CHE 532: Heterogeneous Catalysis
Lecture Two (2)
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Outline
Review of previous class
Important Industrial Processes
Environmental and Technological Challenges
Atom Efficiency and E-factor
Principles of Green Chemistry
Catalyst Market and Key Players
Market Drivers
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Previous Class
Concept of Catalysis
Catalytic processes
What is a Catalyst
Characteristics of a Catalyst
Properties of a Catalyst
Types of Catalysts
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Important Industrial Catalytic Processes
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Important Industrial Catalytic Processes
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Environmental Challenges
Development of zero-waste processes
Minimization of hazardous products and greenhouse gases
Replacement of corrosive liquid acid catalysts with benign solid acid catalysts
Evolution of renewable and sustainable systems
Elimination of voluminous by-products
Development of processes requiring less consumption of catalysts
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Technological Challenges
Development of processes using CO2 as reactant
Cheaper and safer methods of generating hydrogen
New catalytic membranes
Better electrocatalysts for fuel-cell consumption of plentiful hydrocarbons
Development of modified enzymes, or organisms for 'natural' production of polymers
Families of solid catalysts for 'tunable' conversion of methanol to either ethylene or propylene
Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for sharply defined reaction products
Efficient, safe methods of generating hydrogen peroxide (from H2 and O2 )
Design solids capable of controlled release of structural elements such as oxygen and hydrogen
Uniform, molecular-sieve catalysts (of redox or Bronsted Type) possessing well-defined large pores (40 –
100 A diameter)
Targetable antibody catalysts as therapeutic products
Engineered proteins for pharmaceutical use
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Atom Efficiency or Atom Economy
Atom Efficiency: Molecular weight of the desired product divided by the total molecular weight of
all the products.
For example: the conventional oxidation of a secondary alcohol
3C6H5–CHOH–CH3 + 2CrO3 + 3H2SO4 → 3C6H5–CO–CH3 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 6H2O has an atom
efficiency of 360/860 = 42%.
By contrast, the catalytic route C6H5–CHOH–CH3 + 1/2O2 → C6H5–CO–CH3 + H2O offers an atom
efficiency of 120/138 = 87%, with water as the only byproduct.
The reverse step, a catalytic hydrogenation, proceeds with 100% atom efficiency:
C6H5–CO–CH3 + H2 → C6H5–CHOH–CH3
Similarly, the catalytic carbonylation of this molecule:
C6H5–CHOH–CH3 + CO → C6H5–CH(CH3)COOH
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Environmental Factor (E-factor)
E Factor: is defined as the weight of waste or undesirable product divided by the weight of the
desired product
It accounts for all wastes including byproducts, spent catalysts, unconverted reactants, solvents
Smaller E-factor suggests less waste produced thus leading to a more sustainable process
Environmental acceptability of products in different industries
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Principles of Green Chemistry
Prevention of waste
Maximizing atom economy
Designing less hazardous chemical syntheses
Designing safer chemicals
Using safer solvents and auxiliaries
Increasing energy efficiency
Using renewable feedstocks
Reducing unnecessary derivatives
Utilizing catalysis
Designing for degradation
Implementing real-time analysis for pollution prevention
Promoting inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention
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Catalyst Market and Key Players
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Catalyst Market
[Link] 12
Catalyst Market
[Link] 13
Catalyst Market
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Catalyst Market
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Catalyst Market
Catalyst Market size was valued at USD 30.63 billion in 2023. The market is
anticipated to grow from USD 32.35 in billion 2024 to USD 50.44 billion by 2032,
exhibiting the CAGR of 5.7% during the forecast period
Asia Pacific accounted for the largest market and contributed to more than 37%
of the share in 2023.
North America is expected to witness the fastest-growing CAGR during the
forecast period.
By type category, enzyme segment accounted for the largest market share in
2023.
By application category, the petrol and refining segment is projected to grow at
the fastest CAGR during the forecast period.
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Refinery Catalysts
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Market Drivers
Industrial demand: the thriving of petrochemical, polymer and chemical industries
are the key drivers requiring catalysts for efficient production
Sustainability: the increasing demand for cleaner fuels, reduced environmental
emissions and cost effective processes facilitate the development of next-
generation catalysts
Technological advancements: innovation in catalyst composition and the
development of catalysts for several applications including hydrogen economy
and circular carbon economy
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Exercise
Choose a company
What is the name of their catalytic process?
What is their main products?
How do they minimize waste/byproducts?
What is their marketing strategy?
How do they control and sustain the market?
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Thank You!
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