COMPLEX NUMBERS
Review of Quadratic Equations
Solve the following equations using quadratic formulae
i. 3t2 – 9t -12 = 0
9 ± √(81+ 144)
t =
6
9 ± √(225)
=
6
= 4 or -1
ii. 4x2 -30c +15 =0
30 ± √(900−240)
x =
8
30 ± √(660)
=
8
30 ±25.7
=
8
55.7 4.3
= or
8 8
iii. x2 + x +1 = 0
−1± √ (1−4)
x =
2
−1± √ (−3)
=
2
This implies that x2 + x +1 = 0 has no roots in the sets of real numbers.
To solve this problem we let √ (−1) = i
Therefore,
√ (−3) = √ (−1 ×3) = √ (−1) × √ (3) = √ (3)i
This number √ (3)I is called imaginary number.
Then,
−1± √ (−3) −1± √ (3)i
=
2 2
x = -0.5 + 0.865i
or
x = -0.5 – 0.865i
Definition
A complex number is any number of the from Z = a + bi
Where Z is a real number
a is the real part of Z
b is the imaginary part of Z
and i = √ (−1)
The set of complex numbers is called complex number system and is
denoted by $.
Operations in complex numbers
Let a + ib and c + id be complex numbers.
Then,
i. (a + ib) + (c + id) = a +c +i(b + d)
ii. (a + ib) = (c + id) if and only if a = c and b = d
iii. (a + ib) (c + id) = ac – bd +i (ad + bc)
Remark
1 = 1 + 0i
0 = 0 + 0i
The real numbers 0 and 1 are complex numbers and are called additive and
multiplicative identities respectively.
The additive inverse of a + bi is the complex number – a + i(-b).
For the multiplicative inverse the following equation must be satisfied.
(a + ib) (x + yi) = 1 + 0i where x + yi is the inverse
NB. (a + ib) (x + yi) = 1
Then (ax – by)i + i(ay +bx) =1 + 0i
Remarks
1. The set $ doesn`t possess the order property of numbers i.e. the
element of $ cannot be ordered.
2. Complex numbers can be denoted by Z = a + bi.
3. All real numbers are complex numbers where imaginary part is zero.
4. The numbers a + ib and a – ib are called complex conjugates. The
conjugate of the number Z is denotes by Ź or
5. the conjugate of Z Conjugate is Z i.e.
(Ź) = Z
Ź + Z = (a – ib) + (a + ib) = 2a + 0i = 2 real parts
Z – Ź = (a – ib) - (a + ib) = 2ib = 2 Imaginary parts
Z . Ź = a2 + b2 if Z = a + bi
NB. We use complex conjugates when dividing complex number.
Example.
−24+28 i
Evaluate
3+5 i
Solution
−24+28 i 3−5 i 68+204 i
( )( ) =
3+5 i 3−5 i 9+25
68+204 i
= = 2 +6i
34
AGARD DIAGRAM
Complex numbers x + yi is uniquely specified by the real number x and y in
that order. Thus the ordered 9x, y0 corresponds with the unique complex
number x + iy. Conversely the ordered pair (x, y) corresponds to a point with
the coordinates X and Y in the (X, Y) plane. Therefore every complex number
Z= x + iy corresponds to a point p with the coordinates X and Y.
Definition
A complex number may e represented geometrically in 3 ways.
i. By the point P (x, y) where x is real and y is imaginary.
→
ii. By the vector OP
→
iii. By any vector which is equal to the vector OP
Y axis is called the imaginary axis and the x axis is called the real axis.
Any such representation of a complex number is called Agard Diagram.
The modulus and Argument of a Complex number
Let P(x, y) represent the complex number Z = x + iy.
Then P has the rectangular co-ordinates (x, y) and polar cordinaes (r, φ).
x y
R2 = x2 + y2, cos θ = and sin θ =
r r
Definition
Given any complex number Z where Z= x + iy then
i. The mondulus of Z denoted by |Z| is defined by
|Z| = √ (x 2+ y 2)
ii. The argument of Z denoted by arg Z is defined by arg Z = θ where
x y y
θ is cos-1 ( ¿= sin-1( ¿ = tan-1( )
r r x
NB.
Z Ź = |Z|2 for let z = x +iy then Ź = x – iy
So Z Ź = (x + iy) (x – iy) = x2 + y2
But the modulus of |Z| = √ (x 2+ y 2)
Then Z2 = x2 + y2
Therefore, Z Ź = |Z|2
Example 1
If Z = -2√ 3 – 2i, find |z| and arg Z.
Solution
Z = -2√ 3 – 2i
x = -2√ 3 y = -2
Then
|Z| = √ ¿+(-2)2) = √ (12+ 4) = √ 16
Therefore, the modulus of Z = 4
y
Arg Z =θ where θ = tan-1( ) where θ = 180 +α where α is the related
x
acute angle
y
Now α is given by tan-1( )
x
Therefore
−2 1
tan-1( ) = tan-1( ) = 30˚
−2 √ 3 √3
Then θ = 180 +30 = 210˚
So Arg θ = 210˚
Example 2
If |Z| = 6 and arg Z = 120˚ express Z I terms of x + iy
Solution
PN = 6 sin 60 = 3√ 3
ON = 6 cos 60 = 3
N (-3, 0) and therefore the coordinates of P are (-3 and 3 √ 3 ) then P (-3, 3√ 3).
Since the point P((-3, 3√ 3) is representing the complex number Z then we
can write
Z = -3 + 3√ 3i
Trigonometric form of complex numbers
If Z = x + iy |Z| = r and argument Z = θ, then x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.
Therefore the complex nuer Z = x +yi = r cos θ + ir sin θ
= r (Cos θ + i Sin θ)
The expression Z = r (Cos θ + i Sin θ) is called the trigonometric form of a
complex number Z.
Example
Express in trigonometric form of a complex number Z = -3 + 4i
Solution
r = |Z| = √ (32 + 42 ) = √ 25 = 5 and since the corresponding point Z lies in the
2nd quadrant then
θ = (180 –α) ˚
= 180 -53.1
= 126˚
4
Tan α =
3
4
α = tan-1 = 53.13˚
3
Therefore,
Z= 5(cos 126.87 + i sin 126.87)
Theory
If Z1 = r1 (Cos θ1 + i Sin θ1) and Z2 = r2 (Cos θ2 + i Sin θ2) then
Z1 Z2 = r1 r2 (Cos (θ1+ θ2) + i Sin (θ1+ θ2)
Proof
From trionometic identities
Cos (A±B) = cos A cos B ± sin A sin B
Sin (A±B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
Z1 Z2 = r1 (Cos θ1 + i Sin θ1) r2 (Cos θ2 + i Sin θ2)
= r1 r2 {(Cos θ1 + i Sin θ1) (Cos θ2 + i Sin θ2)}
= r1 r2 {(Cos θ1 Cos θ2 + i Cos θ1 Sin θ2+ i Sin θ1 Cos θ2 + i2 Sin θ1Sin θ2)}
= r1 r2 (Cos θ1 Cos θ2 - Sin θ1Sin θ2 + I (Cos θ2Sin θ2 + Sin θ1 Cos θ2)
= r1 r2 (Cos (θ1+ θ2) + i Sin (θ1+ θ2)
Exercise
If Z1 = r1 (Cos θ1 + i Sin θ1) and Z2 = r2 (Cos θ2 + i Sin θ2) show that
Z1 r1
= {Cos (θ1 - θ2) + i Sin (θ1- θ2)
Z2 r2
Example
If Z1 = 1 + i and Z2 = 1 + I
Find
i. Z1 Z2
Z1
ii.
Z2
Solution
|Z| = r √ (x 2 + y 2) for |Z1| = √ (12 +12) = √ 2 and |Z2| = √ (12 +(−1)2 ) = √ 2
y
θ1 = tan-1 then tan-1 (1) = 45˚
x
Therefore
Z1 = √ 2 (cos 45˚ + i sin 45˚)
The related angle α and θ is given by
1
α = tan-1 = tan-1 (1) = 45˚
1
θ2 = 360˚ - 45˚ = 315˚
Therefore,
Z1 = √ 2 (cos 315˚ + i sin 315˚)
i. Z1 Z2 =
√ 2 √ 2 {(cos (45˚+315˚) + i sin (45˚+315˚)}
= 2 cos 360˚ + i sin 360˚
=2×1=2
Z1 √2
ii. = {(cos (45˚- 315˚) + i sin (45˚- 315˚)}
Z2 √2
= 1 { cos -270˚ + i sin -270˚}
NB. Therefore Cos (-θ) = cos θ and sin (-θ) = - sin θ
= 1 (0 – i(-1))= i
DEMOIVEE`S THEOREM
For any positive integer n
(cos θ + I sin θ)n = (cos (nθ) + I sin (nθ)
Example.
Find (√ 3 + i)7
Solution
Let Z = √ 3 + i)
Then |Z| = √ ((√ 3 ¿ ¿ ¿ 2+1 2)) = 2
1
θ = tan-1 ( ) = 30˚
√3
write Z in its trigonometric form as
Z = 2 (cos 30˚ + sin 30˚)
Now Z7 = (2 (cos 30˚ + sin 30˚)) 7
= 27((cos 30˚ + sin 30˚)) 7
= 128 (cos (30× 7)˚ + sin (30× 7)˚))
√3 1
= 128 {- + i (- )}
2 2
= 64 (-√ 3 – i)
Therefore,
√ 3 + i) = 64 (-√ 3 – i)
LOCUS
DEFINATION
A locus is a path traced by a point e.g.
i. A straight line
ii. A circle described a locus.
→
If Z is a variable complex number represented byOP , then the locus of the
complex number Z can be described under certain conditions give.
Example
Show that the equation |Z + 1| = 3 represents a circle. Find its radius and
Centre
Solution
Let Z = x +iy
Therefore we can write the equation as
|x + iy +1| = 3 then |(x + 1) + iy |= 3
Therefore
√ ( x +1 ¿ ¿ ¿ 2+ y ) = 3
2
Squaring both sides, we have
(x + 1)2 + y2 = 9
Which as an equation of a circle center (-1, 0) radius 3.
Example
Show that the equations |Z| = |Z -2| and |Z – i| = | Z – 1|corresponds to two
straight lines and find their point of intersection.
Solution
Let Z = x +iy
i. |Z| = |Z – 2|
|x + iy| = |x + iy +2| = |(x - 2) + iy |
Then√ ¿) =√ ¿)
Squaring both sides
x2 = (x−2)2
x2 = x2 -4x + 4
x=1
Which is a straight line passing through the point x = 1(parallel to y- axis)
ii. |x + iy - i| = |x + iy -1|
|x + (y-1) i| = |(x-1) + iy|
√ ¿) =√ ¿)
¿) =¿
After simplification
y=x
Equation of a straight line y- intercept o, gradient 1.
The point of intersection is (1, 1)