Scribd
Upload
34 views1 page

Class 12 Chemistry: Biomolecules Guide

The document provides an overview of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids, and enzymes. It details their structures, important reactions, and deficiency diseases associated with vitamins. Key definitions related to biomolecules, such as glycosidic and peptide bonds, are also included.

Uploaded by

mrsalka07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views1 page

Class 12 Chemistry: Biomolecules Guide

The document provides an overview of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids, and enzymes. It details their structures, important reactions, and deficiency diseases associated with vitamins. Key definitions related to biomolecules, such as glycosidic and peptide bonds, are also included.

Uploaded by

mrsalka07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Chemistry – Biomolecules (NCERT

Revision Sheet)
1. Carbohydrates
• Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones (Cn(H2O)n).
• Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), Polysaccharides
(starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Important Reactions:
Glucose (C6H12O6):
• With HI → n-Hexane (C6H14).
• Oxidation with Br2 water → Gluconic acid (C6H12O7).
• Oxidation with HNO3 → Saccharic acid (C6H10O8).
• Reduction with HI/Red P → n-Hexane (C6H14).

2. Proteins
• Polymers of α-amino acids.
• Bond: Peptide linkage (-CO-NH-).
• Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.
Important Reactions:
• Biuret Test: Proteins + CuSO4 (alkaline) → Violet color.
• Xanthoproteic Test: Proteins + HNO3 → Yellow (aromatic amino acids).

3. Vitamins
• Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K.
• Water-soluble: B-complex, C.
• Deficiency diseases:
– Vit A: Night blindness.
– Vit D: Rickets.
– Vit E: Infertility.
– Vit K: Blood clotting issues.
– Vit C: Scurvy.
– Vit B1: Beriberi.

4. Nucleic Acids
• DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.
• Nucleotide = Base + Sugar + Phosphate.
• Bases: Purines (Adenine, Guanine), Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).
• DNA has double helix structure, RNA is mostly single-stranded.

5. Enzymes
• Proteins acting as biocatalysts.
• Highly specific in nature.
• Affected by temperature, pH, inhibitors.

6. Important One-Word/Definitions
• Glycosidic bond – Linkage between monosaccharides in disaccharides and polysaccharides.
• Peptide bond – (-CO-NH-) linkage in proteins.
• Essential amino acids – Cannot be synthesized by human body (e.g., Valine, Leucine).
• Denaturation – Loss of secondary/tertiary structure of proteins.

You might also like