PAMALIGYAAN: An Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City

JEFF LLOYD D. CALDOZA

BS ARCH 4 -A

A Research submitted to
AR. Vincent Raymund Y. Alovera
The Faculty of the School of Architecture, Fine Arts and Interior Design
La Consolacion College Bacolod

In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

August 27, 2025

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.​ CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Theoretical & Conceptual Framework

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope of the Study

1.6 Definition of term ( Conceptual & Operational

II.​ CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 History of Shopping Center

2.2 Regional Shopping Center

2.3 Best Shopping Center in Every Continent

2.4 Functional ​ Requirement

2.5 Legal & Safety Requirements

2.6 Green Building Architecture

 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

​ The modern shopping center, once conceived as a mere location for commercial

exchange, has evolved into a multifaceted social and cultural hub. These complexes are now

integral components of a city's functional and spatial structure, serving as public spaces for

leisure, entertainment, and community interaction (ResearchGate 2022). In a world where

e-commerce is rapidly changing consumer habits, the physical retail environment must offer

a compelling, experiential alternative that digital platforms cannot replicate ([Link]).

This shift underscores the importance of a new design philosophy for commercial spaces that

blends retail with rich cultural experiences and community-centric activities. The modern

shopping center, once conceived as a mere location for commercial exchange, has evolved

into a multifaceted social and cultural hub. These complexes are now integral components of

a city's functional and spatial structure, serving as public spaces for leisure, entertainment,

and community interaction (ResearchGate 2022). This evolution is particularly crucial in a

global context where consumer behavior has been profoundly altered by the rise of

e-commerce. For instance, the number of people shopping online has seen a dramatic

increase, jumping from 2.37 billion worldwide in 2020 to an estimated 2.71 billion in 2024, a

growth of over 14% (Demand Sage). This shift has prompted a re-evaluation of the role of

brick-and-mortar retail. While physical retail sales still account for the majority of global

transactions—an estimated $24.2 trillion in 2024—the growth rate of e-commerce continues

to outpace it, with online sales representing 19.9% of total retail sales globally in 2024, up

from 18% in 2020 (Capital One Shopping; AppMySite). This underscores the need for

physical retail spaces to offer a compelling, experiential alternative that digital platforms

cannot replicate, solidifying their importance as community-centric destinations.

​ The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated a fundamental transformation in the application

of shopping centers, shifting their role from purely retail destinations to omnichannel

fulfillment hubs. With lockdowns and social distancing measures in place, physical stores

adopted a range of technologies and services to meet consumer demands. These included buy

online, pick-up in-store (BOPIS), curbside pickup, and home delivery services, which turned

malls into last-mile logistics centers (Hassell 2020; Allen Matkins 2021). This adaptation was

crucial for survival as foot traffic declined and e-commerce surged. The pandemic also

highlighted the need for a re-evaluation of store layouts and designs to prioritize customer

safety, leading to innovations such as one-way circulation paths, automated checkout

systems, and a greater emphasis on indoor air quality (Mapsted 2021; ResearchGate 2022).

Consequently, the physical shopping center of the post-pandemic era has been redefined not

just by what it sells, but by its ability to offer a safe, convenient, and seamless experience that

integrates with the digital world.

​ In the Philippines, shopping centers have a unique and profound cultural significance,

serving as far more than mere commercial spaces. Often referred to as "malls," they have

evolved into modern-day community centers, fulfilling social, recreational, and even civic

roles. Filipinos, dubbed "mall-rats" by some, frequent these establishments not only for

shopping but as a refuge from the tropical heat and as a central meeting point for families and

friends (TNI 2017; ResearchGate 2022). This "malling culture" has cemented shopping

centers as vital components of the country's urban fabric. Economically, malls are major

engines of growth, contributing significantly to the national GDP and employing millions of

Filipinos (Philippine Retailers Association 2024).

​ Bacolod City, with its rapid economic growth and development, is on a trajectory to

become a "Super City" in the Western Visayas region (Bayoran, 2024; Philippine Statistics

Authority, 2024). The city's economy has demonstrated remarkable resilience and expansion,

with a 10.0% growth rate in 2023, making it the second-fastest growing economy in the

region (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2024). This growth is largely fueled by a burgeoning

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector, increased tourism, and a robust retail market,

which has attracted significant investments from major property developers like Ayala Land,

Megaworld, and Double Dragon Properties (Nicavera, 2017). These developments

underscore a dynamic urban landscape, but they also highlight a growing need for modern

infrastructure that can accommodate the city's expanding population and evolving consumer

demands.

​ Despite the proliferation of various commercial establishments, there is a perceived

gap in the existing retail landscape of Bacolod City. While the city is home to several major

malls and a wide array of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a need exists for a

regional shopping center that goes beyond traditional retail to serve as a comprehensive

community hub (Rivera, 2025; Ackaouy, 2018). The current retail environment, though

active, lacks a unified and distinctly regional shopping destination that can effectively

consolidate the diverse commercial needs of locals, students, and tourists. The absence of

such a facility represents an unsatisfactory condition, as it limits the potential for a more

integrated and holistic "live, work, play" environment that the city's leadership is striving to

achieve (Bayoran, 2024).

​ This study, therefore, is an attempt to address this problem by proposing

"Pamaligyaan: A Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City." The rationale for this proposal
is to create a commercial hub that is not only a center for retail and entertainment but also a

destination that reflects the city's unique cultural identity and heritage. The term

"Pamaligyaan" itself, rooted in the local language, signifies a marketplace, thus establishing a

direct connection to the historical and geographical context of Bacolod as a center for trade.

Historically, Bacolod's commercial prominence was shaped by its role as the capital of the

"Sugarbowl of the Philippines," with a thriving sugar industry that attracted commerce and

transformed it into a bustling center of trade and business (Bacolod City Government, 2024).

This project seeks to honor that history by creating a modern marketplace that echoes the

city's rich past while embracing its future as a regional economic powerhouse.

​ The proposed shopping center aims to provide a deeper and clearer understanding of

how a modern commercial space can be designed to be both economically viable and

culturally significant. The project seeks to find a better way of doing something by improving

the existing retail experience in Bacolod, moving beyond simple transactions to create a

space that fosters community engagement, leisure, and social interaction (Thumtrongkitkul,

2018). It is an endeavor to discover a design solution that seamlessly integrates commercial

functions with cultural elements, local artistry, and public spaces. The geographical condition

of Bacolod City, with its strategic location as a gateway to Negros Occidental, further

highlights the need for a regional shopping center that can serve a wide demographic from

various parts of the province. By linking the city's past with its present and future,

"Pamaligyaan" is envisioned as a facility that will not only meet consumer demands but also

contribute to the city's overall development, thereby serving as a vital link between the

study's introduction and the statement of the problem.

1.2 Statement of the problem

​ The rapid urbanization and economic expansion of Bacolod City, coupled with the

evolving consumer landscape, have created a significant demand for modern commercial

infrastructure that transcends conventional retail. While existing shopping centers serve the

community, there is a felt need for a new type of facility that can not only accommodate the

city's growth but also integrate its rich cultural identity and provide a truly holistic

environment for its citizens to "live, work, and play" (Bayoran 2024). This investigation aims

to contribute to the fund of knowledge by exploring how architectural design can effectively

merge commercial functionality with cultural enrichment and community engagement.

Therefore, this study seeks to address the following general problem: the formulation of a

comprehensive architectural design for "Pamaligyaan: A Regional Shopping Center in

Bacolod City," which will serve as a modern community and commercial hub while

celebrating the city's unique identity.

The specific problems of this study are outlined below:

Site

1.​ What is the current status of the site to qualify for the land use and zoning regulations

of the area as a Shopping Center?

Site Development

1.​ What type of site planning concept is appropriate for the site of the proposed

Shopping Center?

2.​ What are the building requirements for its development?

Building Function
 1.​ What are the required facilities, spaces, and amenities for the proposed shopping

center?

2.​ What are the required sizes of the spaces?

Building Aesthetics

1.​ What is the general design concept for the shopping center?

2.​ What is the aesthetic philosophy that will guide the design?

3.​ What are the principles of composition to be applied?

Building Technology & Utilities

1.​ What are the principles of construction to be applied?

2.​ What are the materials to be used for the building?

3.​ What are the necessary utility systems to be provided?

1.3 Theoretical & Conceptual Framework

​ The development of "Pamaligyaan: An Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City" is

grounded in several interconnected theoretical perspectives that underpin its proposed design

and function within the urban landscape. This framework extends beyond purely commercial

considerations, embracing the multifaceted role of contemporary commercial spaces in

fostering community, culture, and sustainable urban growth.

​ Central to this study is the urban planning theory, particularly the vision articulated by

Victor Gruen (1978), who conceptualized shopping malls not merely as retail establishments

but as "community hubs" or "crystallization points for existing residential communities."

Gruen envisioned these centers as integrated environments that provide a variety of public

services, social gathering spaces, and cultural amenities, effectively serving as a modern town

square. This perspective directly informs the rationale for "Pamaligyaan," positioning it as a

pivotal urban development that contributes significantly to Bacolod City's social

infrastructure and enhances the quality of life for its residents.

​ Complementing this, experiential retail theory is crucial for understanding

contemporary consumer behavior. This theory posits that consumers increasingly seek

memorable and engaging "experiences" rather than just products (Abbott 1955; Schmitt

1999). In the face of rising e-commerce, physical retail environments must offer unique

sensory and emotional engagements that cannot be replicated online. This involves creating a

multidimensional space filled with entertainment, leisure, and opportunities for social

interaction (Bäckström 2011; ResearchGate 2021). For "Pamaligyaan," this implies a design

that prioritizes immersive activities, curated events, and a vibrant atmosphere to attract and

retain visitors, shifting them from passive shoppers to active participants in a dynamic

environment.

​ The concept of the "third place," introduced by sociologist Ray Oldenburg (1989),

further strengthens the social dimension of the proposed shopping center. Third places are

informal public gathering spots—distinct from home (first place) and work (second

place)—that foster social interaction, community building, and a sense of belonging. In the

Philippine context, malls have historically adopted this role, serving as vital communal

spaces where people socialize, dine, and partake in leisure activities, often due to climate or

lack of alternative public spaces (TNI 2017; UChicago ESL 2023). "Pamaligyaan" is

envisioned to deliberately cultivate this "third place" function, providing accessible and

inviting areas for community members to connect and engage.

​ Narrative architecture theory offers a guiding principle for the aesthetic and functional

design of "Pamaligyaan." This theory suggests that buildings can "tell stories" through their

inherent design elements, including materials, spatial organization, and form, thereby evoking

emotions and shaping user experiences (ArchAdemia 2023; ResearchGate 2023). By

applying narrative design, the shopping center can weave in the rich cultural and historical

narratives of Bacolod City, perhaps emphasizing the Masskara festival's history or the city's

resilience. This approach transforms the building into a cultural artifact that educates and

inspires, providing an immersive and profound experience for visitors (Austin 2020; Qiqiong,

Mustafa, and Ghazali 2023).

​ Furthermore, theories on cultural integration in architectural design are paramount.

These theories emphasize the importance of reflecting local cultural values, traditions, and

distinctive artistic traits within modern architectural expressions to foster a sense of identity

and belonging (Atlantis Press). For "Pamaligyaan," this means incorporating elements that

pay homage to Bacolod's unique heritage and its "City of Smiles" identity. Such integration

ensures that the shopping center is not just a generic commercial structure but a culturally

resonant space that strengthens the community's ties to its past and present, becoming a

source of civic pride.

​ Finally, the project aligns with principles of sustainable urban development,

recognizing that modern commercial centers must contribute positively to the environmental,

economic, and social well-being of a city (OECD). This involves implementing design

strategies that promote resource efficiency, potentially through sustainable materials and

utility systems, and fostering mixed-use development that supports the city's "live, work,

play" motto (Bayoran 2024; MDPI 2025; Remote Metering 2025). By embracing these
sustainable practices, "Pamaligyaan" aims to be a resilient and forward-thinking urban

landmark.

​ Collectively, these theoretical frameworks provide a robust foundation for the

architectural design of "Pamaligyaan: An Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City." They

guide the integration of commercial functionality with cultural narrative, experiential retail,

and sustainable practices, ensuring that the proposed center will serve as a dynamic,

culturally rich, and economically viable hub that significantly contributes to Bacolod City's

aspiration as a "super city."

1.4 Significance of the Study

​ The study on "Pamaligyaan: An Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City" holds

significant importance for several stakeholders and the broader urban landscape. Primarily, it

offers a strategic architectural proposition that directly supports Bacolod City's ambitious

vision of becoming a "super city" by providing a modern infrastructure aligned with the "live,

work, play" motto (Bayoran 2024). This research contributes to urban development by

exploring how commercial spaces can evolve beyond mere retail functions to become

integrated community hubs that foster social interaction and leisure, addressing the

contemporary need for experiential environments in an increasingly digital world.

Furthermore, by emphasizing the integration of Bacolod's cultural and artistic identity into

the design, the study highlights a novel approach to urban development that not only

stimulates economic growth through enhanced tourism and local employment but also

reinforces the city's unique heritage. It serves as a comprehensive guide for future

developments seeking to blend commercial viability with cultural enrichment and sustainable
design practices, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life for residents and attracting

visitors.

This research can greatly benefit from the insights and collaboration of various positions:

Urban Planners and City Officials:

​ To ensure alignment with Bacolod City's long-term development plans, zoning

regulations, and sustainable growth objectives.

Architects and Architectural Firms:

​ For their expertise in conceptualizing, designing, and detailing the proposed

shopping center's aesthetics, functionality, and spatial requirements.

Real Estate Developers and Investors:

​ To assess the project's feasibility, market viability, and potential for economic

contribution to the region.

Cultural Historians and Local Artists:

​ To provide authentic insights into Bacolod's heritage, traditions, and artistic

expressions for seamless cultural integration within the design.

Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, and Civil Engineers:

​ For their technical knowledge in ensuring the building's structural integrity,

efficient utility systems, and application of sustainable building technologies.

Retail Analysts and Market Researchers:

​ To offer data-driven understanding of consumer behavior, market trends, and

the specific needs of the local and tourist demographics.

Community Leaders and Local Residents:

​ To gather valuable input and ensure the proposed center genuinely serves the

social and recreational needs of the Bacolodnon community.

Students and Researchers:

​ This study can serve as a valuable resource and reference for academic

pursuits in architecture, urban planning, cultural studies, and business.

Future Researcher:

​ The findings and methodologies of this study can lay the groundwork for

further investigations into integrated urban development, culturally sensitive design,

and the evolving role of commercial spaces.

1.5 Scope of the Study:

​ The scope of this study is primarily focused on the architectural design of

"Pamaligyaan: An Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City." This investigation

comprehensively covers the process of developing a conceptual and detailed architectural

plan for a modern commercial and community hub within the specific context of Bacolod

City. The research will delve into the site's current status, including its qualification under

local land use and zoning regulations, to ensure the proposed development's feasibility and

compliance. Furthermore, it encompasses the site development aspects, determining the most

appropriate planning concepts and outlining general building requirements necessary for the

center's construction. A significant portion of the study is dedicated to defining the building's

function, which involves identifying essential facilities, spaces, and amenities, along with

their corresponding sizes, to cater to diverse user needs and support various commercial and

community activities. The building aesthetics will be thoroughly explored, establishing a

general design concept, an aesthetic philosophy, and specific principles of composition that

aim to reflect and enhance Bacolod's cultural identity. Lastly, the study will address building

technology and utilities, outlining the principles of construction, suitable materials, and

necessary utility systems to ensure the center's functionality, sustainability, and modern

operational demands. While the study draws upon broader theoretical frameworks such as
Victor Gruen's community hub concept, experiential retail, the Third Place theory, narrative

architecture, cultural integration, and sustainable urban development, its primary delimitation

lies in delivering an architectural design proposal, rather than a full financial feasibility

analysis, detailed structural computations, or a comprehensive operational management plan

beyond the design's implications.

1.6 Definition of Terms:

​ This section provides a clear understanding of the key terms utilized in this study,

framed within the context of "Pamaligyaan: An Regional Shopping Center in Bacolod City."

These definitions are essential for clarity and consistency throughout the research.

Community Hub - a community hub describes a central, multi-functional public space that

transcends its primary commercial or civic purpose to foster social interaction, engagement,

and a sense of belonging among diverse groups of people. As conceptualized by Victor Gruen

(1978),

Arcade - a covered passageway, a row of arches supported by columns. A place where

people pay to play video games, pinball machines, and etc.

Anchors- to attach or fix firmly

Interactive - influeneing or having an effect on each other.

Boutiques - a small store that sells stylish clothing, jewelry, or other usually luxury goods.

Complex- consisting of many different and connected parts.

Elevator - a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a

building, yessel, or other structure.

Escalator- a platform or cage for carrying people and things up and down in a building, it

attaches by cables to a machine that moves it.

Leisure- use of free time for enjoyment.

Mall - a large building or series of connected buildings containing a variety of retail stores and

typically also restaurants.

Plaza - a plaza, pedestrian plaza, or place is an open urban public space, such as a city square.

Shopping Mall- is a building or set of buildings that contain a variety of stores, with

interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to casily walk from store to store.

Stalls - a small enclosed space, with a booth, table, or counter at which goods are sold.

Regional Shopping Center - a regional shopping center is a large-scale commercial complex

designed to serve a broad geographic area, typically anchored by multiple department stores

or major retailers, and offering a wide array of specialty shops, dining, and entertainment

options (Britannica).

Sustainable Urban Development- sustainable urban development is a comprehensive

approach to city planning and growth that aims to meet the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Urbanization. Urbanization- refers to the process by which populations shift from rural to

urban areas, leading to the growth of cities and the development of associated infrastructure

and services.
 REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 History of Shopping Center

The concept of a centralized marketplace for the exchange of goods and services is rooted

deeply in human civilization, evidenced by ancient public squares, bustling bazaars, and

structured medieval market towns. These early forms facilitated commerce and often served

as vital social gathering points. Over time, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries,

this fundamental idea evolved with the emergence of covered arcades and large department

stores. These innovations began to consolidate diverse retail offerings within a single, more

controlled environment, providing shoppers with increased convenience and protection from

the elements.

The true precursor to the modern, enclosed shopping center as it is recognized today began to

take shape in the mid-20th century. A pivotal figure in this development was Austrian-born

architect Victor Gruen, whose design for the Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, opened

in 1956. Gruen's vision extended beyond mere commercial functionality; he conceptualized

these centers as comprehensive "community hubs," intended to foster social interaction,

provide cultural amenities, and mitigate the disunifying effects of rampant suburban sprawl

(Britannica). His designs were characterized by climate-controlled interiors, extensive

parking facilities, and a curated mix of tenants, establishing them as singular destinations for

both shopping and leisure activities.

Following Gruen's influential model, the latter half of the 20th century witnessed a rapid

proliferation of enclosed shopping malls, particularly across the United States. This

expansion was fueled by the burgeoning suburban populations and the increasing
accessibility of private automobiles. While initially embracing Gruen's integrated vision,

many developers subsequently prioritized commercial efficiency, leading to the construction

of structures primarily focused on retail transactions. This deviation from Gruen's holistic

ideals prompted him to later lament that many such developments had become "shopping

machines" that betrayed his original intentions (Gruen 1978).

The latter decades of the 20th century saw the rise of the "megamall" phenomenon,

particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. These enormous complexes pushed the boundaries of

scale and integrated extensive entertainment components, such as indoor amusement parks,

ice skating rinks, and multi-screen cinemas (Britannica). These vast retail and entertainment

destinations attracted visitors from broader geographical areas, solidifying the mall's role as a

dominant venue for leisure and social engagement in numerous countries, including the

Philippines, where a distinct "malling culture" became deeply embedded in societal norms

(TNI 2017).

However, the dawn of the 21st century brought forth significant challenges, most notably the

rapid growth of e-commerce. This digital shift, coupled with evolving consumer preferences,

led to a period of disruption for many traditional brick-and-mortar retail establishments,

resulting in phenomena like "dead malls" in some regions (Wikipedia). This necessitated a

critical re-evaluation of shopping center design and operational strategies. The industry began

to pivot towards creating more adaptive, mixed-use developments that seamlessly integrated

retail with residential, office, and diverse lifestyle components, aiming to provide a more

comprehensive urban experience (Remote Metering 2025).

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated these transformative trends,

compelling shopping centers to innovate rapidly. Lockdowns and social distancing mandates

prompted widespread adoption of omnichannel fulfillment strategies, including buy online,

pick-up in-store (BOPIS) and curbside delivery services. This adaptation effectively

transformed physical retail locations into critical nodes for online order fulfillment (Allen

Matkins 2021). The pandemic underscored the inherent adaptability of shopping malls and

their capacity to serve essential functions beyond conventional retail, often accompanied by

the implementation of enhanced health and safety protocols.

In the contemporary landscape, shopping centers continue their evolutionary trajectory. There

is a strong emphasis on curating highly experiential environments, thoughtfully integrating

local culture and art, and rigorously applying principles of sustainable urban development.

Modern designs increasingly position these centers as vibrant "third places"—informal public

gathering spaces distinct from home and work—where individuals can connect, engage, and

partake in unique offerings that blend commerce with community, leisure, and cultural

enrichment, thereby ensuring their enduring relevance within the dynamic urban fabric.

2.2 Regional Shopping Center

A Regional Shopping Center is a large-scale retail complex meticulously planned and

developed to serve a broad geographic area, extending beyond a local neighborhood or

community. These centers are typically anchored by one or more major department stores or

large general merchandise retailers, which act as primary drawcards for consumers. The

design and tenant mix of a regional shopping center are curated to offer a comprehensive

array of retail goods, specialty shops, dining establishments, and entertainment options,

making them a one-stop destination for a wide range of consumer needs and leisure activities

(Britannica). Their expansive size and diverse offerings differentiate them from smaller

commercial formats, allowing them to attract visitors from a larger radius.

The emergence and proliferation of regional shopping centers, particularly in the latter half of

the 20th century, were significantly influenced by urban planning theories that sought to

organize suburban growth. Visionaries like Victor Gruen, in his designs for centers such as

Southdale Center (opened in 1956), envisioned these developments not merely as commercial

entities but as integrated "community hubs" (Gruen 1978). This perspective aimed to create

central gathering places that provided social, cultural, and recreational amenities, thereby

fulfilling a broader civic role within their suburban contexts. While many developments later

prioritized commercial efficiency, the fundamental concept of a regional shopping center as a

comprehensive destination remained.

Modern regional shopping centers continue to evolve, adapting to shifts in consumer

behavior and technological advancements. They increasingly focus on providing experiential

retail, integrating unique entertainment, leisure, and culinary experiences that cannot be

replicated by online shopping (Schmitt 1999). Beyond traditional retail, these centers often

incorporate elements of a "third place," offering inviting environments where individuals can

socialize, relax, and engage in community activities outside of their home and workplace

(Oldenburg 1989). This ongoing adaptation ensures their relevance and sustained appeal as

dynamic components of contemporary urban and suburban landscapes.

2.3 Best Shopping Center in Every Continent

ASIA

Figure 2. Iran Mall (Tehran, Iran)

Asia's Largest and Most Opulent: The Iran Mall holds the distinction as the largest

shopping mall not only in Asia but globally, spanning an astonishing 21 million square feet

(Housing 2025). Opened in 2018, this architectural marvel redefines the concept of a retail

destination, integrating opulent design with a vast array of attractions beyond mere shopping.

Its offerings include a hotel, a tennis court, a swimming pool, and an ice skating rink,

showcasing a comprehensive approach to leisure and entertainment alongside its extensive

retail offerings. This grand scale and diverse amenities establish it as a premier destination in

the Asian retail landscape.

 Figure 3. The Avenues (Al Rai, Kuwait)

Architectural Excellence and Diverse Districts:. The Avenues in Kuwait stands as another

prime example of modern architectural excellence and a significant shopping destination

within Asia, distinguished by both its expansive space and considerable footfall (Housing

2025). This mall features 12 distinct districts, each meticulously designed to showcase a

unique blend of contemporary and classic architectural styles. These specialized zones, such

as 1st Avenue, Grand Avenue, and The Souk, create varied shopping environments, offering

visitors a rich and immersive experience that extends beyond a conventional retail outing. Its

deliberate design promotes exploration and caters to diverse tastes, making it a key attraction

in the region.

Figure 4. IOI City Mall (Putrajaya, Malaysia).

Comprehensive Shopping and Leisure: Covering over 8 million square feet with more than

650 stores, IOI City Mall in Putrajaya, Malaysia, ranks among Asia's largest shopping centers

(Housing 2025). Opened in 2014, it provides a luxurious shopping experience through a mix

of local and international brands, ranging from high-end boutiques to major department

stores. Beyond its extensive retail offerings, the mall integrates a variety of leisure facilities,

making it a comprehensive destination for shopping, dining, and entertainment. Its strategic

location and wide array of options contribute to its status as a leading retail and recreational

hub in Southeast Asia.

NORTH AMERICA

Figure 5. Mall of America (Bloomington, Minnesota, USA)

North America's Largest and Most Comprehensive: . The Mall of America is widely

recognized as the largest shopping and entertainment complex in the United States and North

America. Opened in 1992, this colossal center spans approximately 5.6 million square feet of

retail space and houses over 520 stores (Jagranjosh 2025). Beyond its extensive retail

offerings, it is a full-fledged destination featuring an indoor amusement park (Nickelodeon

Universe), an aquarium (SEA LIFE Minnesota Aquarium), and numerous dining options.
Annually attracting over 40 million visitors, it stands as a testament to the experiential retail

model, offering a vast array of activities that extend far beyond traditional shopping

([Link] 2025).

Figure 6. American Dream (East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA)

Innovative Entertainment and Retail Integration: Opened in phases starting in 2019,

American Dream is the second-largest mall in the United States and a prominent example of

integrated entertainment and retail in North America. Spanning approximately 3 million

square feet, it combines over 450 retail stores with unique attractions such as the

DreamWorks Water Park, Nickelodeon Universe theme park, and Big SNOW American

Dream (Jagranjosh 2025). This mega-mall exemplifies a new generation of shopping centers

that prioritize immersive experiences and diverse leisure options to attract and engage a wide

audience, making it a significant landmark in the region's retail landscape.

 Figure 7. The Galleria (Houston, Texas, USA).

Luxury and Scale in a Prime Market: The Galleria in Houston is one of North America's

premier shopping destinations, distinguished by its luxurious offerings and significant scale.

With approximately 2.4 million square feet of retail space, it hosts over 400 stores, including

high-end luxury brands like Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue

(Wikipedia). Opened in 1970, it also features two hotels, a private health club, swimming

pools, and an indoor ice skating rink, making it a major mixed-use urban development. The

Galleria is a testament to sustained success in the retail sector, continually adapting to provide

an upscale and comprehensive experience for its visitors.

SOUTH AMERICA
 Figure 8. Centro Comercial Aricanduva (São Paulo, Brazil)

Largest in Latin America: Often cited as the largest shopping mall in Latin America,

Centro Comercial Aricanduva in São Paulo, Brazil, covers an expansive area and is a major

commercial hub. While specific opening dates vary across sources, it is consistently

recognized for its immense scale, hosting over 500 shopping stores and an impressive 14,000

parking stalls. This center is home to a wide range of international and local anchor stores,

making it a comprehensive destination for diverse consumer needs (WorldAtlas). Its sheer

size and extensive offerings solidify its position as a dominant retail force in the continent.

Figure 9. Centro Mayor (Bogotá, Colombia)

Comprehensive Destination in Colombia: Inaugurated on March 26, 2010, Centro Mayor

in Bogotá, Colombia, is another one of South America's largest malls, boasting a built area of

248,000 square meters (Wikipedia). This multi-story complex features over 430 stores and

services, including major anchor tenants, offering a wide variety of goods. Beyond retail,

Centro Mayor is designed to provide a complete experience, reflecting the trend of malls

evolving into comprehensive urban centers that cater to shopping, dining, and entertainment

needs for a large population base.

 Figure 10. Costanera Center (Santiago, Chile).

Luxury and Views in Chile: The Costanera Center mall in Santiago, Chile, is widely

recognized as the largest shopping mall in South America, attracting hundreds of tourists

daily (GoChile 2025). Opened in 2012, this impressive development features a six-floor

shopping center integrated with skyscrapers, housing numerous stores including high-end

fashion brands. Its prime location in Santiago allows it to offer not only a vast array of

shopping options but also breathtaking views, contributing to a more experiential and

memorable visit for shoppers and tourists alike.

EUROPE

Figure 11. Galeries Lafayette Haussmann (Paris, France)

Fashion and Luxury Hub: Galeries Lafayette Haussmann is an iconic department store in

Paris, widely regarded as one of Europe's premier shopping destinations. Established in 1893,

it is renowned for its stunning Art Nouveau architecture, particularly its magnificent glass

dome, which provides a unique and luxurious shopping environment. This flagship store

offers a vast selection of high-end fashion, accessories, beauty products, and homeware,

catering to both local and international shoppers seeking a curated and upscale experience

(Harrods, Galeries Lafayette, Westfield websites). Its blend of historical grandeur and

contemporary luxury positions it as a significant retail landmark in Europe.

 Figure12. Bicester Village (Oxfordshire, England, UK)

Luxury Outlet Experience: Bicester Village, located an hour from London, is consistently

listed as one of Europe's leading luxury outlet shopping destinations. This open-air

village-style center offers discounts on a wide array of prestigious designer brands, attracting

bargain hunters and luxury enthusiasts alike (TripZilla 2024). Its unique village concept,

coupled with frequent additions of new and exciting designer brands, provides a distinct and

appealing shopping experience that differentiates it from traditional enclosed malls.

Figure 13. Westfield London (London, England, UK)

Comprehensive Urban Retail: Westfield London is one of Europe's largest urban shopping

and leisure destinations. Opened in 2008 and significantly expanded, it features an extensive

selection of retail stores, ranging from high-street brands to luxury boutiques, alongside a

wide variety of dining options and a state-of-the-art cinema complex (Westfield). Its design

focuses on creating a complete lifestyle destination, integrating diverse offerings within a

modern and accessible environment, serving as a major retail and entertainment hub for the

city.

AFRICA

Figure 14. Mall of Africa (Midrand, Johannesburg, South Africa)

Africa's Premier Retail Destination: The Mall of Africa is widely recognized as one of the

largest and most luxurious shopping centers on the African continent. Opened in 2016, its

design draws inspiration from the natural landscapes of Africa, creating a unique and

immersive environment (Mall of Africa website). It serves as a comprehensive lifestyle

destination, offering an extensive selection of international and local retail brands, diverse
dining options, and a variety of entertainment facilities, positioning it as a major hub for

shopping and leisure in Southern Africa.

Figure 15. Morocco Mall (Casablanca, Morocco)

Architectural Grandeur in North Africa: Located in Casablanca, Morocco Mall is a

significant retail landmark in North Africa, known for its impressive scale and striking

architectural design. Opened in 2011, it boasts extensive retail spaces and unique attractions,

including a massive indoor aquarium that is a central feature (Business Insider Africa). This

mall provides a blend of high-end international brands and local offerings, catering to a

diverse clientele and serving as a major shopping and entertainment destination in the region.

Figure 16. Two Rivers Mall (Nairobi, Kenya)

Dynamic Retail and Leisure: Two Rivers Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, stands as a testament to

Kenya's growing luxury market and modern retail landscape. Opened in 2017, the mall's

design effectively integrates natural elements with modern architecture, creating an inviting

and contemporary space (Business Insider Africa). It offers a wide array of retail stores, a

diverse food and beverage selection, and various entertainment options, contributing to its

status as a premier shopping and leisure destination in East Africa.

AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA

Figure 17. Chadstone Shopping Centre (Melbourne, Australia).

Australia's Largest and Premier Destination: Chadstone Shopping Centre, colloquially

known as "Chaddy," is widely recognized as the largest shopping center in Australia and also

lays claim to being the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. Opened in 1960, this major retail

hub in southeast Melbourne has undergone numerous expansions to reach its current

impressive size, featuring over 530 stores and services (Wikipedia). Chadstone offers a

comprehensive luxury shopping experience, diverse dining options, and entertainment

facilities, cementing its status as a leading fashion and lifestyle destination in the region.
 Figure 18. Westfield Fountain Gate (Narre Warren, Australia)

Modern and Expansive Retail Hub: Located in Narre Warren, Victoria, Westfield Fountain

Gate stands as another one of Australia's largest shopping centers, offering an extensive retail

area (Wikipedia). This center provides a wide array of fashion, homeware, and electronics

stores, alongside numerous dining and entertainment venues. Its ongoing development and

significant size ensure a comprehensive and modern shopping experience for visitors in the

outer suburbs of Melbourne.

Figure 19. Westfield Chermside (Chermside, Australia)

Comprehensive Queensland Destination: Westfield Chermside, situated in Chermside,

Queensland, is a prominent and expansive shopping center in Australia. It features a vast

selection of over 515 stores, catering to a wide range of retail needs and preferences

(Wikipedia). Beyond shopping, it offers a diverse food court, restaurants, and entertainment

options, establishing itself as a key retail and leisure destination for residents in Brisbane's

northern suburbs.

ANTARTICA

Due to its extreme conditions and primary role as a scientific research continent, Antarctica

has no major shopping centers or commercial malls. The population consists mainly of

temporary researchers and support staff, along with a small number of tourists during the

warmer months.

Retail options are highly limited and typically cater to immediate needs within research

stations. These are usually small, basic stores that provide essential supplies, personal

necessities, and souvenirs. For instance, facilities at the U.S. McMurdo Station or Chile's

Eduardo Frei Montalva Base might offer items like toiletries, snacks, and branded expedition

apparel (best_shopping_malls_australia_oceania immersive). These are not commercial

ventures in the traditional sense, but rather practical provisions for personnel in an isolated

environment.

2.4 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements for shopping centers are critical to ensuring operational efficiency and a
positive user experience. These guidelines, as outlined by Brown (2021), address various aspects of
design and operation:
 Utilities: Large, enclosed facilities offer opportunities for shared tenant services and utility
distribution, particularly for electricity and space conditioning, which directly influence tenant
environments (Brown 2021).

Circulation: Separation of different traffic forms is essential, including pedestrian-vehicular,

general parking-service bays, and shoppers-services/maintenance (Brown 2021).

Magnets: Large department stores serve as primary draws, strategically positioned at the ends
of pedestrian concourses or plazas to induce shopper flow between them, thereby benefiting
smaller shops (Brown 2021).

Pedestrian Concourses: These pathways link magnet stores and guide shoppers past
specialized shops. They typically measure 40 feet in width and should not exceed 300 to 400
feet in length to prevent "dead spots" (Brown 2021).

Amenities: Diverse seating options are crucial for enhancing pedestrian pathways,
recognizing that people naturally spread out when resting (Brown 2021).

Squares: Large open spaces at concourse intersections accommodate increased pedestrian

density and special activities, with retail shops usually lining these areas (Brown 2021).

Retail Shops: These establishments, predominantly rectangular with a short side facing the
concourse, are positioned to attract customers from pedestrian flow (Brown 2021).

Service: Comprehensive planning for service access is paramount, facilitating the continuous
movement of goods and supplies, waste removal, and accommodating maintenance and
construction crews (Brown 2021).

Maintenance: A consistently high level of maintenance, encompassing repairs, periodic

inspections, emergency services, and daily upkeep, is indispensable for attracting and
retaining visitors (Brown 2021).

Shopping Mall Space Requirements:

1.​ Administrative office

2.​ Supermarket

3.​ Department Store

4.​ Warehouse

5.​ Food Court

6.​ Delivery Bay

 7.​ Commercial Area

8.​ Entertainment Area

9.​ Cinema

10.​Ticket Booth

11.​Chapel

12.​Storage

13.​Toilets

14.​Air Handling Unit Room (AHU)

15.​Control Room

16.​Electrical Room

17.​Mechanical Room

18.​Genset Room

19.​Maintenance Room

20.​Atrium

21.​Recreational park

22.​Parking

Transportation Terminal

1.​ Ticketing and Fares

2.​ Commercial Stores

3.​ Drop-off Busses

4.​ Drop-Off Jeepneys

5.​ Drop-off Tricycles

6.​ Toilet
 2.5 Legal and Safety Requirements

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

​ The following lists the criteria, guidelines, and laws that the researchers thought were

important to consider while planning and creating a shopping center in compliance with the

Philippine National Building Code.

GROUPE “BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE (COMMERCIAL)

Division 2- Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining

establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, printing plants,

police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly flammable or combustible

materials and paint stores without bulk handlings.

Allowable Floor Areas

Maximum Height of Buildings
 The maximum height and number of storeys of proposed building shall be dependent

upon the character of use or occupancy and the type of construction, considering end-user

population density, light and ventilation, width of RROW/streets particularly of its

roadway/carriageway component, building bulk, off-street cum off-site parking requirements,

etc. and in relation to local land use plan and zoning regulations as well as other

environmental considerations, e.g., geological, hydrological, meteorological, topographical,

prevailing traffic conditions, the availability and capacity of public utility/service systems,

etc.

a. Establishing Grade

- In case of sloping grade where the edges of the building footprint (AMBF) running

perpendicular to the RROW has a difference in elevation of less than 3.00 meters, the highest

adjoining natural grade (ground surface) or finished grade (sidewalk surface) shall be

considered the established grade elevation (Figure VII.1.);

- In case of sloping grade where the edges of the building footprint (AMBF) running

perpendicular to the RROW has a difference in elevation of more than 3.00 meters, the

average grade level of the building footprint (AMBF) shall be considered the established

grade elevation (see Figure VII.3.); and

- The building/structure height shall be measured from the highest adjoining public

sidewalk (finished grade) or ground surface (natural grade); Provided, that the height
measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height by more

than 3.00 meters; Except, that towers, spires and steeples, erected as parts of the building and

not used for habitation or storage are limited as to the height only by structural design, if

completely of incombustible materials, or may extend but not exceed 6.00 meters above the

prescribed building height limit (BHL) for each occupancy group, if of combustible materials

(Figures VII.2.).

Parking Area
 DETERMINING BUILDING BULK

​ 1. General. Building bulk (a volume quantity) shall be generally determined by the

application of the Floor-Lot Area Ratio (FLAR), vertically projecting the Allowable

Maximum Building Footprint (AMBF), establishing the Outermost Faces of Building (OFB)

and quantifying the Allowable Maximum Volume of Building (AMVB). The building bulk

may be ultimately governed by the width of the RROW and other applicable provisions for

light and ventilation (including incremental setbacks as a result of satisfying natural light and

ventilation requirements for RROW and front yards as partly shown in Table VII.G.1.

hereafter).

2. Application of the FLAR. The FLAR (Table VII.G.1.) shall be the primary or initial

determinant of the building bulk.

Percentage of Site Occupancy

Maximum Allowable PSO, Maximum Allowable ISA, the MACA, the Minimum

USA and the TOSL by Type of Land Use Zoning per Lot
Setbacks for Commercial*, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational Buildings

SECTION 805. Ceiling Heights

1. Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not

less than 2.40 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; provided that for buildings of

more than one (1) storey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters

and that for the second story 2.40 meters and the succeeding stories shall have an

unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished

floor. Above-stated rooms with natural ventilation shall have ceiling heights of not less than

2.70 meters.

2. Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above

and below it.

SECTION 806. Sizes and Dimensions of Rooms

1. Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:

a. Rooms for Human Habitations– 6.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 2.00

meters; b. Kitchen– 3.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters; and

c. Bath and toilet– 1.20 sq. meters with a least dimension of 900 millimeters.

SECTION 807. Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms

1. Minimum air space shall be provided as follows:

 a. School Rooms– 3.00 cu. meters with 1.00 sq. meter of floor area per person;

b. Workshop, Factories, and Offices– 12.00 cu. meters of air space per person; and

c. Habitable Rooms– 14.00 cu. meters of air space per person.

SECTION 808. Window Openings

1. Rooms intended for any use, not provided with an artificial ventilation system, shall

be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal to at least

10% of the floor area of the room, provided that such opening shall be not less than 1.00 sq.

meter. However, toilet and bath rooms, laundry rooms and similar rooms shall be provided

with windows or windows with an area not less than 1/20 of the floor area of such rooms,

provided that such opening shall not be less than 240 sq. millimeters. Such windows shall

open directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open watercourse.

2. Required windows may open into a roofed porch where the porch:

a. Abuts a court, yard, public street or alley, or open watercourse and other public

open spaces;

​ b. Has a ceiling height of not less than 2.70 meters;

c. Has one of the longer sides at least 65% open and unobstructed

3. Eaves, canopies, awnings (or media agua) over required windows shall not be less

than

750 millimeters from the side and rear property lines.

4. There shall absolutely be no openings on/at/within/through all types of abutments

(such as

firewalls) erected along property lines except for permitted vent wells. This Rule strictly

applies to all new and existing developments.

5. In locating window openings it should be borne in mind that in cases of extreme

emergencies windows must serve as emergency egress to vacate the premises or access for

rescue operations. Such windows shall meet the following requirements:

​ a. They can be opened from the inside without the use of any tools;

b. the minimum clear opening shall have a width not less than 820 millimeters and a

height of 1 meter;

​ c. The bottom of the opening should not be more than 820 millimeters from the floor;

​ d. Where storm shutters, screens or iron grilles are used, these shall be provided with

quick

opening mechanism so that they can be readily opened from the inside for emergency

egress and shall be so designed that when opened they will not drop to the ground;

​ e. All areas immediately outside a fire exit window/grille must be free of obstacles

and must lead to a direct access down into the ground or street level.

SECTION 809. Vent Shafts

​ 1. Ventilation or vent shafts shall have a horizontal cross-sectional area of not less

than 1.00 sq. meter for every meter of height of shaft but in no case shall the area be less

than

1.00 sq. meter. No vent shaft shall have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters.

2. Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area, vent shafts shall be covered

by a skylight having a net free area or fixed louver openings equal to the maximum required

shaft area.

​ 3. Air ducts shall open to a street or court by a horizontal duct or intake. Such duct or

intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not less than 0.30 sq. meter

with a minimum dimension of 300 millimeters. The openings to the duct or intake shall be

not less than 300 millimeters above the street surface or level of court.
 SECTION 810. Ventilation Skylights

​ 1. Ventilation skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the

windows that are replaced. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers with an

aggregate net free area not less than the parts in the replaced window that can be opened, or

else provide artificial ventilation of equivalent effectiveness.

SIDEWALKS

1. Subject to existing laws and regulations, the local planning authority shall

determine which street shall have an open sidewalk or an arcaded (covered) sidewalk, or a

combination of both.

2. The minimum width of the sidewalk for a RROW width of 9.00 meters or more

shall be 1.20 meters on each side of the RROW or a total of 2.40 meters on both sides of the

RROW (Fig. VIII.G.14.). For the minimum width of sidewalk for RROW of less than 9.00

meters wide, refer to Table VIII.G.3.

​ 3. Sidewalk widths shall be based on the following considerations:

a. Volume of pedestrians (end-users, visitors and the like) who will use the sidewalk

on a regular basis;

b. Type, intensity or level of operation and size/expanse of the allowed uses/

occupancies along the RROW;

c. The types and volume of street furniture, e.g., street lighting and traffic

signs/signal

supports, pedestrian barriers/aids, etc., and other urban design elements that will be

allowed as permanent developments design elements that will be allowed as

permanent developments within the width of the sidewalk;

d. The width of the planting strips;

 e. The spatial needs for servicing utility/service lines underneath the sidewalk and for

utility/service poles;

f. Compliance with accessibility requirements as stipulated under Batas Pambansa

Blg. 344

(Accessibility Law);

g. Provisions for commuters, e.g., waiting sheds, loading/unloading areas and the

like;

h. Provisions for vehicle crossings/driveways between the roadway/carriageway and

the front yards of lots or buildings/structures or provisions for loading/unloading

platforms if allowed;

i. Need for introduction of allowed uses/ elements within the sidewalk area only if

there is sufficient sidewalk width, e.g., bicycle lanes, jogging lanes and the like; and

j. Climate, light, ventilation, safety, security and overall maintenance of the sidewalk

and all its surface areas.

4. Sidewalks shall be of uniform width throughout the entire length of the street. The

sidewalk width grade and finish of the dominant use/occupancy along the RROW shall be

generally observed.

Driveways, Entrances and Exits

a. Driveways Across Sidewalks

i. To maximize the use of the sidewalk area, the surface of the sidewalk and the

driveway shall, as much as possible, be at the same plane. The entry ramp of the

driveway connecting the roadway surface to the sidewalk surface shall have a slope

ranging from 1/3 to 1/4.

ii. Whenever the height of the curb is more than 200 millimeters, driveways may be
 constructed across the entire width of the sidewalk, provided that the driveway shall

be joined to the sidewalk by means of a ramp of rough finish have a slope of not

more

than 1/8. The driveway and the ramp shall be made of the same materials as that of

the sidewalk.

iii. Entrances and exits of buildings abutting sidewalks shall be made of either ramps

or steps.

iv. Entrance and exit ramps shall have a slope not exceeding 1/10.

v. Entrance or exit steps shall have treads of not less than 300 millimeters. The

minimum number of steps shall be two (2) with risers not exceeding 100 millimeters.

vi. No portion of either entrance or exit ramps or steps shall intrude into the sidewalk

Pavement

Obstruction on Sidewalks

a. Under no circumstances shall obstruction of any kind be allowed on sidewalks,

whether open or arcaded. This specifically refers to all forms of commercial signs and

commercial structures that impede sight lines or pedestrian traffic along the sidewalk.

b. Planted areas forming part of the sidewalk or arcade shall not be fenced in to allow

passage of pedestrians and disabled in transit.

Curb Configurations

a. Mountable curbs shall only be allowed if the sidewalk width on each side of the

RROW is at a minimum of 5.00 meters wide.

b. For greater protection of pedestrians and the disabled, raised curbs are encouraged

for use along sidewalks that are less than 5.00 meters in width.
DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

1. General

a. Public buildings/structures are permanent edifices owned by the government,

whether national or local, its agencies, including government-owned and/or controlled

corporations.

b. Design of public buildings/structures shall conform to the applicable provisions of

the preceding rules and regulations. Aside from being logically functional and structurally

sound, it should promote, enhance and express the aesthetic presentability, customs and

traditions, socio-economic values, environmental quality and cultural heritage of the region

concerned towards evolving a distinct Filipino Architecture.

c. The architectural character of public buildings/structures must fully express the

nature of their function, use or occupancy and should reflect their identity as public

buildings/structures compatible with their total macro and microenvironment.

d. Public buildings/structures should be designed for permanence but with maximized

flexibility to allow for future adjustments in their uses/occupancies.

e. Use of indigenous and/or locally manufactured/produced materials such as marble,

stone, adobe, clay tiles, wood, coco wood, kapis shells, should be maximized unless their

production or usage are banned or regulated by the government to promote the efforts to

conserve natural resources.

f. Use of natural light and ventilation by means of proper orientation, cross

ventilation, convection, sun control devices and the like should be maximized.

g. Choice of finishes should aim to minimize maintenance costs.

h. The architectural plan and design must basically reflect the functional manner or

spatial utilization and/or the evolving Filipino, Asian or International usage of spaces that

need to be projected if required or used, more than just attention to pure forms/images.
 i. Only the use of good to high quality materials, labor, technologies and construction

methods within the approved budget, must be specified by its planners and designers to

ensure permanence, long continued use and low maintenance cost of public buildings or

structures.

j. Plans and designs of all public buildings must fully comply with all of the planning

and design requirements under the Code and this IRR including the Fire Code of the

Philippines and the Accessibility Law (BP Blg. 344).

k. Strictly consider proper landscaping analysis and design not only for aesthetics but

more so for the prevention of erosion of its site and immediate vicinity, and for ecological

balance.

l. These requirements are not intended to limit the creativity of the designer nor

preclude the use of advanced or innovative technology particularly in instances wherein

mandated compliance under this Guideline shall present a major difficulty in or hamper the

proper execution of the plan, design or architectural concept.

2. Site Selection

​ a. Where a project site is yet to be selected, the potential site must be compatible with

the project usage. The site should be accessible, and near power, water, sewerage, drainage as

well as transportation, communication and solid waste management system for practical and

economic considerations.

​ b. Site analysis should show an accurate and thorough understanding of the site. It

should include, but not limited to, consideration of topography, point of access, existing

buildings/structures/utilities/services, trees, soil characteristics, existing and approved land

uses, views and vulnerabilities to flooding, erosion, seismic activity or other threats.
 c. The site must be properly and completely described, clearly defining its technical

boundaries, showing access thereto such as highway, road or alley and indicating easements,

encroachments, approved building lines, proposed road widening, existing

buildings/structures, utilities/services and trees. For sites on rolling grounds or steep slopes,

its contour lines must be shown at convenient intervals.

3. Site Development

​ a. Location and Orientation- Locate and orient the buildings to maximize the use of

natural ventilation and lighting and minimize energy consumption within the constraints of

the functional requirements, the topography and site configuration. North-south exposure of

buildings has the advantage of maximizing the cooling effect of prevailing winds coming

from the southeasterly and southwesterly directions. Such exposures minimize the effect of

afternoon solar heat at the same time.

​ b. Site Drainage- Drainage is a basic site design consideration and must be done in

conjunction with siting and orientation of buildings, location of parking lots and roads,

consideration of topography and compliance with functional site requirements. Parking lots,

roads and walks must be graded to assure positive drainage for each major site element and

must be coordinated into a total drainage system. Existing drainage ways, if any, should be

utilized to retain the original character of the site and to avoid unnecessary earthwork.

​ c. Grading Design- Balance the cut and fill for the entire site as closely as possible

to eliminate the need for hauling earth on or off the site. If topography for areas required for

parking, roadways and other site features require cut and fill, selection of finished elevations

for backfilling of the entire site should be well studied and appropriate.

​ d. Vehicular and Pedestrian Access and Circulation- Access and circulation

patterns to and within the site must be studied in the process of site planning. Easy and direct
access and smooth circulation should be provided for vehicles and pedestrians including for

disabled persons.

​ e. Site Utilities and Services- Provide adequate underground utilities and services

such as concrete or masonry trench with retractable covers for maintenance and avoid

diggings of new roads. The trench alignments shall be coordinated with paving of roads and

landscape, including future extensions, to avoid conflicts with these site elements. Provide

the most economical run, and minimize the possibility of utility relocation. Coordinate the

location of underground site utilities and services such as power, water supply, sewerage

communications and drainage systems to reduce the possibility of utility/service crossing and

contamination.

Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads

1. General

The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements

of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and grandstands.

2. Exits

​ a. Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one

(1) exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first storey having an occupant load of more than

ten (10) shall not have less than two (2) exits. Each mezzanine floor used for other than

storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 sq. meters or more than 18.00 meters in any

dimension, shall have at least two (2) stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey or portion

thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three (3) exits. Every storey

or portion thereof having an occupant load of one thousand (1000) or more shall have at least

four (4) exits. The number of exits required from any storey of a building shall be determined
by using the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under consideration as

follows: 50% of the occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent

storey below, when a storey below exits through the level under consideration) and 25% of

the occupant load in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum

number of exits required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is provided from the

structures. For purposes of this Section basement or cellars and occupied roofs shall be

provided with exits as required for storeys. Floors above the second storey, basements and

cellars used for other than service of the building shall have not less than two (2) exits.

​ b. Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total occupant

load served divided by one hundred sixty five (165). Such width of exits shall be divided

approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width required from any storey

of a building shall be determined by using the occupant load of that storey plus the 53

percentage of the occupant loads of floors which exits through the level under consideration

as follows: 50% of the occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent

storey below when a storey below exits through the level under consideration) and 25% of

the occupant load in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum

exit width from any storey of a building shall be maintained.

​ c. Arrangement of Exits. If only two (2) exits are required, they shall be placed a

distance apart to not less than one-fifth (1/5) of the perimeter of the area served measured in a

straight line between exits. Where three (3) or more exits are required, they shall be arranged

a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available.

​ d. Distance to Exits. No point in a building without a sprinkler system shall be more

than 45.00 meters from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an

enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In a building equipped with a complete
automatic fire extinguishing system, the distance from exits may be increased to 60.00

meters.

3. Doors

​ The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an

occupant load of more than ten (10), or serving hazardous rooms or areas.

​ a. Swing. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any

hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of fifty (50) or more. Double acting doors

shall not be used as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more than one hundred (100);

nor shall they be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with panic hardware. A double

acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less than 1,300 sq. centimeters.

​ b. Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use

of a key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement shall not apply to

exterior exit doors in a Group E or F Occupancy if there is a conspicuous, readily visible and

durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that the door is to remain unlocked during

business hours. The locking device must be of a type that will readily be distinguishable as

locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited.

​ c. Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the

installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters in

height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of opening at least 90

degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 700

millimeters. In computing the required exit width the net dimension of the exitway shall be

used.

​ d. Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in width.
​ e. Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required

exits.

​ f. Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an

approved means of egress from the building.

​ g. Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a

floor or landing on each side of an exit door. The floor or landing shall be leveled with, or not

more than 50 millimeters lower than the threshold of the doorway: Except, that in Group A

and B Occupancies, a door may open on the top step of a flight of stairs or an exterior landing

provided the door does not swing over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is not

more than 200 millimeters below the floor level.

​ h. Door Identification. Glass doors shall conform to the requirements in Section

1802. Other exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable from the

adjacent construction.

​ i. Additional Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they

shall conform to all provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving doors having

leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be used in exit situations; provided;

that such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters or they are not used in occupancies

where exits are required to be equipped with panic hardware or at least one conforming exit

door is located adjacent to each revolving doors installed in a building and the revolving door

shall not be considered to provide any exit width.

4. Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies.

The provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit balcony serving

as a required exit for an occupant load of more than ten (10).

a. Width. Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than 1.10 meters in width.
 b. Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall be

unobstructed. Except, that trim handrails, and doors when fully opened shall not reduce the

required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors in any position shall not reduce the

required width of the corridor by more than one-half (1/2).

c. Access to Exits. When more than one (1) exit is required, they shall be so arranged

to allow going to either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior exit balcony to a

separate exit, except for dead ends permitted by the Code.

d. Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted

when the dead end does not exceed 6.00 meters in length.

e. Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors shall not be less than one-hour fire

resistive construction. Provided, that this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit

balconies, railings, and corridors of one-storey building housing a Group E and F Occupancy

occupied by one (1) tenant only and which serves an occupant load of thirty (30) or less, nor

to corridors, formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies shall not project into an

area where protected openings are required.

f. Openings. Where corridor walls are required to be one-hour fire-resistive

construction, every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth in generally

recognized and accepted requirements for dual-purpose fire exit doors. Other interior

openings except ventilation louvers equipped with approved automatic fire shutters shall be 7

millimeters thick fixed wire glass set in steel frames. The total area of all openings other than

doors, in any portion of an interior corridor wall shall not exceed 25% of the area of the

corridor wall of the room being separated from the corridor.

5. Stairways
 Except stairs or ladders used only to access equipment, every stairway serving any

building or portion thereof shall conform to the following requirements:

a. Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than fifty (50) shall not be less

than 1.10 meters. Stairways serving an occupant load of fifty (50) or less may be 900

millimeters wide. Private stairways serving an occupant load of less than ten (10) may be 750

millimeters. Trim and handrails shall not reduce the required width by more than 100

millimeters.

b. Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200 millimeters

and the run shall not be less than 250 millimeters. The maximum variations in the height of

risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters: Except, in case of

private stairways serving an occupant load of less than ten (10), the rise may be 200 below.

c. Winding Stairways. In Group A Occupancy and in private stairways in Group B

Occupancies, winders may be used if the required width of run is provided at a point not

more than 300 millimeters from the side of the stairway where the treads are narrower but in

no case shall any width of run be less than 150 millimeters at any point.

d. Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the minimum

width of run is not less than 250 millimeters. All treads in any one flight between landings

shall have identical dimensions within a 5 millimeters tolerance.

e. Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel

equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimensions need not exceed 1.20 meters when the

stairs have a straight run. Landings when provided shall not be reduced in width by more than

100 millimeters by a door when fully open.

f. Basement Stairways. Where a basement stairway and a stairway to an upper storey

terminate in the same exit enclosure, an approved barrier shall be provided to prevent persons
from continuing on to the basements. Directional exit signs shall be provided as specified in

the Code.

g. Distance Between Landings. There shall be not more than 3.60 meters vertical

distance between landings.

h. Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side and every stairway required

to be more than 3.00 meters in width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate

handrail for each 3.00 meters of required width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced

approximately equal within the entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less

than 800 millimeters nor more than 900 millimeters above the nosing of treads, and ends of

handrails shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals: Except, in the

following cases: Stairways 1.10 meters or less in width and stairways serving one (1)

individual dwelling unit in Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrail, except that

such stairway, open on one or both, sides shall have handrails provided on the open side or

sides: or stairways having less than four (4) risers need not have handrails.

[Link] Stairway Protection. All openings in the exterior wall below or within 3.00

meters, measured horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a building over two

storeys in height shall be protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a three-fourth- hour

fire-resistive rating; Except, that openings may be unprotected when two separated exterior

stairways serve an exterior exit balcony.

j. Stairway Construction

I. Stairway Construction- Interior. Interior stairways shall be constructed as specified

in this Code. Where there is enclosed usable space under the stairs the walls and soffits of the

enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire resistive

construction.
 [Link] Construction- Exterior. Exterior stairways shall be of incombustible

material: Except, that on Type III buildings which do not exceed two storeys in height, which

are located in less fire-restrictive Fire Zones, as well as on Type I buildings which may be of

wood not less than 50 millimeters in nominal thickness. Exterior stairs shall be protected as

required for exterior walls due to location on property as specified in the Code. Exterior

stairways shall not project into an area where openings are required to be protected. Where

there is enclosed usable space under stairs, the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be

protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction.

k. Stairway to Roof. In every building four (4) or more storeys in height, one (1)

stairway shall extend to the roof unless the roof has a slope greater than 1 in 3.

l. Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less

than 2.00 meters. Such clearance shall be established by measuring vertically from a plane

parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosing to the soffit above all points.

6. Ramps

A ramp conforming to the provisions of the Code may be used as an exit. The width

of ramps shall be as required for corridors.

7. Horizontal Exit.

If conforming to the provisions of the Code, a horizontal exit may be considered as

the required exit. All openings in a separation wall shall be protected by a fire assembly

having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one hour. A horizontal exit shall not lead into a

floor area having a capacity for an occupant load not less than the occupant load served by

such exit. The capacity shall be determined by allowing 0.30 sq. meter of net floor area per
ambulatory occupant and 1.90 sq. meters per non-ambulatory occupant. The dispersal area

into which the horizontal exit leads shall be provided with exits as required by the Code.

8. Exit Enclosure.

Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as specified in the Code;

Except, that in other than Group D Occupancies, an enclosure will not be required for

stairway, ramp, or escalator serving only one adjacent floor and not connected with corridors

or stairways serving other floors. Stairs in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed.

a. Enclosure walls shall not be less than two-hour fire-resistive construction. There

shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls.

All exit doors in an exit enclosure shall be appropriately protected.

b. Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors connecting

stairway flights and shall include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway to

the exterior of the building. Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required for

unenclosed stairways.

c. A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless

an approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally

continuing into the basement.

d. There shall be no enclosed usable space under the staircase in an exit enclosure, nor

shall the open space under such stairways be used for any purpose.

9. Smokeproof Enclosures

A smokeproof enclosure shall consist of a vestibule and a continuous stairway

enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point by walls of two-hour fire-resistive

construction. In buildings five (5) storeys or more in height, one of the required exits shall be

a smokeproof enclosure.

a. Stairs in smokeproof enclosures shall be of incombustible construction.

 b. There shall be no openings in smokeproof enclosures, except exit doorways and

openings in exterior walls. There shall be no openings directly into the interior of the

building. Access shall be through a vestibule with one (1) wall at least 50% open to the

exterior and having an exit door from the interior of the building and an exit door leading to

the smokeproof enclosure. In lieu of a vestibule, access may be by way of an open exterior

balcony of incombustible materials.

c. The opening from the building to the vestibule or balcony shall be protected with a

self closing fire assembly having one-hour fire-resistive rating. The opening from the

vestibule or balcony to the stair tower shall be protected by a self-closing fire assembly

having a one-hour fire-resistive rating.

d. A smokeproof enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit passageway

leading to a public way. The exit passageway shall be without other openings and shall have

walls, floors, and ceilings of two-hour fire-resistance.

e. A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit

unless an approved barrier is provided at a ground floor level to prevent persons from

accidentally walking into the basement.

10. Exit Outlets, Courts, and Passageways

Every exit shall discharge into a public way, exit court, or exit passageway. Every exit

court shall discharge into a public way or an exit passageway. Passageways shall be without

openings other than required exits and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of the same

period of fire-resistance as the walls, floors and ceilings of the building but shall not be less

than one-hour fire-resistive construction.

a. Width

Every exit court and exit passageways shall be at least as wide as the required total

width of the tributary exits, such required width being based on the occupant load served. The
required width of exit courts or exit passageways shall be unobstructed except as permitted in

corridors. At any point where the width of an exit court is reduced from any cause, the

reduction in width shall be affected gradually by a guardrail at least 900 millimeters in height.

The guardrail shall make an angle of not more than 30º with the axis of the exit court.

b. Slope

The slope of exit courts shall not exceed 1 in 10. The slope of the exit passageway

shall not exceed 1 in 8.

c. Number of Exits

Every exit court shall be provided with exits as required in the Code.

d. Openings

All openings into an exit court less than 3.00 meters wide shall be protected by fire

assemblies having not less than three-fourth- hour fire-resistive rating. Except, that openings

more than 3.00 meters above the floor of the exit court may be unprotected.

11. Exit Signs and Illuminations

Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is occupied with lights having an

intensity of not less than 10.7 LUX at floor level; Except, that for Group A Occupancies, the

exit illumination shall be provided with separate circuits or separated sources of power (but

not necessarily separate from exit signs when these are required for exit sign illumination).

12. Aisles

Every portion of every building in which are installed seats, tables, merchandise,

equipment, or similar materials shall be provided with aisles leading to an exit.

a. Width

Every aisle shall be not less than 800 millimeters wide if serving only one side, and

not less than 1.00 meter wide if serving both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at

the point farthest from an exit, cross aisle, or foyer and shall be increased by 30 millimeters
for every meter in length towards the exit, cross aisle or foyer. Side aisles shall not be less

than 1.10 meters in width.

b. Exit Distance

In areas occupied by seats and in Groups H and I Occupancies without seats, the line

of travel to an exit door by an aisle shall be not more than 45.00 meters. With standard

spacing, as specified in the Code, aisles shall be so located that there will be not more than

seven (7) seats between the wall and an aisle and not more than fourteen (14) seats between

aisles. The number of seats between aisles may be increased to thirty (30) where exits doors

are provided along each side aisle of the row of seats at the rate of one (1) pair of exit doors

for every five (5) rows of seats, provided further that the distance between seats back to back

is at least 1.00 meter. Such exit doors shall provide a minimum clear width of 1.70 meters.

c. Cross Aisles

Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of the cross aisle shall

be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisle plus 50% of the total

required width of the remaining aisle leading thereto. In Groups C, H and E Occupancies,

aisles shall not be provided a dead end greater than 6.00 meters in length.

d. Vomitories

Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross aisles shall have a total

width not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisles leading thereto plus

50% of the total required width of the remaining aisles leading thereto. e. Slope The slope

portion of aisles shall not exceed a fall of 1 in 8.

ELECTRICALANDMECHANICALREGULATIONS

SECTION 1301. Electrical Regulations

 All electrical systems, equipment and installations mentioned in the Code shall

conform to the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 (PEC-1) and Part 2

(PEC-2), as adopted by the Board of Electrical Engineering pursuant to Republic Act 7920,

otherwise known as the Philippine Electrical Engineering Law.

1. Overhead Service Entrance

​ In Subdivisions, Housing Projects, Commercial and Industrial Buildings, overhead

transmission and distribution voltages are required to supply power sources including

transformers, poles and supporting structures.

2. Attachments on and Clearances from Buildings

a. An Attachment Plan approved by a professional electrical engineer shall cover

power lines and cables, transformers and other electrical equipment installed on or in

buildings and shall be submitted to the local Building Official.

b. Where building/s exceed 15.00 meters in height, overhead lines shall be arranged

where practicable so that clear space or zone at least 1.80 meters (horizontal) will be left

adjacent to the building or beginning not over 2.45 meters (horizontal) from the building, to

facilitate the raising of ladders where necessary for fire fighting.

EXCEPTION: This requirement does not apply where it is the rule of the local fire

department to exclude the use of ladders in alleys or other restricted places, which are

generally occupied by supply lines.

3. Open Supply Conductors Attached to Buildings

Where the permanent attachment of open supply conductors to any class of buildings

is necessary for service entrance, such conductors shall meet the following requirements:
 a. Conductors of more than 300 volts to ground shall not be carried along or near the

surface of the building unless they are guarded or made inaccessible.

b. To promote safety to the general public and to employees not authorized to

approach conductors and other current-carrying parts of electric supply lines, such parts shall

be arranged so as to provide adequate clearance from the ground or other space generally

accessible, or shall be provided with guards so as to isolate persons effectively from

accidental contact.

c. Ungrounded service conduits, metal fixtures and similar noncurrent-carrying parts,

if located in urban districts and where liable to become charged to more than 300 volts to

ground, shall be isolated or guarded so as not to be exposed to accidental contact by

unauthorized persons. As an alternative to isolation or guarding noncurrent-carrying parts

shall be solidly or effectively grounded.

d. Service drops passing over a roof shall be securely supported by substantial

structures. Where practicable, such supports shall be independent of the building.

4. Conductors Passing By or Over Buildings

a. Unguarded or accessible supply conductors carrying voltages in excess of 300 volts

may be either beside or over buildings. The vertical or horizontal clearance to any buildings

or its attachments (balconies, platforms, etc.) shall be as listed in Table XIII.1. The horizontal

clearance governs above the roof level to the point where the diagonal equals the vertical

trolley contact conductor over the approximate centerline of the track it serves.

b. Supply conductors of 300 volts or more, when placed near enough to windows,

verandas, fire escapes, or other ordinarily accessible places, shall be properly guarded by

grounded conduit and barriers.

c. Where the required clearances cannot be obtained, supply conductors shall be

grouped or bundled and supported by grounded messenger wires.

5. Clearance of Service Drops

a. Service drop conductors shall not be readily accessible and when not in excess of

600 volts, shall conform to the following:

i. Conductors shall have a clearance of not less than 2.50 meters from the highest

point of roofs over which they pass with the following exceptions:

(a) Where the voltage between conductors does not exceed 300 volts and the roof has

a slope of not less than 100 millimeters in 300 millimeters, the clearance may not be less than

1.00 meter.

(b) Service drop conductors of 300 volts or less which do not pass over other than a

maximum of 1.20 meters of the overhang portion of the roof for the purpose of terminating at

a through-the-roof service raceway or approved support may be maintained at a minimum of

500 millimeters from any portion of the roof over which they pass.

b. Conductors shall have a clearance of not less than 3.00 meters from the ground or

from any platform or projection from which they might be reached.

c. Conductors shall have a horizontal clearance of not less than 1.00 meter from

windows, doors, porches, fire escapes, or similar locations and shall be run less than 1.00

meter above the top level of a window or opening.

d. Service drop of conductors, when crossing a street, shall have a clearance of not

less than 5.50 meters from the crown of the street or sidewalk over which it passes; and shall

have a minimum clearance of 3.00 meters above ground at its point of attachment to the

building or pedestal.

e. No parts of swimming and wading pools shall be placed under existing service drop

conductors or any other overhead wiring; nor shall such wiring be installed above the

following:
 i. Swimming and wading pools and the area extending 3.00 meters outward

horizontally from the inside of the walls of the pool;

ii. Diving structures;

iii. Observation stands, towers or platforms.

SECTION 1302. Mechanical Regulations

1. All mechanical systems, equipment and installations mentioned in the Code shall

conform to the provisions of the Philippine Mechanical Code, as adopted by the Board of

Mechanical Engineering pursuant to RA 8495 as amended, otherwise known as the

Philippine Mechanical Engineering Law.

2. Guarding of Moving and Dangerous Parts

All prime movers, machines and machine parts, power transmission equipment shall

be so guarded, shielded, fenced or enclosed to protect any person against exposure to or

accidental contact with dangerous moving parts.

3. Cranes

a. Adequate means like ladders, stairs or platforms shall be provided for cranes having

revolving cabs or machine houses, to permit the operator to enter or leave the crane cab and

reach the ground safely, irrespective of its position. If a step-over is provided, the gap must

not exceed 300 millimeters.

b. A gong or other effective warning device shall be mounted on each cage or cab.

c. Temporary crane operation without a warning device may be allowed provided

there is a flagman whose sole duty is to warn those in the path of the crane or its load.

d. The maximum rated load of all cranes shall be plainly marked on each side of the

crane. If the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have marked on it or its

load block, its rated capacity clearly legible from the ground or floor.

4. Hoists
 a. Operating control shall be plainly marked to indicate the direction of travel and

provided with an effective warning device.

b. Each hoist designed to lift its load vertically shall have its rated load legibly marked

on the hoist or load block or at some easily visible space.

c. A stop, which shall operate automatically, shall be provided at each switch, dead

end rail or turntable to prevent the trolley running off when the switch is open.

d. Each electric hoist motor shall be provided with electrically or mechanically

operated brakes so arranged that the brake will be applied automatically when the power is

cut off from the hoist.

5. Elevators

Elevators shall be installed in all private and public buildings for public use accessible

to disabled persons, pursuant to the objectives of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344

(Accessibility Law).

a. Hoistways for elevators shall be substantially enclosed throughout their height, with

no openings allowed except for necessary doors, windows or skylights. ​

b. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways, except when necessary for

the operation of the elevators.

c. Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed

buffers, a clearance of not less than 600 millimeters remains between the underside of

the car and the bottom of the pit.

d. When four (4) or more elevators serve all or the same portion of a building, they

shall be located in not less than two (2) hoistways and in no case shall more than four

(4) elevators be located in any one hoistway.

e. Where a machine room or penthouse is provided at the top of a hoistway, it shall be

constructed with sufficient room for repair and inspection. Access shall be by means
 of an iron ladder or stairs when the room is more than 600 millimeters above the

adjacent floor or roof surface. The angle of inclination of such a ladder or stairs shall

not exceed 60° from the horizontal. This room shall not be used as living quarters or

depository of other materials and shall be provided with adequate ventilation.

f. Minimum number of hoisting ropes shall be three (3) for traction elevators and two

(2) for drum type elevators.

g. The minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight ropes shall be 30

millimeters.

h. Elevators shall be provided with Fall-Free Safety Device, overload switch and

reverse polarity relay.

i. In apartments or residential condominiums of five (5) storeys or more, at least one

(1) passenger elevator shall be kept on twenty-four (24) hour constant service.

6. Escalators

a. The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not exceed 30° from the horizontal.

b. The width between balustrades shall not be less than 560 millimeters nor more than

1.20 meters. This width shall not exceed the width of the steps by more than 330

millimeters.

c. Solid balustrades of incombustible material shall be provided on each side of the

moving steps. If made of glass, it shall be of tempered type glass.

d. The rated speed, measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more than 38

meters per Minute.

7. Boilers and Pressure Vessels

a. Location of Boilers

i. Boilers may be located inside buildings provided that the boiler room is of

reinforced concrete or masonry and that the boiler room shall not be used for any other
purpose. No part of the boiler shall be closer than 1.00 meter from any wall and shall have at

least two (2) separate exits.

ii. In case the main building is not made up of fire resistive materials, boilers shall be

located outside the building at a distance of not less than 3.00 meters from the outside wall of

the main building and the building housing the boiler shall be made up of fire-resistive

materials.

b. Smokestacks, whether self-supporting or guyed, shall be of sufficient capacity to

handle fuel gases, shall be able to withstand a wind load of 175 kilometers per hour and shall

rise at least 5.00 meters above the eaves of any building within a radius of 50.00 meters.

c. Manufacturers/assemblers of boilers/pressure vessels/pressurized water heaters

shall stamp each vessel on the front head or on any other suitable location with the name of

the manufacturer, serial number, year of manufacture maximum allowable working pressure,

heating surface in sq. meters, and thickness of shell.

d. Boilers of more than 46.00 sq. meters heating surface shall each be provided with

two (2) means of feeding water, one (1) steam driven and one (1) electrically driven, or one

(1) pump and one (1) injector.

e. Two (2) check valves shall be provided between any feed pump and the boiler in

addition to the regular shut-off valve.

f. Where two (2) or more boilers are connected in parallel, each steam outlet shall be

provided with a non-return valve and a shut-off valve.

g. In no case shall the maximum pressure of an existing boiler be increased to a

greater pressure than would be allowed for a new boiler of the same construction.

h. Each boiler shall have at least one (1) safety valve. For boilers having more than

46.00 sq. meters of water heating surface or a generating capacity exceeding 910 kilograms

per hour, two (2) or more safety valves shall be required.

 i. Each boiler shall have a steam gauge, with a dial range of not less than one and

one-half times and not more than twice the maximum allowable working pressure. It may be

connected to the steam space or to the steam connection to the water column.

j. Repairs/replacements on any parts shall comply with the applicable section on New

Installation of Boilers/Pressure Vessels of the Philippine Mechanical Code.

k. Upon the completion of the installation, the Building Official shall conduct an

inspection and test, and if found complying with requirements, a certificate of operation for a

period not exceeding one (1) year shall be issued after payment of the required inspection

fees.

l. After a permit has been granted to install a boiler/pressure vessel/pressurized water

heater upon payment of the installation fees therefore, it shall be the duty of the Building

Official to make periodic inspection of the installation to determine compliance with the

approved plans and specifications.

m. The Building Official shall notify the owner in writing of the intended date of the

annual inspection at least fifteen (15) days in advance but not to exceed thirty (30) days from

the intended date of inspection.

n. The owner/user shall prepare the boiler(s) for inspection and provide all labor and

equipment required during said inspection.

8. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

a. The effective temperature and relative humidity of the air to be used for

comfortable cooling shall be maintained at 20°Celsius to 24°Celsius and 50% to 60%,

respectively, with 4.60 to 7.60 meters per minute air movement within the living zone.

b. Water from evaporators, condensers and other machinery shall be properly

collected into a suitable water or drainage system.

 c. Ducts shall be constructed entirely of non-combustible materials such as steel, iron,

aluminum or other approved materials. Only fire retardant lining shall be used on the inside

of ducts.

d. Access doors shall be provided at all automatic dampers, fire dampers, thermostats

and other apparatus requiring service and inspection in the duct system.

e. Where ducts pass through walls, floors or partitions, the space around the duct shall

be sealed with fire resistant material equivalent to that of the wall, floor or partition, to

prevent the passage of flame or smoke.

f. When ducts or their outlets or inlets pass through firewalls, they shall be provided

with automatic fire dampers that automatically close on both sides of the firewall through

which they pass.

g. Fire doors and fire dampers shall be arranged to close automatically and remain

tightly closed, upon the operation of a fusible link or other approved heat actuated device,

located where readily affected by an abnormal rise of temperature in the duct.

h. Each refrigerating system shall be provided with a legible metal sign permanently

attached and easily noticeable, indicating thereon the name of manufacturer or installer, kind

and total number of kilograms of refrigerant contained in the system and field test pressure

applied.

i. In refrigerating plants of more than 45 kilograms, refrigerant, masks and helmets

shall be used. These shall be kept in a suitable cabinet outside the machine room when not in

use.

j. Not more than 140 kilograms of refrigerant in approved containers shall be stored in

a machine room at any given time.

 k. Where ammonia is used, the discharge may be into a tank of water, which shall be

used for no other purpose except ammonia absorption. At least 1 liter of water shall be

provided for every 120 gallons of ammonia in the system.

l. In a refrigerating system containing more than 9 kilograms, stop valves shall be

installed in inlets and outlets of compressors, outlets of liquid receivers, and in liquid and

suction branch headers.

m. Window type air conditioners shall be provided with drainpipe or plastic tubing for

discharging condensate water into a suitable container or discharge line.

n. Window type air conditioners shall be provided with exhaust ducts if the exhaust is

discharged into corridors/hallways/arcades/sidewalks, etc., and shall be installed at not less

than 2.10 meters above the floor level.

9. Water Pumping for Buildings/Structures

a. Installation of pumping equipment to supply buildings/structures directly from the

existing water supply system shall not be allowed. An underground water tank or cistern must

be filled by gravity flows from the water supply system, from where pumps can be installed.

b. To maintain water pressure in all floors of a building/structure, the following

systems may be used:

i. Overhead tank supply– may be installed above the roof supported by the

building/structure or on a separate tower.

(a) Water tanks shall be provided with a vent and an overflow pipe leading to a storm

drain and shall be fully covered.

ii. Pneumatic tank– an unfired pressure vessel, initially full of air, into which water

from mains is pumped.

(a) A suitable pressure switch shall stop the pump when pressure required is attained.

(b) Tanks shall be designed for twice the maximum total dynamic pressure required.
 (c) An air volume control device shall be installed to maintain correct air volume

inside the Tank.

10. Pipings for Fuel, Gas and Steam

a. Piping shall, as much as possible, run parallel to building walls.

b. Grouped piping shall be supported on racks, on either horizontal or vertical planes.

c. Piping on racks shall have sufficient space for pipe or chain wrenches so that any

single line can be altered/repaired/replaced without disturbing the rest.

d. Piping 100 millimeters in diameter and above shall be flanged. Smaller sized pipes

may be screwed.

e. Piping subjected to varying temperatures shall be provided with expansion joints.

f. Galvanized piping shall not be used for steam.

g. Piping carrying steam, hot water or hot liquids shall not be embedded in concrete

walls or floors and shall be properly insulated.

h. Piping carrying propane, butane and other gas which are heavier than air, shall be

provided with automatic shut-off devices. The automatic shut-off device is most effective if

provided to each burner before the flexible connection.

2.6 Philippine Green Building Code

Section 9. Performance Standards

The GBCode shall be subject to the following performance standards:

9.1 Energy Efficiency

9.2 Water Efficiency

9.3 Material Sustainability

9.4 Solid Waste Management

9.5 Site Sustainability

 9.6 Indoor Environmental Quality

Section 10. Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency requires the adoption of efficient practices, designs, methods and

technologies that reduce energy consumption resulting in cost savings.

10.1 BUILDING ENVELOPE

10.1.1 Air Tightness and Moisture Protection

a. General

​ As the humidity levels are very high in the Philippines, the unwanted infiltration and

humidity ingress into the spaces can cause additional load on the air conditioning system and

a detrimental impact on air quality. Buildings must be planned and designed with specific

details to ensure that air tightness is maximized. Details should precisely include joints,

service entry points, windows and doors. The implementation of these measures requires only

increased attention to the construction details and it can be implemented at practically no

cost.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements Buildings shall be planned and designed with:

i. Complete gaskets, weather-stripping, door bottom sweeps and seals within and

around window and door assemblies

ii. Moisture protection on the surface of the external façade to reduce vapor or

moisture migration from external spaces

d. Exceptions

Buildings and spaces without provisions for air conditioning systems are exempt.
10.2 NATURAL VENTILATION

a. General

This measure will give building occupants the flexibility and opportunity to use

natural ventilation for free cooling and fresh air in regularly occupied spaces. This measure

will limit the tendency to create glass sealed box type buildings. Size of each room and space

shall be consistent with the occupancy load of the NBC.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

i. Operable windows or balcony doors shall be provided in regularly occupied spaces.

The size of the opening shall be equal to at least ten percent (10%) of the floor area of

regularly occupied spaces.

ii. All operable windows shall be provided with safety features for protection against

strong winds, water penetration and protection for building occupants including child safety

and security.

10.4 ROOF INSULATION

a. General

Insulation can help reduce heat gain in a building thus improving thermal comfort,

acoustic quality and reducing the load on the air conditioning system.

b. Applicability This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table

1.
 c. Requirements Buildings shall be provided with roof insulation so that the average

thermal resistance value (R-Value) of the roof is at least R-8. See Annex 4 (Insulation

R-Value).

10.5 MECHANICALSYSTEMS

10.5.1 Air Conditioning System

a. General

Air conditioning typically accounts for more than fifty percent (50%) of total

electricity costs in a centrally air conditioned building. Hence, the efficiency of an air

conditioning system is of prime importance. The heart of the air conditioning system is the

cooling system, typically chillers in large buildings and is important to procure an efficient

cooling system.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table1.

c. Requirements

The cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements as

indicated in Tables 7 and 8.

10.5.2 Water Heating System

a. General

The use of energy-efficient water heating systems in buildings, by observing

minimum power performance requirements, will help reduce energy consumption due to

heating of water. b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements.

Applicable buildings shall comply with the minimum performance requirements for

water heating in the 2010 PSVARE Standards, as shown in Table 9.

d. Exceptions

Buildings with no water heating systems and buildings using solar water heating

and/or heat pump for water heating are exempt.

10.6 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

10.6.1 Daylight Provision

a. General

Buildings should be planned and designed to maximize the use of natural light so to

reduce the use of artificial illumination.

b. Applicability.

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1. For

residential condominiums, it does not apply to individual dwelling units.

c. Requirements.
 All regularly occupied spaces inside the building shall have a view of any

combination of the following features that can allow daylight into the room space:

I. Window

ii. Light shelf iii. Clerestory

iv. Skylight

v. Light monitor / light scoop

vi. Other devices that can allow daylight inside

10.6.5 Elevators and Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways

a. General

Escalators / Moving Ramp / Walkway must be fitted with controls to automatically

reduce speed or stop when no traffic is detected. Elevators must be fitted with mechanisms to

reduce energy demand.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

Applicable buildings shall comply with the following:

i. Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways

shall be fitted with automated controls to reduce to a slower speed when no activity has been

detected for a maximum period of one and a half (1-1/2) minutes and duration may be

adjusted depending on the demand. The escalator / moving ramp / walkway shall

automatically be put on a standby mode when no activity has been detected for a maximum

period of five (5) minutes and duration may be adjusted depending on the [Link]

escalators / moving ramps / walkways shall be designed with energy efficient soft start

technology. Activation of reduced speed, power off and power on modes shall be done

through sensors installed in the top or bottom landing areas.

 ii. Elevators

Elevators shall be provided with controls to reduce the energy demand. To meet this

requirement, the following features must be incorporated:

- Use of Alternating Current (AC) Variable Voltage and Variable Frequency (VVVF)

drives on non-hydraulic elevators.

- Use of energy efficient lighting and display lighting in the elevator car shall have an

average lamp efficacy, across all fittings in the car, of more than 55 lumens / watt.

- Lighting shall switch off after the elevator has been inactive for a maximum period

of five (5) minutes.

- The elevators shall operate in a stand-by condition during off-peak periods.

d. Exceptions

There are no exceptions to this provision.

Section 11.

WATER EFFICIENCY

Water efficiency requires the adoption of efficient practices, plan, design, materials,

fixtures, equipment and methods that reduce water consumption resulting in cost savings.

11.1 WATER FIXTURES

a. General Efficient water fixtures include faucets, showerheads and water closets that

use less water in order to perform the same function of cleaning as effectively as standard

models. Water efficiency is an important aspect, especially as fresh water resources start

getting depleted at a rate faster than they are replenished. Use of efficient plumbing fixtures,

sensors, auto control valves, aerators, flow control and pressure-reducing devices, wherever

possible, can result in significant reduction in water consumption.

b. Applicability
 This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

Applicable buildings shall comply with the requirements as shown in Table 13.

d. Exceptions.

There are no exceptions to this provision.

11.2 WATER MANAGEMENT

11.2.1 Rainwater Harvesting

a. General

Rainwater is one of the purest sources of water available. Rainwater from roofs and

hardscape must be collected and reused for non potable purposes.

b. Applicability This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

i. Minimum storage tanks size (in cu.m) shall be calculated by dividing the building

footprint area by 75.

ii. Collected water shall be used for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing,

irrigation and cooling towers.

d. Exceptions.

There are no exceptions to this provision.

11.2.2 Water Recycling

a. General

Recycled water from Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) shall be reused for non-potable

purposes.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

The recycled water produced on site shall be reused for non-potable purposes such as

toilet flushing, irrigation and cooling towers, through a distinct and separate piping system

from the potable water supply system.

d. Exceptions

Buildings with no dedicated STP are exempted from this requirement.

Section 12.

MATERIALSUSTAINABILITY

Material Sustainability governs all matters related to resource efficiency and material

selection and use with the least impact on the environment.

12.1 Non-Toxic Materials

a. General

Non-Toxic building materials refer to building materials without hazardous or toxic

chemicals that could cause Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and eventually lead to Building

Related Illness (BRI).

b. Applicability
 This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

i. Paints, coatings, adhesives and sealants used indoors or non ventilated areas shall

not contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) or should be within levels tolerable to

humans as specified in Table 14.

ii. Composite wood shall not have urea formaldehyde content.

iii. All other materials containing chemicals used in construction shall not

compromise and be deleterious to the health and safety of the workers and occupants of the

building.

iv. Specifications shall comply with the allowable VOC limits as stated in Table 14

with Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from supplier and other certification to justify the

compliance of the material.

d. Exceptions

+There are no exceptions to this provision.

Section14.

SITE SUSTAINABILITY

Site sustainability requires the adoption of planning, design, construction and

operation practices that minimize the adverse impact of buildings on ecosystems and water

resources.
14.1 Site / Ground Preparation and Earthworks

a. General

Site clearing, grading and excavation shall be planned at the start of construction to

mitigate pollution caused by erosion and sedimentation taking into consideration existing

endemic foliage as regulated by the DENR. All existing utilities and water bodies and

waterways, shall be protected and shall not be disturbed.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

Measures for site protection shall be in place before the start of construction.

[Link] site erosion and sedimentation control plan that outlines measures to be

applied to prevent soil that can run-off at the natural bodies of water, causing water pollution.

ii. Additional measures to mitigate the effect of pollution and safety on construction

conforming to Rule XI of the NBC

iii. Storm water collection management plan

iv. Structures or facilities for storm water collection

d. Exceptions

There are no exceptions to this provision.

14.2 Open Space Utilization

a. General

The inclusion of green areas or landscaped areas for indigenous or adaptable species

of grass, shrubs and trees will help in providing more permeable surface for the building

development’s open space and thus allow the re-charging of natural ground water reservoir,

control storm water surface run-off, cool the building surroundings, and provide indoor to

outdoor connectivity for the building occupants.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

A minimum of fifty percent (50%) of the required Unpaved Surface Area (USA), as

required in Rule VII and VIII of the NBC, shall be vegetated with indigenous and adaptable

species.

d. Exceptions

There are no exceptions to this provision.

Section 15.

INDOORENVIRONMENTALQUALITY

Indoor Environmental Quality requires the adoption of efficient design and operation

practices that take into consideration the building environment to improve occupant health,

productivity and safety. 15.1 Minimum Fresh Air Rates

a. General

The building's indoor environment can contain more contaminants many times over

than the outside. Various studies have shown that indoor air contaminants can cause health

disorders, through symptoms of SBS and BRI. The introduction and application of minimum

fresh air rates will maintain acceptable indoor air quality through the constant replacement of

indoor air in buildings.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

Compliance to the minimum fresh air rates provided in the latest Philippine Society of

Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) Standards. See Table

16. d. Exceptions
 There are no exceptions to this provision

15.2 Designated Smoking Area

a. General

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is one of the leading causes of respiratory

illnesses in building occupants. RA 9211, the Tobacco Regulations Act, restricts tobacco

smoking in public spaces and the prescription of designated smoking areas inside buildings.

b. Applicability

This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.

c. Requirements

i. If smoking is banned within the building and property premises, “NO SMOKING”

signs in compliance with the RA 9514 (Fire Code of the Philippines 2008), shall be posted in

conspicuous areas of the building and property premises to remind building occupants of the

policy

ii. If smoking is only allowed outdoors, designated smoking areas shall be naturally

ventilated, outside of the building shell and away from building entrances, windows and

outside supply air (OSA) intakes by at least ten (10) meters.

iii. If smoking is allowed indoors, designated smoking areas shall be provided,

partitioned from the rest of the indoor areas. Partitions shall be from floor to soffit of the next

floor or roof structure. Enclosed smoking areas shall be equipped with an adequate exhaust

system with exhaust rate in accordance with the latest PSVARE Standards. Exhaust shall

directly vent out to the outside of the building and away from any building openings or air

intakes.

iv. Doors and windows of enclosed smoking areas shall always be closed and well

sealed. Negative pressure within is recommended to prevent smoke infiltration to adjacent

spaces.
d. Exceptions

Buildings with a general policy of “no smoking” within building premises may be

exempted from having designated smoking areas.

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FIgure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study