Chapter 1: Rational Numbers
1. Definition:
A number that can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
and q ≠ 0.
Examples: 1/2, -3/4, 5 (which is 5/1), 0, -7.
2. Types of Rational Numbers:
Positive Rational Numbers: Both numerator and denominator are positive
or both are negative. (e.g., 3/5, -2/-3).
Negative Rational Numbers: One of the numerator or denominator is
negative. (e.g., -3/7, 4/-5).
3. Properties:
Closure Property: The sum, difference, or product of two rational numbers
is always a rational number.
Commutative Property: Holds for addition and multiplication (a + b = b +
a; a × b = b × a).
Associative Property: Holds for addition and multiplication.
Additive Identity: 0 is the additive identity. (a + 0 = a).
Multiplicative Identity: 1 is the multiplicative identity. (a × 1 = a).
Additive Inverse: For a number 'a', its additive inverse is '-a'. (a + (-a) = 0).
Multiplicative Inverse (Reciprocal): For a number 'a' (a≠0), its reciprocal
is '1/a'. (a × 1/a = 1).
4. Representation on a Number Line:
Rational numbers can be represented on a number line, just like integers and
fractions.
Chapter 2: Linear Equations in One Variable
1. Definition:
An equation is a statement of equality between two expressions.
A linear equation in one variable is an equation that can be written in the
form ax + b = 0, where 'a' and 'b' are constants, and 'x' is the variable.
(e.g., 2x - 6 = 0).
2. Solving an Equation:
The value of the variable that makes the equation true is called
the solution or root.
Goal: Isolate the variable on one side of the equation.
3. Steps to Solve:
1. Simplify both sides of the equation (clear brackets, combine like terms).
2. Move all terms with the variable to one side and constants to the other side.
3. Transposition: A term moving to the other side of the '=' sign changes its
sign (+ becomes -, × becomes ÷).
4. Solve for the variable by dividing or multiplying both sides.
Example: Solve 3x + 9 = 5x - 3.
o 9 + 3 = 5x - 3x
o 12 = 2x
o x=6
4. Application (Word Problems):
Convert the word problem into a linear equation.
Identify the unknown and denote it by a variable (x, y, etc.).
Solve the equation to find the value of the variable.