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READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1

The development of the silk industry

Silk, a natural fibre produced by a particular worm called a silkworm, has been used
in clothing for many centuries.

A. When silk was first discovered in China over 4,500 years ago, it was reserved exclusively for the use of the
emperor, his close relations and the very highest of his dignitaries. Within the palace, the emperor is believed
to have worn a robe of white silk; outside, he, his principal wife, and the heir to the throne wore yellow, the
color of the earth.
B. Gradually silk came into more general use, and the various classes of Chinese society began wearing tunics
of silk. As well as being used for clothing and decoration, silk was quite quickly put to industrial use, and
rapidly became one of the principal elements of the Chinese economy. It was used in the production of
musical instruments, as string for fishing, and even as the world’s first luxury paper. Eventually even the
common people were able to wear garments of silk.
C. During the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), silk ceased to be a mere fabric and became a form of currency.
Farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk, and silk was used to pay civil servants and to reward subjects for
outstanding services. Values were calculated in lengths of silk as they had previously been calculated in
weight of gold. Before long, silk became a currency used in trade with foreign countries, which continued into
the Tang dynasty (616-907 AD). It is possible that this added importance was the result of a major increase
in production. Silk also found its way so thoroughly into the Chinese language that 230 of the 5,000 most
common characters of Mandarin* have ‘silk’ as their key component. Silk became a precious commodity,
highly sought after by other countries from an early date, and it is believed that the silk trade actually existed
before the Silk Road1" was officially opened in the second century BC. An Egyptian mummy with a silk thread
in her hair, dating from 1070 BC, has been discovered in the village of Deir el Medina near the Valley of the
Kings, and is probably the earliest evidence of the silk trade. During the second century BC, the Chinese
emperor Han Wu Di’s ambassadors travelled as far west as Persia and Mesopotamis, bearing gifts including
silks. A range of important finds of Chinese silks have also been made along the Silk Road. One of the most
dramatic of these finds was some Tang silk discovered in 1900. It is believed that around 1015 AD Buddhist
monks, possibly alarmed by the threat of invasion by Tibetan people, had sealed more than ten thousand
manuscripts and silk paintings, silk banners and textiles in caves near Dunhuang, a trading station on the
Silk Road in north-west China.
D. Some historians believe the first Europeans to set eyes upon the fabulous fabric were the Roman legions of
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Governor of Syria. According to certain accounts of the period, at an important
battle near the Euphrates River in 53 BC, the Roman soldiers were so startled by the bright silken banners of
the enemy that they fled in panic. Yet, within decades Chinese silks were widely worn by the rich and noble
families of Rome. The Roman Emperor Heliogabalus (218-222 AD) wore nothing but silk. By 380 AD, the
Roman historian Marcellinnus Ammianus reported that. The use of silk, which was one confined to the
 nobility, has now spread to all classes without distinction - even to the lowest. The desire for silk continued to
increase over the centuries. Despite this demand, the price of silk remained very high.
E. In spite of their secrecy about production methods, the Chinese eventually lost their monopoly on silk
production. Knowledge of silk production methods reached Korea around 200 BC, when waves of Chinese
immigrants arrived there. Shortly after 300 AD, it travelled westward, and the cultivation of the silkworm was
established in India.
F. Around 550 AD silk production reached the Middle East. Records indicate that two monks from
Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), capital of the Byzantine Empire, appeared at their emperor’s court
with silkworm eggs which they had obtained secretly, and hidden in their hollow bamboo walking sticks.
Under their supervision the eggs hatched into worms, and the worms spun silk threads. Byzantium was in
the silk business at last. The Byzantine church and state created imperial workshops, monopolising
production and keeping the secret to themselves. This allowed a silk industry to be established, undercutting
the market for ordinary-grade Chinese silk. However, high quality silk textiles, woven in China especially for
the Middle Eastern market, continued to achieve high prices in the West, and trade along the Silk Road
continued as before. By the sixth century the Persians, too, had mastered the art of silk weaving, developing
their own rich patterns and techniques. But it wasn’t until the 13th century that Italy began silk production,
with the introduction of 2,000 skilled silk weavers from Constantinople. Eventually, silk production became
widespread throughout Europe.
G. World silk production has approximately doubled during the last 30 years in spite of manmade fibres
replacing certain uses of silk. Before this period, China and Japan were the two main producers, together
manufacturing more than 50 per cent of world production each year. After the late 1970s, however, China
dramatically increased its silk production, and once again became the world’s leading producer.

Questions 1-7

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

Chinese silk

Early Uses

Clothing

• at first, silk only available to Chinese of high rank

• emperor wore 1 ___________ silk indoors

In industry

• silk items included parts of musical instruments, fishing strings and 2___________

Currency

• silk was used as payment of 3___________ as well as for wages and rewards

• silk replaced 4___________ asa unit of value

Evidence of silk trade

1070 BC, Egypt:

• hair of a 6___________ contained silk

2nd century BC, Persia and Mesopotamia:

• gifts of silk were presented by Chinese ambassadors

1015 AD, north-west China:

• silk objects were hidden inside 7___________

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 Their first sight of silk created fear among Roman soldiers.

9 The quality of Chinese silk imported by the early Romans varied widely.

10 The Byzantine emperor. first acquired silkworm eggs from the Chinese emperor

11 The price of high-grade Chinese silk fell due to competition from Middle-Eastern producers.

12 Silk was produced in the Middle East several centuries before it was produced in Europe.

13 Global silk production has declined in recent years.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages
6 and 7.

The discovery of a baby mammoth

A near-perfect frozen mammoth offers clues to a great vanished species

A On a May morning in 2007, on the Yamal Peninsula in northwestern Siberia, a Nenets reindeer herder
named Yuri Khudi stood on a sandbar on the Yuribey River, looking carefully at a diminutive corpse.
Although he’d never seen such an animal before, Khudi had seen many mammoth tusks, the thick corkscrew
shafts that his people found each summer, and this persuaded him the corpse was a baby mammoth. It was
eerily well preserved. Apart from its missing hair and toenails, it was perfectly intact. Khudi realised the find
might be significant and he knew he couldn’t just return home and forget all about it. He therefore decided to
travel to the small town of Yar Sale to consult an old friend named Kirill Serotetto. His friend took him to meet
the director of the local museum, who persuaded the local authorities to fly Khudi and Serotetto back to the
Yuribey River to collect the baby mammoth.

B Mammoths became extinct between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago and since the extinctions coincided with
the end of the most recent Ice age, many researchers believe that the primary cause of the great die-off was
the sharp rise in temperature, which dramatically altered the vegetation. ‘We have strong evidence that the
temperature rise played a significant part in their extinction.’ says Adrian Lister, a palaeontologist and
mammoth expert at London’s Natural History Museum. ‘In Eurasia, the timing of the two events matches
closely.’ The extinctions also coincided, however, with the arrival of modern humans. In addition to exploiting
mammoths for food, they used their bones and tusks to make weapons, tools, and even dwellings. Some
scientists believe humans were as much to blame as the temperature rise for the great die-off. Some say
they caused it.

C The body of the baby mammoth was eventually sent to the St Petersburg Zoological Museum in Russia.
Alexei Tikhonov, the museum’s director, was one of the first scientists to view the baby, a female. According
to Tikhonov, Khudi had rescued ‘the best-preserved mammoth to come down to US from the Ice Age’, and
he gratefully named her Lyuba, after Khudi’s wife. Tikhonov knew that no-one would be more excited by the
find than Dan Fisher, an American colleague at the University of Michigan who had spent 30 years
researching the lives of mammoths. Tikhonov invited Fisher, along with Bernard Buigues, a French
mammoth hunter, to come and view the baby mammoth. Fisher and Buigues had examined other specimens
together, including infants, but these had been in a relatively poor state. Lyuba was another story entirely,
other than the missing hair and toenails, the only flaw in her pristine appearance was a curious dent above
the trunk.

D Fisher was particularly excited about one specific part of Lyuba’s anatomy: her milk tusks. Through his
career, Fisher has taken hundreds of tusk samples. Most of these came from the Great Lakes region of
North America, and his research showed that these animals continued to thrive, despite the late Pleistocene*
temperature change. On the other hand, to Fisher the tusks often revealed telltale evidence of human
hunting. His samples frequently came from animals that had died in the autumn, when they should have
been at their peak after summer grazing, and less likely to die of natural causes, but also when humans
would have been most eager to stockpile meat for the coming winter. He has done limited work in Siberia,
but his analysis of tusks from Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia, suggests the same conclusion.

E In December 2007, Buigues arranged for the specimen to be transported to Japan to undergo a CT scan
by Naoki Suzuki of the Jikei University School of Medicine. The test confirmed her skeleton was undamaged,
and her internal organs seemed largely intact. It also showed that the end of her trunk, and her throat,
mouth, and windpipe were filled with dense sediment. Six months later, in a laboratory in St Petersburg,
Fisher, Buigues, Suzuki, Tikhonov and other colleagues began a three-day series of tests on Lyuba. During
these, Fisher noted a dense mix of clay and sand in her trunk, mouth and throat, which had been indicated
earlier by the scan. In fact, the sediment in Lyuba’s trunk was packed so tightly that Fisher saw it as a
possible explanation for the dent above her trunk. If she was frantically fighting for breath and inhaled
convulsively, perhaps a partial vacuum was created in the base of her trunk, which would have flattened
surrounding soft tissue. To Fisher, the circumstances of Lyuba’s death were clear: she had asphyxiated.
Suzuki, however, proposed a different interpretation, seeing more evidence for drowning than asphyxiation.
F Studies are ongoing, but Lyuba has begun to shed the secrets of her short life and some clues to the fate
of her kind. Her good general health was shown in the record of her dental development, a confirmation for
Fisher that dental research is useful for evaluating health and thus key to investigating the causes of
mammoth extinction. Analysis of her well- preserved DNA has revealed that she belonged to a distinct
population of Mammuthus primigenius and that, soon after her time, another population migrating to Siberia
from North America would take their place. Finally, Lyuba’s premolars and tusks revealed that she had been
born in late spring and was only a month old when she died.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 Similarities between studies of mammoth remains from different parts of the world.D

15 Details of the uses of mammoth body parts. B

16 A theory that accounts for the damage to Lyuba’s face.E

17 An explanation of how an individual was able to identify a small corpse. A

18 A comparison between Lyuba and other mammoth corpses.C

Questions 19-23

Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

19. The indications are that mammoths died as a result of climate change.C

20. Teeth analysis is important in discovering why mammoths died out.

21. The corpse of the baby mammoth is in better condition than any other that has been discovered.D

22. It would be a mistake to ignore the baby mammoth’s discovery, because of its potential importance.

23. Mammoths often died at a time of year when they should have been in good physical condition.

A Yuri Khudi B Kirill Serotetto C Adrian Lister

D Alexei Tikhonov E Dan Fisher F Bermard Buigues

G Naoki Suzuki
Questions 24 - 26

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

[Link] researchers say that a marked rise in temperature impacted on mammoths by changing the type
of___________ available.

[Link] concluded that many of the mammoth tusks he looked at displayed signs of___________.

[Link] long after Lyuba’s death, the Mammuthus primigenius group she belonged to was replaced by
another group that came from___________.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages
10 and 11.

What makes a musical expert?

How does someone become expert in music? And is it really possible to have a ‘talent’ for music?

A. Does that class of people acknowledged to be musical experts just have more of the same basic skills
we are all endowed with, or do they have a set of abilities - or neural structures - that are totally different
from those of the rest of US? Are high levels of musical achievement simply the result of training and
practice, or are they based on innate brain structure - what we refer to as ‘talent’? Talent can be defined
as something that originates in genetic structures and that is identifiable by trained people who can
recognize its existence before a person has achieved exceptional levels of performance. The emphasis
on early identification means that to investigate it, we study the development of skills in children.

B. It is evident that some children acquire skills more rapidly than others: the age of onset for walking and
talking varies widely, even between children in the same household. There may be genetic factors at
work, but these are closely linked with other factors - with a presumably environmental component - such
as motivation and family dynamics. Similar factors can influence musical development and can mask the
contribution of genetics to musical ability.

C. Brain studies, so far, haven’t been of much use in sorting out the issues. Gottfried Schlaug at Harvard
collected brain scans of individuals with absolute pitch1 (AP) and showed that a region in the brain called
the planum temporale is larger in these people than in others. This suggests that the planum is involved
in AP, but it’s not clear if this part of the brain starts out larger and helps people acquire AP, or if the
acquisition of AP makes the planum increase in size.

D. Results of research into the areas of the brain involved in skilled motor movement are more conclusive.
Studies of violin players have shown that the region of the brain responsible for controlling the movement

1 individuals with absolute pitch: people who can identify or sing any musical note correctly without help
 of the left hand (the hand that requires greater precision in violin playing) increases in size as a result of
practice. We do not know yet if the propensity for increase pre-exists in some-peopled not others.

E. The evidence against talent comes from research on how much training the experts do. Like experts in
mathematics, chess, or sports, experts in music require lengthy periods of instruction and practice. In
several studies, the very best music students

F. Were found to have practiced more than twice as much as the others. In another study, students were
secretly divided into two groups based on teachers’ perceptions of their talent. Several years later, it was
found that the students who achieved the highest performance ratings had practiced the most,
irrespective of which ‘talent’ group they had been assigned to, suggesting that practice does not merely
correlate with achievement, but causes it.

G. Anders Ericsson, at Florida state University, approaches the topic of musical expertise as a general
problem in cognitive psychology. He takes as a starting point the assumption that there are certain
issues involved in becoming an expert at anything; that we can learn about musical expertise by studying
expert chess players, athletes, artists, mathematicians, as well as the musicians themselves. The
emerging picture from such studies is that ten thousand hours of practice is required to achieve the level
of mastery associated with being a world-class expert - in anything. In study after study, of composers,
ice skaters, concert pianists, chess players and master criminals, this number comes up again and
again. Someone would do this amount of practice if they practiced, for example, roughly 20 hours a
week for ten years. Of course, this does not address why some people do not seem to get anywhere
when they practice, and why some people get more out of their practice sessions than others. But no-
one has yet found a case in which true world-class expertise was accomplished in less time. It seems
that it takes the brain this long to assimilate all that it needs to know to achieve true mastery.

H. The ten-thousand-hour theory is consistent with what we know about how the brain learns. Learning
requires the assimilation and consolidation of information in neural tissue. The more experiences we
have with something, the stronger the memory/learning trace for that experience becomes. Although
people differ in how long it takes them to consolidate information neutrally, evidence confirms that
increased practice leads to a greater number of neural traces, which create stronger memory
representation.

I. The classic rebuttal to this theory goes something like this: ‘What about Mozart? I hear that he
composed his first symphony at the age of four!’ First, there is a factual error here: Mozart did not write it
until he was eight, still, this is unusual, to say the least. However, this early work received little acclaim
and was not performed very often. In fact, the only reason we know about it is because the child who
wrote it grew up to become Mozart. And Mozart had an expert teacher in his father, who was renowned
as a teacher of musicians all over Europe. We do not know how much Mozart practiced, but if he started
at age two and worked thirty- two hours a week (quite possible, given that his father was a stern
taskmaster) he would have made his ten thousand hours by the time he composed his first symphony.
This does not mean that there are no genetic factors involved in Mozart’s greatness, but that inborn traits
may not be the only cause.
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27. In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that a talented musician is someone

A who is aware of being set apart from other people.

B whose brain structure is unlike that of other people,

C who can perform extremely well in early childhood.

D whose essential skills are more varied than those of ordinary people.

28. According to the writer, what is unclear about the findings of Gottfried Schlaug?

A which part of the brain is linked to a particular musical skill.

B which type of musical skill leads to the greatest change in the brain.

C whether a feature of the brain is a cause or an effect of a musical skill.

D whether the acquisition of a musical skill is easier for some people than others.

29. According to the writer, what has been established by studies of violin players?

A Changes may occur in the brain following violin practice.

B Left-handed violinists have a different brain structure from other people,

C A violinist’s hand size is not due to practice but to genetic factors.

D Violinists are born with brains that have a particular structure

30. According to the writer, findings on the practices done by expert musicians suggest that

A talent may have little to do with expertise.

B practice may actually prevent the development of talent.

C talent may not be recognized by teachers.

D expertise may be related to quality of instruction.

Questions 31-36

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 31-36 on
your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
 31. Anders Ericsson’s work with cognitive psychology has influenced other researchers.

32. Different areas of expertise seem to have one specific thing in common.

33. In order to be useful, practice must be carried out regularly every day.

34. Anyone who practices for long enough can reach the level of a world-class expert.

35. Occasionally, someone can become an expert at global level with fewer than 10,000 hours’ practice.

36. Existing knowledge of learning and cognitive skills supports the importance of practice.

Questions 37- 40

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

Mozart

The case of Mozart could be quoted as evidence against the 10,000-hour-practice theory. However, the
writer points out that the young Mozart received a lot of 37 ___________ from his father, and that the
symphony he wrote at the age of 38 ___________ was not 39___________ and may be of only academic
interest. The case therefore supports the view that expertise is not solely the result of 40___________
characteristics.

A popular B artistic C completed

D eight E tuition F encouragement

G inherited H four I practice J two