LESSON 3
BONDING AND THE
PERIODIC TABLE
Students will cite evidence and interpret data to
• explain the role of valence electrons in the
bonding of atoms
• describe how the properties of atoms are
affected when atoms bond together.
• compare the properties of metals and nonmetals.
Objectives
Students will develop and use models to
• describe and compare the properties of atoms
• explain the role of valence electrons in the
structure and function of atoms
So which subatomic particles is in
charge of making chemical bond?
And why?
To understand how bonding works, you must
first learn
a. about the arrangement of electrons in an atom
b. about valance electrons and the role, they play in bonding
process
Arrangement of electrons in an atom
using Bohr's model
How are electrons arranged?
Valence electrons
• Valence electrons are electrons on the
outer shell of an atom that are available for
bonding.
• They are very important because they
determine an element’s reactivity and
general characteristics.
The number of
valence electrons in
each atom helps
determine the
chemical properties of
the element
Electron dot diagram
•Another way to show the number of valence
electron in an element by drawing an electron dot
diagram
• an electron dot diagram shows thy symbol of the
element surrounded by dots as shown in the figure
•The top, bottom, left and right parts of the diagram
can each hold up to two dots. Each dot stands for
one valence electron
What do the elements in each
Group have in common?
Classwork
1. Start reading page 31 : Valence electrons and the periodic table.
2. Find the relation between : the valence electrons and groups.
the valence electrons and periods.
3. Observe figure 4 and solve the question that follows.
1 8
4
2
Valence electrons and the periodic table
How valence electrons refer to the periodic table ?
Across the period
. The elements are organized by increasing atomic number.
Therefore , the number of electrons increases from left to right
across each period . Each period begins with an element that
has one valence electron and ends with an element that has
eight valence electrons (except for period one , since helium
has only 2 valence electrons ).
Across the group
The elements within the group have the same number of
valence electrons (except helium and group 3 to 12 ). As a
result , the elements in each group have similar properties .
•The number of valence electrons
increases from left to right of the
periodic table across each period .
•Each period begins with an
element that has 1 valence
electron and ends with an element
that has 8 valence electrons.
•Elements in the same group have
the same number of valence
electrons.
Why do atoms form bonds?
•Formation of chemical bonds is due to number of valence electrons
Why do valence electrons play such an important rule ?
Because elements react to get the stable electron structure of a Nobel
How many electrons do atoms want to have their outermost energy level ??
8 electrons
Classwork
•Divide students into groups.
•Each groups should pick the properties of metals and metalloids/
nonmetals and metalloids then explain them.
Metals react with other atoms by
losing their valence electrons.
The reactivity of metals decreases
from left to right of the periodic table.
The reactivity depends on how easily
the metal atom loses its electron.
❖Example: Lithium from group 1 so it
has 1 valence electron to become
stable it loses this valence electron.
Physical
Properties
of Metals
Physical Properties
Good conductors of heat and
electricity Luster (Shiny)
Ductile (can be stretched into thin wires)
Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)
[Link]
Chemical Properties of Metals
▪ Metals in general have one to three valence electron
▪ Metals do not react with other metals , but they do react with other elements
▪ Metals tend to lose their valence electrons easily to other atoms
Chemical properties of nonmetals
•Atoms of metals don’t react with atoms of other metals. However, atoms of
nonmetals react with both metals and nonmetals.
•Some nonmetals (halogens) are poisonous and highly reactive.
•Others such as noble gases are nonreactive.
•These levels of reactivity is based on the number of valence electrons.
Physical properties of nonmetals
•Nonmetals lacks most of the properties of metals.
•Nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity and heat.
•Dull and brittle.
•Break and crumble into powder
•Lower densities than metals.
•Most are gases at room temperature.
•Carbon, sulfur and iodine are solids at room temperature.
•Bromine is the only one that is liquid at room temperature.
Non- metals
Non-metal atoms become stable when they gain or share electrons to have 8 valence electrons.
(except for hydrogen that is stable by 2 electrons)
Non-metal + metals : the nonmetal gains electrons and the metal loses
Nonmetal + nonmetal
Sharing of electrons
Nonmetal + metalloid
Metalloids:
•These elements have properties of metals and
nonmetals so they can react with other elements
either by gaining or losing electrons.
•All metalloids are solids at room temperature .
•Metalloids are also brittle , hard , and somewhat
reactive
•The most common metalloid is silicon (Si).
Ordinary sand , which is a compound of silicon
and oxygen , is the main component of glass.
Properties Metal Metalloid Nonmetal
Physical state at Solid except Mercury Solid Most are gases, some are
room temperature solids and Boron is liquid
Appearance Shiny, metallic Shiny, metallic Dull
Do they conduct Good conductor Depend on the Poor conductor
electricity temperature
Do they conduct Good conductor Depend on the Poor conductor
heat temperature
Hardness Hard, there for they are Some are hard Brittle
ductile and malleable Some are brittle
Forming chemical Losing electron Gaining or Gaining or sharing
bond by sharing electron electron