topic 2
BASIC LAW
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 1
Learning Objective
Learning Objective
At the end of the lesson, students are able to:
Differentiate the elements of an electric circuit
01 (node, branches, loop)
02 Define the Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws
Determine the current, voltage, and power in
04 electric circuit
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 2
OHM’S LAW
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 3
OHM’S LAW
“The voltage, 𝑣 across a resistor is directly proportional to the current, 𝑖 flowing through
the resistor.”
𝑣∝𝑖
Constant of proportionality between 𝜈 and 𝑖 is the resistance, 𝑅(Ω)
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅
Must comply with passive sign convention
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 4
RESISTORS
Type of Resistor
FIXED VARIABLE
RESISTORS RESISTORS
Wirewound type
Carbon type
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 5
EXTREME POSSIBLE VALUE OF R
SHORT OPEN
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
𝑖 𝑖=0
+ +
𝑣=0 𝑅=0 𝒗 𝟎 𝒗 𝒗 𝑣 𝑅=∞
𝑹= = =𝟎 𝑹= = =∞
𝒊 𝒊 𝒊 𝟎 -
-
𝑅 = 0 (zero) 𝑅 = ∞ (Infinite)
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance An open circuit is a circuit element with
approaching zero. resistance approaching infinity.
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 6
CONDUCTANCE
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current; it is the
reciprocal of resistance and is measured in mhos or siemens (S)
1 𝑖
𝐺= =
𝑅 𝑣
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 7
POWER IN RESISTOR
The power dissipate by a
resistor
𝑣 𝑣2
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑝 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑖 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 𝑝=𝑣 =
𝑅 𝑅
+ 𝑣 -
Always positive
𝑖
Always absorbs power
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 8
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
The direction of current 𝑖 and the polarity of voltage 𝑣 must
conform with the passive sign convention
This implies that current flows from higher
potential in order for 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅
If current flows from a lower potential to a higher
potential, 𝑣 = −𝑖𝑅
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 9
OHM’S LAW FORMULA WHEEL
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 10
EXAMPLE 2-1
An electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find its resistance
From Ohm’s law,
𝑣 120 𝑉
𝑅= = = 60 Ω
𝑖 2𝐴
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 11
EXAMPLE 2-2
Calculate the current 𝑖, and the power, 𝑝.
The voltage across the resistor is the same as the
source voltage (30 V) because the resistor and the
voltage source are connected to the same pair of
terminals
𝑣 30
Current, 𝑖 = = = 6 𝑚𝐴
𝑅 5×103
Power, 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 30 6 × 10−3 = 180 𝑚𝑊
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 12
CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 13
CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY
NODE 01 03 LOOP
BRANCH 02 04 MESH
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 14
NODE
Node
A point where two or more circuit
elements join
Essential node
A node where three or more circuit
elements join
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 15
BRANCH
Branch
A path that connect two nodes
Essential Branch
Path which connect two essential
nodes without passing through an
essential node
Path: A trace of adjoining basic elements with no elements included more than once
Planar circuit: A circuit that can be drawn on a plane with no crossing branches.
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 16
LOOP
Loop
A path whose last node is the
same as starting node
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 17
MESH
Mesh
A loop that does not enclose
any other loops
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 18
CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY
EXAMPLE
Identify the number of branches, nodes, and loops.
5 3 4
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 19
EXAMPLE 2-2
Determine the number of branches and nodes.
Since there are four elements in the circuit, the
circuit has four branches: 10 V, 5 Ω, 6 Ω, and 2 A.
The circuit has three nodes
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 20
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
21
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze a large
variety of electric circuits.
Introduced by the German physicist Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff (1824 – 1887).
Based on the law of conservation of charge, which
requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a
system cannot change.
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
(1824 – 1887)
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 22
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Kirchhoff’s Current Law Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 23
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
“It states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a
node (or a closed boundary) is zero”
KCL is based on conservation of charge.
It can be expressed as:
𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 24
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
At any node of a circuit, the sum of the currents into the node is equal to
the sum of the currents out of the node.
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 25
EXAMPLE 2-3
Determine the current 𝐼 for the circuit shown in the figure below.
-3 A 𝐼 + 4𝐴 = 2𝐴 + (−3𝐴)
𝐼 = −5𝐴
2A 4A
𝐼
We can consider the
whole enclosed area This indicates that the actual current for I is
as one “node”. flowing in the opposite direction.
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 26
EXAMPLE 2-4
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 27
EXERCISE 2-1
Write KCL Equation at each node
Node 1: 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑎
1
Node 2: 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = 𝑖3
2
Node 3: 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖𝑏
3 Node 4: 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖3 = 𝑖𝑐
4
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 28
EXERCISE 2-2
Write KCL Equation at each node
Node A: 𝑖1 = 6 𝐴 + 1 𝐴
Node B: 6 𝐴 = 𝑖2 + 7 𝐴
Node C: 7 𝐴 = 2 𝐴 + 𝑖3
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 29
EXERCISE 2-3
Write KCL Equation at each node
Node a: 𝑖2 + 𝑖5 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖4
Node b: 𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
Node c: 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑏
Node d: 0 = 𝑖5 + 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 30
EXERCISE 2-4
Write KCL Equation at each node
Node a: 𝑖2 + 𝑖5 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖4
Node b: 𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
Node c: 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑏
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 31
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
(KVL)
“It states that the algebraic sum of voltage
around a closed path (or loop) is zero”
KVL is based on conservation of charge.
It can be expressed as:
𝑣𝑚 = 0
𝑚=1
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 32
EXAMPLE 2-5
33
EXAMPLE 2-6
Applying the KVL equation and find 𝐼 for the
circuit.
−𝑉𝑎 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 0
𝑉𝑎 + 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑏 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3 = 0
𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐼 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏
𝐼=
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 34
EXERCISE 2-5
Find the unknown voltage.
−32 + 4𝑖 − −8 + 2𝑖 = 0
−24 + 6𝑖 = 0
6𝑖 = 24
𝑖 𝑖 =4A
𝑣1 = 4 𝑖 = 4 4 = 16 𝑉
𝑣2 = 2 −𝑖 = 2 −4 = −8 𝑉
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 35
EXERCISE 2-6
Find the unknown voltage. Loop 1: −𝑉1 + 1 + 5 = 0
𝑉1 = 6 V
Loop 2: −5 + 2 + 𝑉2 = 0
𝑉2 = 3 𝑉
1 2
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 36
EXERCISE 2-7
Loop 3: −𝑣3 + 10 = 0
Find the unknown voltage. 𝑣3 = 10 𝑉
Loop 2: 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 12 = 0
1 𝑣2 + 10 + 12 = 0
3 𝑣2 = −22 𝑉
2
Loop 1: −24 + 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 0
−24 + 𝑣1 + (−22) = 0
−𝑣1 = 46 𝑉
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 37
EXERCISE 2-8
Find the unknown voltage.
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 38
EXERCISE 2-9
Find the unknown voltage.
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 39
SERIES RESISTOR
&
VOLTAGE DIVISION
40
SERIES RESISTOR
Series: Provides only one path for current between two points so that the current is the
same through each series resistor.
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in a series is the sum
of the individual resistances
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝑵 𝑹𝒏
for n resistors in series: 𝒏=𝟏
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 41
VOLTAGE DIVISION
𝑉𝑅1 = ? KVL:
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖𝑅1 + 𝑖𝑅2
𝑉𝑠
𝑖=
𝒊 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Ohm’s Law
𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑖𝑅1
Bypass the calculation of current
𝑅1
𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑉𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 42
EXAMPLE 2-7
Try for 𝑉𝑅1 = ? KVL:
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖𝑅1 + 𝑖𝑅2
𝑉𝑠
𝒊 𝑖=
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Ohm’s Law
𝑉𝑅2 = 𝑖𝑅2
Bypass the calculation of current
𝑅2
𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑉𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 43
EXERCISE 2-10
𝑉𝐵𝐴 ?=
1.0
k
A
2.2
8V
k
3.3
k B
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 44
SERIES RESISTOR & VOLTAGE
DIVISION
If R 2 is replaced with open circuit, the resistance would be
i R1 R2 i=0 R1 R=
+ v1 − + v2 −
+ v1 − + v2 −
v v
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑉1 = 𝑉 𝑉1 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + ∞
𝑉1 = 0
𝑅2 ∞
𝑉2 = 𝑉 𝑉2 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + ∞
𝑉2 = 𝑉 Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 45
PARALLEL RESISTOR
&
CURRENT DIVISION
46
PARALLEL RESISTOR
Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two
nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.
The equivalent resistance (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) of a circuit with N resistors in parallel is
1 1 1 1 −1
= + + ⋯+ 1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑁 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = + + ⋯+
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑁
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 47
PARALLEL RESISTOR & CURRENT
DIVISION
When resistors are in parallel, the voltage drop
across them is the same
𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑅1 = 𝑖2 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑞 =𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝒊𝟐 =?
Ohm’s Law
𝑣 𝑅1
𝑖2 = 𝑖2 = 𝑖
𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 48
PARALLEL RESISTOR & CURRENT
DIVISION
When resistors are in parallel, the voltage drop
across them is the same
𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑅1 = 𝑖2 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅𝑒𝑞 =𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝒊𝟏 =?
Ohm’s Law
𝑣 𝑅2
𝑖1 = 𝑖1 = 𝑖
𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 49
PARALLEL RESISTOR & CURRENT
DIVISION
The equivalent conductance of a circuit with N
resistors in parallel is: 𝑮𝒆𝒒 = 𝑮𝟏 + 𝑮𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑮𝑵
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏
𝒊𝟏 = 𝒊 𝒊𝟐 = 𝒊
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑮𝟏 𝑮𝟐
𝒊𝟏 = 𝒊 𝒊𝟐 = 𝒊
𝑮𝟏 + 𝑮 𝟐 𝑮𝟏 + 𝑮𝟐
𝑮𝑵
𝒊𝑵 = 𝒊
𝑮𝟏 + 𝑮 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑮𝑵
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 50
PARALLEL RESISTOR & CURRENT
DIVISION
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑖2 = 𝑖 𝑖2 = 𝑖 𝑖2 = 𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 0
𝑅2 0
𝑖1 = 𝑖 𝑖1 = 𝑖 𝑖1 = 0
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 0
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 51
PARALLEL RESISTOR & CURRENT
DIVISION
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑖2 = 𝑖 𝑖2 = 𝑖 𝑖2 = 0
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + ∞
𝑅2 ∞
𝑖1 = 𝑖 𝑖1 = 𝑖 𝑖1 = 𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + ∞
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 52
EXAMPLE 2-8
Find 𝑅𝑒𝑞
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 53
EXCERCISE 2-11
Find 𝑅𝑒𝑞
A21EE0081
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 54
EXCERCISE 2-12
Find 𝑅𝑒𝑞
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 55
EXCERCISE 2-13
Find 𝑅𝑒𝑞
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 56
EXAMPLE 2-9
Find 𝑅𝑒𝑞
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 57
EXCERCISE 2-14
Find 𝑅𝑒𝑞
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 58
EXCERCISE 2-15
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 59
SERIES & PARALLEL
RESISTOR
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 60
EXCERCISE 2-16
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 61
EXCERCISE 2-17
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 62
EXCERCISE 2-18
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 63
EXCERCISE 2-19
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 64
EXCERCISE 2-19
Noorhazirah Sunar
SKEE 1013 65
THANK YOU Any questions?
You can find me at:
✓ noorhazirah@[Link]
✓ +6012 740 5625
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