INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER NETWORK
ALDRIN P. OBSANGA
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Computer and Information Sciences
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lecture, the student will be able to:
• Explain the roles of clients and servers in a network.
• Identify the roles of network infrastructure devices.
• Describe ISP connectivity options.
• Describe the four basic requirements of a reliable network.
• Discuss the trends in networking.
• Identify the career opportunities in networking.

Data Communications and Networking | 2

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
A collection of nodes wherein a
node can be any device capable
of transmitting or receiving data.
The communicating nodes have
to be connected by
communication links.
A system of computers, print
devices, network devices, and
computer software linked by radio
waves or communications cable.

Data Communications and Networking | 3

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
Interconnection of network devices and end devices to
communicate with each other and share resources.
• Information Resources
• Application Resources
• Network Resources
• Hardware Resources

Data Communications and Networking | 4

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
ELEMENTS OF A NETWORK

• Messages: Units of information travel from one device to

another.
• Medium: A means of interconnecting these devices, that is, a
medium can transport the messages from one device to
another.
• Devices: Exchange messages with each other.
• Rules or agreements or protocols: Govern how the messages
are sent, directed, received, and interpreted.

Data Communications and Networking | 5

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
We can classify computer networks based on:
• Geographical Span
• Interconnectivity
• Administration
• Architecture

Data Communications and Networking | 6

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
GEOGRAPHICAL SPAN
• It may be spanned across your table, among Bluetooth enabled
devices. Ranging not more than few meters.
• It may be spanned across a whole building, including
intermediate devices to connect all floors.
• It may be spanned across a whole city.
• It may be spanned across multiple cities or provinces.
• It may be one network covering whole world.

Data Communications and Networking | 7

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
INTERCONNECTIVITY
Components of a network can be connected to each other
differently in some fashion.
• Every single device can be connected to every other device on
network, making the network mesh.
• All devices can be connected to a single medium but geographically
disconnected, created bus like structure.
• Each device is connected to its left and right peers only, creating linear
structure.
• All devices connected together with a single device, creating star like
structure.
• All devices connected arbitrarily using all previous ways to connect
each other, resulting in a hybrid structure.

Data Communications and Networking | 8

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORK
ADMINISTRATION
A network can be private network which belongs a single
autonomous system and cannot be accessed outside its physical
or logical domain.
A network can be public which is accessed by all.

Data Communications and Networking | 9

TERMINOLOGIES
• Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data. Digital
bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow from one
place to another in a given amount of time. Bandwidth is
typically measured in the number of bits that can be sent across
the media in a second.
• Common bandwidth measurements are as follows:
• Thousands of bits per second (Kbps)
• Millions of bits per second (Mbps)
• Billions of bits per second (Gbps

Data Communications and Networking | 10

TERMINOLOGIES
• Throughput measures the amount of data successfully transferred
between two points over a given time period.
• Like bandwidth, throughput is the measure of the transfer of bits
across the media over a given period of time. However, due to a
number of factors, throughput does not usually match the specified
bandwidth. Many factors influence throughput including:
• The amount of data being sent and received over the connection
• The types of data being transmitted
• The latency created by the number of network devices encountered between
source and destination
• Latency refers to the amount of time, including delays, for data to
travel from one given point to another.

Data Communications and Networking | 11

CLIENTS AND

SERVERS
ALDRIN P. OBSANGA
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Computer and Information Sciences
CLIENTS AND SERVERS
CLIENT AND SERVER ROLES
Every computer on a network is called a host or end device.
Servers are computers that provide information to end devices:
• email servers
• web servers
• file server
Clients are computers that send requests to the servers to
retrieve information:
• web page from a web server
• email from an email server

Data Communications and Networking | 13

CLIENTS AND SERVERS
CLIENT AND SERVER ROLES

Servers are hosts that have software installed which enable them to
provide information, like email or web pages, to other hosts on the
network. Each service requires separate server software.
Clients are computer hosts that have software installed that enables
the hosts to request and display the information obtained from the
server. An example of client software is a web browser, such as
Internet Explorer, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, or Chrome.

Data Communications and Networking | 14

CLIENTS AND SERVERS
CLIENT AND SERVER ROLES
Server Type Description
Email Email server runs email server software.
Clients use mail client software, such as Microsoft Outlook, to access
email on the server.
Web Web server runs web server software.
Clients use browser software, such as Google Chrome, to access web
pages on the server.
File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files with client software such as the
Windows File Explorer.

Data Communications and Networking | 15

CLIENTS AND SERVERS
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
In small businesses and homes,
many computers function as the
servers and clients on the network.
This type of network is called a
peer-to-peer (P2P) network.
Instead of having a central server
which would act as the shared
drive, each computer that is
connected to this network would
act as the server for the files
stored on it.

Data Communications and Networking | 16

CLIENTS AND SERVERS
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less complex Not as secure
Lower cost Not scalable
Used for simple tasks: transferring Slower performance
files and sharing printers

Data Communications and Networking | 17

CLIENTS AND SERVERS
MULTIPLE ROLES
A single computer can run
multiple types of server
software. In a home or
small business, it may be
necessary for one
computer to act as a file
server, a web server, and
an email server.

Data Communications and Networking | 18

NETWORK

COMPONENTS
ALDRIN P. OBSANGA
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Computer and Information Sciences
NETWORK COMPONENTS
MANAGED VS. UNMANAGED

• Enterprises • Residential/ SOHO

• Cisco IOS • Plug and play
• CLI • GUI
• Full features • Limited features
• Cost

Data Communications and Networking | 20

NETWORK COMPONENTS
NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
The network
infrastructure contains
three categories of
hardware components:
• End devices
• Intermediary devices
• Network media

Data Communications and Networking | 21

NETWORK COMPONENTS
END POINTS/ END DEVICES
An end device is where a message originates from or where it is
received. Data originates with an end device, flows through the
network, and arrives at an end device.
Also known as host.
An end user is a person or group using an end device.
The host address is a unique physical address used by hosts
inside a local-area network (LAN), and when a host sends a
message to another host, it uses the physical address of the
destination device.

Data Communications and Networking | 22

Data Communications and Networking | 23
NETWORK COMPONENTS
NETWORK DEVICES/ INTERMEDIARY DEVICES
An intermediary device interconnects end devices.
Examples include switches, wireless access points, routers, and
firewalls.
Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role
of an intermediary device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.

Data Communications and Networking | 24

Data Communications and Networking | 25
NETWORK COMPONENTS
NETWORK MEDIA
Provides the channel over which the
message travels from source to
destination.
The three main types of media in use
in a network are:
• Copper cable - uses electrical
impulses
• Fiber-optic cable – uses pulses of light
• Wireless – uses modulation of specific
frequencies of electromagnetic waves
Encoding messages refers to the
way data is converted to patterns of
electrical, light, or electromagnetic
energy and carried on the medium.

Data Communications and Networking | 26

Data Communications and Networking | 27
NETWORK COMPONENTS
NETWORK MEDIA
Media Example Encoding

Copper Twisted-pair cable usually used as LAN media Electrical pulses

Glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating usually

Fiber-optic Light pulses
used for long runs in a LAN and as a trunk

Wireless Connects local users through the air Electromagnetic waves

Data Communications and Networking | 28

NETWORK COMPONENTS
NETWORK MEDIA
• Things to consider when choosing network media:
• The distance the media can carry the signal
• The environment in which the media works
• The bandwidth requirements for users
• The cost of installation
• The cost of connectors and compatible equipment

Data Communications and Networking | 29

NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS AND TOPOLOGIES
NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS
Network diagrams, often called
topology diagrams, use symbols
to represent devices within the
network.
Important terms to know include:
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface

Note: Often, the terms port and

interface are used
interchangeably

Data Communications and Networking | 30

NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS AND TOPOLOGIES
TOPOLOGY DIAGRAMS
Physical topology diagrams Logical topology diagrams illustrate
illustrate the physical location of devices, ports, and the addressing
intermediary devices and cable
installation. scheme of the network.

Data Communications and Networking | 31

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
NETWORKS OF MANY SIZES
• Small Home Networks – connect a
few computers to each other and
the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office –
enables computer within a home
Small Home SOHO or remote office to connect to a
corporate network
• Medium to Large Networks –
many locations with hundreds or
thousands of interconnected
computers
• World Wide Networks – connects
Medium/Large World Wide hundreds of millions of computers
world-wide – such as the internet

Data Communications and Networking | 32

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
LANS AND WANS
Network infrastructures vary
greatly in terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services
available
• Area of responsibility
Two most common types of
networks:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

Data Communications and Networking | 33

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
LANS AND WANS

A LAN is a network infrastructure A WAN is a network infrastructure

that spans a small geographical that spans a wide geographical
area. area.

LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.

Administered by a single organization or individual. Typically administered by one or more service providers.

Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal devices. Typically provide slower speed links between LANs.

Data Communications and Networking | 34

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
THE INTERNET
The internet is a worldwide
collection of interconnected
LANs and WANs.
LANs are connected to
each other using WANs.
WANs may use copper
wires, fiber optic cables,
and wireless transmissions.

Data Communications and Networking | 35

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
THE INTERNET
The internet is not owned by any
individual or group. The following
groups were developed to help
maintain structure on the internet:
• Internet Engineering Task Force
• Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
• Internet Architecture Board

Data Communications and Networking | 36

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
INTRANETS AND EXTRANETS
An intranet is a private collection of
LANs and WANs internal to an
organization that is meant to be
accessible only to the
organizations’ members or others
with authorization.
An organization might use an
extranet to provide secure access
to their network for individuals who
work for a different organization
that need access to their data on
their network.

Data Communications and Networking | 37

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
ISP SERVICES
An Internet Service Provider (ISP)
provides the link between the home
network and the internet. An ISP
can be the local cable provider, a
landline telephone service provider,
the cellular network that provides
your smartphone service, or an
independent provider who leases
bandwidth on the physical network
infrastructure of another company.

Data Communications and Networking | 38

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
ISP CONNECTIONS The interconnection of ISPs that
forms the backbone of the
internet is a complex web of
fiber-optic cables with
expensive networking switches
and routers that direct the flow
of information between source
and destination hosts.
A router is required to securely
connect a computer to an
ISP. The router includes a
switch to connect wired hosts
and a wireless AP to connect
wireless hosts. The router also
provides client IP addressing
information and security for
inside hosts.

Data Communications and Networking | 39

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
INTERNET ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES
There are many ways to connect users and
organizations to the internet:
• Popular services for home users and small
offices include broadband cable, broadband
digital subscriber line (DSL), wireless WANs,
and mobile services.
• Organizations need faster connections to
support IP phones, video conferencing and
data center storage.
• Business-class interconnections are usually
provided by service providers (SP) and may
include: business DSL, leased lines, and
Metro Ethernet.

Data Communications and Networking | 40

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
HOME AND SMALL OFFICE INTERNET CONNECTIONS
Connection Description

Cable high bandwidth, always on,

internet offered by cable
television service providers.
DSL high bandwidth, always on,
internet connection that runs
over a telephone line.
Cellular uses a cell phone network to
connect to the internet.
Satellite major benefit to rural areas
without Internet Service
Providers.
Dial-up an inexpensive, low
telephone bandwidth option using a
modem.
Data Communications and Networking | 41
INTERNET CONNECTIONS
BUSINESSES INTERNET CONNECTIONS
• Corporate business Type of Connection Description
connections may require:
• higher bandwidth Dedicated Leased These are reserved circuits
• dedicated connections Line within the service provider’s
network that connect distant
• managed services
offices with private voice
and/or data networking.
Ethernet WAN This extends LAN access
technology into the WAN.
DSL Business DSL is available in
various formats including
Symmetric Digital Subscriber
Lines (SDSL).
Satellite This can provide a
connection when a wired
solution is not available.

Data Communications and Networking | 42

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
CONVERGING NETWORK
Before converged networks,
an organization would have
been separately cabled for
telephone, video, and data.
Each of these networks would
use different technologies to
carry the signal.

Each of these technologies

would use a different set of
rules and standards.

Data Communications and Networking | 43

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
CONVERGING NETWORK
Converged data networks carry
multiple services on one link
including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can
deliver data, voice, and video
over the same network
infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same
set of rules and standards.

Data Communications and Networking | 44

RELIABLE NETWORKS
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Network Architecture refers to the
technologies that support the
infrastructure that moves data
across the network.
There are four basic characteristics
that the underlying architectures
need to address to meet user
expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security

Data Communications and Networking | 45

RELIABLE NETWORKS
CIRCUIT SWITCHED AND PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS
Circuit Switched Networks − Circuit
switched networks are connection-
oriented networks. Here, a dedicated
route is established between the
source and the destination and the
entire message is transferred through
it.
Packet Switched Networks − Packet
switched networks are connectionless
networks. Here, the message is divided
and grouped into a number of units
called packets that are individually
routed from the source to the
destination.

Data Communications and Networking | 46

RELIABLE NETWORKS
FAULT TOLERANCE
A fault tolerant network limits the impact of a failure by limiting the
number of affected devices. Multiple paths are required for fault
tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by implementing a packet
switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into packets that are routed over a
network.
• Each packet could theoretically take a different path to the destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched networks which
establish dedicated circuits.

Data Communications and Networking | 47

Data Communications and Networking | 48
RELIABLE NETWORKS
SCALABILITY
A scalable network can
expand quickly and easily
to support new users and
applications without
impacting the performance
of services to existing
users.
Network designers follow
accepted standards and
protocols in order to make
the networks scalable.

Data Communications and Networking | 49

RELIABLE NETWORKS
QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)
Voice and live video transmissions
require higher expectations for
those services being delivered.
Have you ever watched a live video
with constant breaks and pauses?
This is caused when there is a
higher demand for bandwidth than
available – and QoS isn’t
configured.
• Quality of Service (QoS) is the
primary mechanism used to
ensure reliable delivery of content
for all users.
• With a QoS policy in place, the
router can more easily manage
the flow of data and voice traffic.

Data Communications and Networking | 50

RELIABLE NETWORKS
QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)
Examples of priority decisions for an organization might include
• Time-sensitive communication: Increase priority for services like
telephony or video distribution.
• Non-time-sensitive communication: Decrease priority for web page
retrieval or e-mail.
• High importance to organization: Increase priority for production
control or business transaction data.
• Undesirable communication: Decrease priority or block unwanted
activity, like peer to-peer file sharing or live entertainment.

Data Communications and Networking | 51

Data Communications and Networking | 52
RELIABLE NETWORKS
NETWORK SECURITY
A network security breach can lead to a variety of serious
consequences, including the following:
• Network outage, causing a loss of communication and business
transactions
• Loss of personal or business funds
• Theft of intellectual property such as project bids, patents, and strategic
plans
• Exposure of confidential customer data

Data Communications and Networking | 53

RELIABLE NETWORKS
NETWORK SECURITY
There are two main types of network
security that must be addressed:
• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network devices
• Preventing unauthorized access to the
devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the information or data
transmitted over the network
Three goals of network security:
• Confidentiality – only intended
recipients can read the data
• Integrity – assurance that the data has
not be altered with during transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely and
reliable access to data for authorized
users

Data Communications and Networking | 54

RELIABLE NETWORKS
INFORMATION SECURITY
Securing network information means protection of data stored on
network devices and the protection of packets carrying data into
or out of the network. Content security on a network means
ensuring confidentiality, maintaining communication
integrity, and ensuring network availability.

Data Communications and Networking | 55

RELIABLE NETWORKS
INFORMATION SECURITY
• Ensuring Confidentiality
• Data privacy is maintained by allowing only the intended and
authorized recipients— individuals, processes, or devices—to read the
data.
• Maintaining Communication Integrity
• Data integrity means having the assurance that the information has
not been altered in transmission, from origin to destination.

Data Communications and Networking | 56

RELIABLE NETWORKS
INFORMATION SECURITY
• Ensuring Availability
• Computer virus attacks and denial of service (DoS) attacks can bring a
network down. A DoS attack occurs when outside computers flood a
network with so many requests for service that valid users cannot
access the network resources.

Data Communications and Networking | 57

TRENDS IN

NETWORKING
ALDRIN P. OBSANGA
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Computer and Information Sciences
TRENDS IN NETWORKING
RECENT TRENDS
• The role of the network must adjust and continually transform in
order to be able to keep up with new technologies and end user
devices as they constantly come to the market.
• Several new networking trends that effect organizations and
consumers:
• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Online collaboration
• Video communications
• Cloud computing
• 5G
• WiFi 6
• Software-define Networking (SDN)
• Internet of Things (IoT)

Data Communications and Networking | 59

TRENDS IN NETWORKING
BRING YOUR OWN DEVICE
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) allows users to use their own
devices giving them more opportunities and greater flexibility.
BYOD allows end users to have the freedom to use personal
tools to access information and communicate using their:
• Laptops
• Netbooks
• Tablets
• Smartphones
• E-readers
BYOD means any device, with any ownership, used anywhere.

Data Communications and Networking | 60

TRENDS IN NETWORKING
ONLINE COLLABORATION
• Collaborate and work with
others over the network on
joint projects.
• Collaboration tools including
Cisco WebEx gives users a
way to instantly connect and
interact.
• Collaboration is a very high
priority for businesses and in
education.
• Cisco Webex Teams is a
multifunctional collaboration
tool.
• send instant messages
• post images
• post videos and links
Data Communications and Networking | 61
TRENDS IN NETWORKING
VIDEO COMMUNICATION

• Video calls are made to anyone,

regardless of where they are located.
• Video conferencing is a powerful tool
for communicating with others.
• Video is becoming a critical
requirement for effective collaboration.

Data Communications and Networking | 62

TRENDS IN NETWORKING
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our
data on servers over the internet.
• Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
• Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world.
• Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.
• Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data centers, lease server
and storage services from larger data center organizations in the Cloud.

Data Communications and Networking | 63

TRENDS IN NETWORKING
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Four types of Clouds:
• Public Clouds
• Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.
• Private Clouds
• Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.
• Hybrid Clouds
• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public.
• Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same
architecture.
• Custom Clouds
• Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media.
• Can be private or public.

Data Communications and Networking | 64

CLOUD COMPUTING

Data Communications and Networking | 65

5G

Data Communications and Networking | 66

WIFI 6 (802.11AX)

Data Communications and Networking | 67

SD-WAN

Data Communications and Networking | 68

INTERNET OF THINGS

Data Communications and Networking | 69

NETWORK SECURITY
SECURITY THREATS Network security is an integral part of
networking regardless of the size of
the network.
The network security that is
implemented must take into account
the environment while securing the
data, but still allowing for quality of
service that is expected of the
network.
Securing a network involves many
protocols, technologies, devices,
tools, and techniques in order to
secure data and mitigate threats.
Threat vectors might be external or
internal.

Data Communications and Networking | 70

NETWORK SECURITY
SECURITY THREATS External Threats:
• Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses
• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Threat Actor attacks
• Denial of service attacks
• Data interception and theft
• Identity theft
Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by employees
• malicious employees

Data Communications and Networking | 71

NETWORK SECURITY
SECURITY THREATS

Security must be implemented in

multiple layers using more than
one security solution.
Network security components for
home or small office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware software
should be installed on end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the
network.

Data Communications and Networking | 72

NETWORK SECURITY
SECURITY THREATS
Larger networks have additional
security requirements:
• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security
starts with a clear understanding of
the underlying switching and
routing infrastructure.

Data Communications and Networking | 73

THE IT PROFESSIONAL
CCNA
The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification:
• demonstrates that you have a knowledge of foundational technologies
• ensures you stay relevant with skills needed for the adoption of next-
generation technologies.
The new CCNA focus
• IP foundation and security topics
• Wireless, virtualization, automation, and network programmability.
New DevNet certifications at the associate, specialist and professional
levels, to validate your software development skills.
Specialist certification validate your skills in line with your job role and
interests.

Data Communications and Networking | 74

THE IT PROFESSIONAL
CERTIFICATIONS

Data Communications and Networking | 75

THE IT PROFESSIONAL
NETWORK CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
• Support technicians in the information technology field are required
to maintain the computers, network servers and phone technology in
business settings. They often work daily with the hardware,
repairing or replacing defective equipment. They may be required to
install new or upgraded software and conduct testing on new or
current software. Average Yearly Salary: ₱195,232
• Information technology (IT) support specialist is a generalist
position devoted to all aspects of computer set-up, installation,
troubleshooting, service, upgrades, and maintenance. The position
can also include handling how computers connect to each other or
the rest of the network; printing, both locally and on the network; and
auxiliary devices such as tablets, PDAs, and smartphones. Average
Yearly Salary: ₱272,600

Data Communications and Networking | 76

NETWORK CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
• Network administrators are responsible for the upkeep of
computer hardware and software systems. They usually focus
on the network components within their company. Average
Yearly Salary: ₱302,499
• Network engineers work revolves around their employers'
computer network designs and implementations, and they are
salaried instead of paid on an hourly basis. They generally work
in offices to troubleshoot problems related to their company’s
enterprise-wide network, and they must ensure that their
systems' security and firewall software is up-to-date. Average
Yearly Salary: ₱366,876

Data Communications and Networking | 77

NETWORK CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
• Information technology (IT) manager supervises their
company's computer infrastructure and related areas of
concern. He or she may oversee teams that manage network
technology, IT security and the software platforms used by the
company. The IT manager may help establish data storage
infrastructure and access protocols and rules within the
company as well. Average Yearly Salary: ₱899,175

Data Communications and Networking | 78

REFERENCES
• Data Communication and Computer Network.
[Link]
ork/data_communication_computer_network_tutorial.pdf
• [Link]
• Fitzgerald, J., Dennis, A. and Durcikova, A. (2017). Business Data
Communications and Networking (13th Edition). John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
• Forouzan, B. (2022). Data Communications and Networking with
TCP/IP Protocol Suite. McGraw Hill
• Tanenbaum, A., Feamster, N. and Wetherall, D. (2021). Computer
Networks 6th Edition. Pearson Education Limited
• Networking Basics. Cisco Networking Academy

Data Communications and Networking | 79

Data Communications and Networking | 80