Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh city
Chapter 7: Voice over IP
Dr. Nguyen Hoang Viet
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Outline
I. Overview of VoIP
II. Drawbacks and Challenges for transmitting voice on
data packets
III. VoIP, introductory technical description
IV. Media gateway controller and its protocols
V. Operation and application
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I. Overview of VoIP
Conventional digital telephony:
Full-duplex mode
Analog voice PCM format (1 sample = 8bits)
Circuit (set up by signaling routine)
Telephone address = 7 to 12 digits send just once
Subscribers
Enterprise Network
Class 5
End Office Switch
Class 4
Tandem Switch
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Enterprise Network Subscribers
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I. Overview of VoIP
Types of voice call:
- Voice over TDM (PSTN/IDSN, Circuit switching, high
availability, constant delay
- Voice over Frame Relay (Packet switching, virtual circuit
switching, large enterprise, low delay)
- Voice over ATM (Packet switching, virtual circuit switching,
large enterprise, lower delay, higher quality than Frame
Relay)
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I. Overview of VoIP (cont.)
Why VoIP?
- Real requirements for integrated business environment to voice, data
and video communications
- Increasing speed and quality of internet
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II. Drawbacks and Challenges for
transmitting voice on data packets
Mouth-to-ear delay
Lost frames (packets)
Jitter buffering
Prioritizing voice traffic
Talker echo, distortion
Sufficient bit rate capacity on interconnecting transmission media
Voice coding algorithm standardization
Optimized standard packet payload size
Packet overhead
Silence suppression
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III. VoIP, introductory technical description
Digitize the voice
Break up into packets
Add header
Send packets over internet
Voice over IP (VoIP)
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III. VoIP, introductory technical description
How VoIP works:
Signal is converted to digital through voice IP packages in
standards [Link]
At the far end, IP packets are input to converter, strips
off IP header, stores the payload, release in a constant bit
stream to a code
Codec convert to digital bit stream back to an analog
signal
Internet
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Data packets
Data transmission consists of frames or packets of data. A frame (or
data packet) is made up of a header and payload. In some cases, a
portion of the “header” may be appended at the end or on the tail of
the data frame (or packet). But every data frame (or packet) has a
header consisting of a destination address (or addresses) and the
originator’s address. It nearly always will also contain some control
information. This may be a word (or byte/octet) count of the payload, a
CRC sequence for error detection and/or correction, message priority,
or some other type of control sequence or sequences.
Cited in textbook: Fundamentals of Telecommunications, Rogerl L.. Freeman
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Data packets
What type of coding algorithm has lowest voice bit rate?
What type of coding algorithm will you select for a VOIP
system? Why?
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A Basic IP Telephone System
• The simplest IP telephone system uses two basic components:
- IP telephone: end device allowing humans to place and receive calls.
- Media Gateway Controller: providing overall control and coordination
between IP phones; allowing a caller to locate a caller (e.g. call forwarding)
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Controlling voice calls on VoIP Gateway
• A gateway senses the presence of data by the presence of a
2100-Hz tone in the time-slot
•DTMF signaling tones
•Human speech
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IV. Media gateway controller and its protocols
Simple structure of media gateway controller
SNMP: Simple Network
Management Protocol
MIB: Management
Information Base
H.323 is an ITU standard
for transmitting audio, video,
and data conferencing data
on an IP-based
internetwork.
API: Application
Programming Interface
Call control: call control,
signaling & gateway control
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IV. Media gateway controller and its protocols
Extension structure of media gateway/controller
MG: Media gateway
MGC: Media gateway controller
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Model for VoIP private network
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IV. Media gateway controller and its protocols
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V. Operation and application
Some media gateway functions:
Operate as a server
Carrie out A/D conversion of the analog voice channel
Convert a DS0 or E0 to a binary signal compatible with IP
Can support several types of access networks including
media such as fiber, wireless, ISDN, PDH and SDH.
Handle several voice and data interface protocols: PCM,
ATM, IP-based RTP/RTCP, Frame relay.
Provide interface between media gateway controller and
the media gateway. This involves one of four protocols: SIP,
H.323, H245, MGCP.
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V. Operation and application
BRI: Basic rate interface PRI: Primary rate interface
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V. Operation and application
Media gateway
Applications/
Management
Processing PSTN
Voice
-Compression
IP - Echo PSTN
Processing Cancellation Ports
IP Voice
-IP -Silence -Analog
IP Ethernet
- TCP Suppression C.O
- UDP -T1/E1
Network PPP - RTP Fax
Fax
Frame Relay -Demodulation
– Demodulation
ATM –- Handshaking
Handshaking
Signaling
Signaling
Interworking
Interworking
VoIP <-> PSTN
VoIP<-> PSTN
What type of voice
communication technologies
can be used in this model? PBX
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V. Operation and application
PSTN
Vega 50
Analog VoIP Gateway
IP Voice
IP Ethernet
Network PPP
Frame Relay
ATM
• Analog Ports for FXS or FXO Signaling
• Supports PSTN/PBX or Telephone Lines
• Connection to the IP Network Via 100Base-T Ethernet Interface
PBX
• SIP, H.323
• Selectable Coders Per Channel: G.711, G.723, G.729
• T.38 Fax Relay
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V. Operation and application
PSTN
Vega 400
IP Voice
Trunking VoIP Gateway
IP Ethernet
Network PPP
Frame Relay
ATM
• Supports PSTN/PBX Digital Trunks
• T1 / E1 ISDN, North American CAS, R2
• Connection to the IP Network Via 100Base-T Ethernet Interface
• SIP, H.323
PBX
• Selectable Coders Per Channel: G.711, G.723, G.729
• T.38 Fax Relay
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V. Operation and application
Interconnection with other networks
FXO
User Side
Digital
PSTN Lines
VegaStream VegaStream
Trunks
Trunking VoIP Gateway Analog VoIP Gateway
IP Network
Ethernet
Ethernet
Network Side
Digital FXS
Trunks Lines
Private Extensions
Enterprise Network
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Problems
1. What types of voice call using data package switching?
2. Define the advantages of VoIP to compare with other types
of voice call switching.
3. What are the challenges for transmitting voice on data
packets?
4. Describe briefly the operations in a VoIP system.
5. Present VoIP data package structure.
6. What is the function of VoIP media gateway?
7. What is the function of analog VoIP gateway?
8. What is the function of trunk VoIP gateway?
9. What is VoIP server?
10. Present VoIP protocol stack and explain the function of
each modules.
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