CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Divyanshu Pandey of Class
XII-B of Guru Tegh Bahadur Public School,
Durgapur has successfully completed the Physics
Investigatory Project on the topic for the Senior
Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE) for the
academic year 2025 –26.
Date:
__________________
Principal's Signature
__________________ __________________
Signature of Signature of
External Examiner Internal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those
persons who helped to make it possible. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude in few wprds and
respect to all those who helped me in the completion of
this project.
It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep
senses of gratitude to my Physics teacher Mrs.
Nabanita Ghosh for her valuable support, constant
help and guidance at each and every stage, without
which this project would not have come forth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our principal,
Mrs. Sutapa Acharya, for her immense encouragement
that has made this project successful.
I would also like to thank my friends and family for
encouraging me during this project.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for
giving us the opportunity to undertake this project.
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Topic Page No.
1. Introduction 1
2. Aim 2
3. Materials Required 3
4. Theory 4-7
5. Relevant Diagram 7
6. Procedure 8-10
Observation & Observation
7.
Table 11
8. Calculations 12
9. Results & Conclusions 13
10. Precautions 14
11. Sources of Errors 14
12. Bibliography 15
AIM
To investigate the
dependance of the angle of
deviation on the angle of
incidence using a hollow
prism filled, one-by-one,
with different transparent
fluids.
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
I. Drawing Board
II. White Sheets of Paper
III. Hollow Prism
IV. Different Liquids (Water, Kerosene Oil,
Turpentine Oil)
V. Drawing Pins
VI. Pencil
VII. Half-Metre Scale
VIII. Thump Pins
IX. Graph Papers
X. Protractor
∠SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism
∠QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence inside prism
∠TSN2 = e = angle of emergence
∠BAC = A = angle of prism
∠SFK = D = angle of deviation
In △QFS, ∠KFS = ∠FQS + ∠FSQ
D = (i - r1) + (e - r2)
D = i + e - (r1 + r2) ...(1)
In △QS1N3, r1 + r2 + ∠QN3S = 180° ...(2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral,
then
A + ∠QN3S = 180° ...(3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r 1 + r2 ...(4)
Eq. (1) becomes,
D=i+e–A
D+A=i+e
Angle of minimum deviation
(a) Definition :- The minimum value of angle of
deviation, is called angle of minimum deviation. It
is represented by the symbol Dm.
(b) Explanation :- For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One
value equals i and other value equals 'e'. As angle
i is increased from a small value, e decreases
from large value and angle of deviation
decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum
(Dm), then, i and e become equal. The refracted
ray QS goes parallel to base BC. Since i = e, we
have r1 = r2. [Since, n = sin
sin
= 𝑖
𝑟1
] sin
sin
𝑒
𝑟2
Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r
(say),
we have, A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r or r = A/2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i = e
From relation, A+D=i+e
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i or i = 𝐴 + 𝐷𝑚
2
From Snell’s law, n = sin
sin
𝑖
𝑟
𝐴 + 𝐷𝑚
we have, n = sin
sin 2
2
𝐴
This relation is useful for determination of n for
prism material.
PROCEDURE
I. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing
board with the help of drawing pins.
II. Draw a straight line XX' parallel to the length
of the paper nearly in the middle of the paper.
III. Mark points Q1, Q2, Q3, ... on the straight line
XX' at suitable distances of about 5 cm.
IV. Draw normals N1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3, ... on points
Q1, Q2, Q3, ... as shown in diagram.
V. Draw straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3, ...
making angles of 35°, 40°, ..., 60° (write
values of the angles on the paper) respectively
with the normals.
VI. Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it
as the edge of the prism for all the
observations.
VII. Put it prism with its refracting face AB in the
line XX' and point Q1 in the middle of AB.
VIII. Mark the boundary of the prism.
IX. Fix two or more office pin P1 and P2 vertically
on the line R1Q1. The distance between the
pins should be 10 mm or more.
X. Look the images of point P1 and P2 through
face AC.
XI. Close your left eye and bring open right eye in
line with the two images.
XII. Fix two office pins P3 and P4 vertically, and 10
cm apart such that the open right eye sees
pins P4 and P3 and images of P2 and P1 in one
straight line.
XIII. Remove pins P3 and P4 and encircle their
pricks on the paper.
XIV. Repeat steps 7 to 13 with points Q2, Q3, ... for
i = 40°, ..., 60°.
To measure D in different cases
I. Draw straight lines through points P4 and P3
(pin pricks) to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2,
S3T3, ...
II. Produce T1S1, T2S2, T3S3, ... inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3, ... at points F1,
F2, F3, ...
III. Measure angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3, ...
These give angle of deviation D1, D2, D3, ...
IV. Write values of these angles on the paper.
To measure A
I. Measure angle BAC in the boundary of the
prism. This gives angle A.
II. Record your observations as given below.
OBSERVATIONS
Angle of hollow prism A = _______ degree.
Sl.
Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
No.
incidenc deviation deviatio deviatio
e ∠i ∠D for n for n for
water turpenti kerosene
ne oil oil
2 3 4 5
1
1. 35°
2. 40°
3. 45°
4. 50°
5. 55°
6. 60°
CALCULATION
Plot the graphs between angle of incidence (∠i)
and angle of deviation (∠D) by taking i along X-axis
and ∠D along Y-axis for each transparent liquid.
From the graph find the value of angle of
minimum deviation Dm corresponding to the
lowest point of the graphs. Let the value of angle
of minimum deviation.
Dm = _______
Then refractive index of the transparent
medium,
𝐴 + 𝐷𝑚
n= sin(
sin 2
2
𝐴
)
...(1)
The speed of light in a transparent medium is,
v= 𝑐
𝑛
where speed of light in air c = 3 x 108 m/s.
RESULTS
1. The i-D graph indicates that as the
angle of incidence (i) increases, the
angle of deviation (D) first decreases,
attains a minimum value (Dm) and then
again start increasing for further
increase in angle of incidence.
2. The angle of minimum deviation for
→ Water, Dm = _____°C
→ Turpentine Oil, Dm = _____°C
→ Kerosene Oil, Dm = _____°C
3. The refractive indices of the
→ Water, n = _____
→ Turpentine Oil, n = _____
→ Kerosene Oil, n = _____
PRECAUTIONS
I. The angle of incidence should lie between
35° - 60°.
II. The pins should be fixed vertical.
III. The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
IV. Arrow heads should be marked to
represent the incident and emergent rays.
V. The same angle of prism should be used
for all the observations.
SOURCES OF
ERRORS
I. Pin pricks may be thick.
II. Measurements of angles may be wrong.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
→ Comprehensive Practical Physics Class XII
→ Physics Textbook for Class XII (Volume – I,II)
NCERT, CBSE
→ [Link]
→ [Link]
→ [Link]
→ [Link]