1.
Gandhi and India
Nationalism – the desire for a country to be free, independent and united
Satyagraha – passive resistance
Inter-faith – judge people from the perspective of their faith, not your own
Civil Disobedience – the refusal to follow certain laws or pay taxes and fines
to protest a governments’ actions and policies
Swaraj – self-rule (from 1921)
Secular government – a government not aligned with a particular religion
Q1: Why was Gandhi profession and where was he trained?
He studied law in England and in took a job with an Indian firm in South Africa.
There he became an effective advocate for Indian rights.
Q2: Describe Gandhi’s experiences and actions in South Africa.
Gandhi spent more than 20 years of his life (1893 - 1914) in South Africa
working as an attorney and a public worker. There he developed the idea of
Satyagraha and used it against the Asiatic Registration Law.
Q3: Identify and describe three actions Gandhi took to support Indian
Independence from Great Britain.
1. noncooperation in 1919-1922: to induce the British government of India to
grant self-government, or swaraj, to India.
2. the civil disobedience movement and the Salt Satyagraha of 1930-1931: to
break the salt law by producing salt from seawater.
3. the Quit India movement from about 1940-1942: during World War II,
demanding an end to British rule in India.
Q4: Who was part of the Indian National Congress?
A group of 73 mostly well-to-do and western educated Indians who were
lawyers, teachers, and journalists.
Q5: What was the goal of the Indian National Congress in the early 1900s?
Nationalism grew in members, some supported British but want more say in
government and administration in India, others advocated for Swaraj. (Those
who supported British won)
Q6: Why was Gandhi unhappy with the result of India’s Independence
Movement?
Because he would like to keep India together, but it was divided into two
separate and independent nations.
Q7: How did Gandhi react to violence between Hindus and Muslims after
Partition?
Disheartened by the religious hatred and violence, Gandhi spoke to both
Hindus and Muslims, encouraging peace and forgiveness.
Timeline:
1885 Indian National Congress founded
1906 Muslim League founded
1914 World War 1
1915 Gandhi returns to India
1919 Amritsar Massacre
1920s – 40s Homespun Movement
1921 Gandhi given leadership of Indian National Congress
1930s Government elections
1930 Salt March
1939 – 45 World War II – Quit India Movement + Indian National Army
1940 Lahore resolution
1947 Independence + Partition [14/8: Pakistan (mostly Muslim) 15/8: India
(mostly Hindu)]
2.1 Causes of the WW1
1. Austria declares war
[Austria-Hungary afraid of Serbia and its Black Hand, wanted to teach
nationalists a lesson. Franz Ferdinand’s assassination gave a chance for
Austria-Hungary to start the war. On 23 July 1914, they sent Serbia ten
demands, Serbia accepted 9. Thus, on 28 July 1914, Austria declared war on
Serbia. Serbia, asked its ally, Russia, to help.]
2. Russia mobilises
[Russia is weak, thus, they debated what to do. However, 31 July 1914, he
mobilises the Russian army.]
3. Germany attacks
[German was Austria’s ally. Their original plan – the “Schlieffen Plan” – was
march through Belgium and conquer France quickly and turn back to face the
Russian army. Germany feared Russia because it was growing stronger all the
time, thus, decided to declare war soon. On 1 August 1914, Germany declared
war on Russia, 3 August 1914 declared war on France.]
4. France fights back
[Germany attacked France in 1914, but the French were ready and eager
for a fight. Enthusiastic crowds gathered in Paris to cheer the soldiers off to
war.]
5. Britain join in
[In 1893, Britain had promised to defend Belgium if it was invaded. On 4 of
August, Britain sent an ultimatum to Germans demanding that they promise
to withdraw their troops immediately. Germany ignored; thus, Britain joined
the war.]
2.2 How far was Germany to blame for the First World War?
Empire building
1. Which country had the biggest empire in 1914?
Ans: British empire
2. Why would having an empire benefit this country?
Ans: Increased access to resources, labor, and goods (more money and
power)
Expansion of territory could lead to more exports and higher profits.
Easier control of trade and economic power
Military and strategic advantages.
3. Which country had the second biggest empire?
Ans: French empire
4. Why would Britain and France want to try to prevent the newly unified
countries of Germany and Italy from getting empires themselves?
Ans: Because they were scared that newly unifies countries (ex: Italy and
Germany) surpass them, as a united nation is stronger than a collection
of smaller states. They do not want to face competitions or the fact that
other might take over their power, wealth, or position in the world.
Tensions due to military competition
1. Why was Britain worried about Germany’s naval plans?
Ans: Britain wondered what Germany was going to do with all their warships
if they didn’t have an empire to protect, also, afraid of Germany’s surpass.
2. How did Germany´s Navy Law react to Britain’s worries?
Ans: It wanted to compete with Britain, expand its military forces.
3. What was the situation of the arms race? State 3 facts.
Ans: In the beginning (1906), Britain had one Dreadnought, Germany doesn’t
have any.
Two years after (1908), Germany surpass Britain by having 2 more.
In the end (1914), Britain surpass Germany again.
4. The British were worried about Kaiser Wilhelm II. What was his attitude to
war?
Ans: He believes that Germany will be the strongest existence in the world
and have bright future.
Tension due to the Alliance System
1882 - Kaiser Wilhelm formed Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
1907 - Britain made an entente with Russia, thus forming the Triple Entente
(France, Russia, Great Britain).
(Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria were also in alliances with Austria-Hungary
because they feared Russian expansion into the Balkans.)
Germany: Schlieffen Plan
The Balkans: was an area that included Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia,
and Bosnia. However, by 1800 Ottoman (Turkish) empire control of this area
was decreasing. It had enormous strategic (geographical) importance
for:
Russia – who hoped to increase its territory in the Balkans and wanted ports
on the Black Sea.
Britain – who did not want Russian expansion. It wanted the Ottoman
Empire to remain intact as a buffer against Russia.
Germany – who hoped to get land as the Ottoman empire collapsed.
Austria-Hungary – who wanted to expand south into the Balkans. In 1908 it
had annexed (taken control of) Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Austrian
Chief of Staff General Hotzendorf asked for a 'surprise' war to destroy
Serbia more than 25 times in the eight years after 1906.
1. Why did Austria Hungary feel threatened?
Serbia grew stronger with a powerful army and became a close ally of
Russia. Serbian nationalists in the Austro-Hungarian empire, including
Bosnia, raised concerns that they might join Serbia and leave the empire.
2. Explain why the problems in the Austro–Hungarian empire were an
opportunity or a threat for:
Russia: Problems in the Austro-Hungarian empire offered an opportunity to
support Serbia, its ally, and expand influence in the Balkans.
Germany: The Austro-Hungarian empire's issues were seen as an
opportunity to strengthen its alliance and extend influence in the region.
Serbia: The situation presented both an opportunity to unite Serbian
populations and a threat from the powerful Austro-Hungarian empire.
Bosnia: The problems in the Austro-Hungarian empire posed a threat as
Serbian nationalists desired to join Serbia and challenge its control.