buccopharyngeal surface
C. Skin
D. Lungs and skin equally
5. In frogs, fat bodies are located:
A. Attached to kidneys near gonads
B. In liver lobes
C. Along alimentary canal
D. Encasing urinary bladder
6. Which of the following is an incorrect match regarding frog anatomy?
A. Mesonephric kidney – Opens into cloaca through ureters
B. Columella – Derived from hyoid arch
C. Sinus venosus – Receives blood from three venae cavae
[Link] sequence of blood flow from the frog’s heart to to body and back, in systemic circulation,
is:
A. Ventricle → Conus arteriosus → Carotid arch → Body → Veins → Atrium
B. Right atrium → Ventricle → Systemic arch → Body → Venae cavae → Sinus venosus
C. Ventricle → Pulmocutaneous arch → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium
D. Left atrium → Ventricle → Systemic arch → Body → Venae cavae
8.. Which statement about the digestive system of frogs is correct?
A. The cloaca receives only undigested food
B. The liver has three lobes and secretes bile
C. Pancreatic duct opens directly into cloaca
D. The stomach is connected to cloaca via duodenum
9.. In frogs, the cloacal aperture serves as the common passage for:
A. Excretory and reproductive products only
B. Excretory, digestive, and reproductive products
C. Digestive and respiratory products only
D. Excretory and digestive products only
In a frog, the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and
deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins. Considering the structural arrangement of the frog’s
heart, how is the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood minimized in the ventricle?
A. By complete separation of right and left ventricles
B. By contraction of atria at different times
C. By spongy texture and trabeculae of ventricle guiding blood flow
D. By valves preventing entry of deoxygenated blood into left atrium
Correct Answer: C
Explanation:
The frog’s heart has two atria and one ventricle. Although oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
enter the same ventricle, trabeculae and spongy tissue inside the ventricle help direct oxygen-rich
blood towards the systemic arch and oxygen-poor blood towards the pulmocutaneous arch,
reducing mixing. There is no complete ventricular septum.
Cockroach
A researcher feeds a cockroach a diet containing only starch and observes the absorption rate in the midgut.
Q1. Which structure plays a major role in secreting enzymes for starch digestion in this case?
A. Crop
B. Hepatic caeca
C. Gizzard
D. Salivary gland
Q2. If the hepatic caeca were surgically removed, which of the following would be least affected?
A. Digestion of carbohydrates
B. Digestion of proteins
C. Digestion of fats
D. Absorption of digested food
[Link] an experiment, ostia of the cockroach’s heart are temporarily blocked. It will bypass the heart what will happen
with haemolymph flow.
A, It will be completely stopped
B. It will bypass the heart via haemocoel
C. It will reverse its flow
D. It will enter the dorsal vessel via spiracles
[Link] is oxygen supply unaffected by this blockage?
A. Cockroach blood contains haemoglobin
B. Gas transport is independent of blood circulation
C. Oxygen is dissolved in haemolymph
D. Haemocoel enlarges during rest
-A neurotoxin is injected into the cockroach, blocking signals from the sub-oesophageal ganglion.
5. Which function will be most affected?
A. Wing movement
B. Control of mouthparts
C. Leg movement
D. Detection of air movement
[Link] instead the abdominal ganglia were damaged, what would happen?
A. Loss of control over hindgut movement
B. Loss of wing beating
C. Loss of antennal movement
D. Paralysis of forelegs
7.A cockroach is placed in an atmosphere with 0% oxygen.
Which part will first detect oxygen deficiency?
A. Spiracles
B. Tracheae
C. Tracheoles
D. Brain
[Link] does haemolymph oxygen level not drop significantly?
A. Haemolymph doesn’t carry oxygen in insects
B. Spiracles close to prevent oxygen loss
C. Haemolymph has high oxygen-binding capacity
D. Oxygen diffuses into haemolymph only during flight
A scientist studies female cockroaches with a mutation preventing gonapophyses formation.
Q9. Which functGonapophysesdirectly impaired?
A. Spermatophore transfer
B. Egg laying
C. Fertilisation
D. Copulation
[Link] both antennae are also removed, which extra ability will be lost?
A. Touch and smell detection
B. Light detection
C. Hearing low-frequency sounds
D. Egg laying