LESSON 5 - Farm Waste Management and Actual Performance of Basket

Composting and Foliar Fertilizer Fermentation

Unlocking Content Vocabulary

Can somebody from the class define what is WASTE MANAGEMENT in your own words and
understanding?

●Aerobic Composting – decomposing of organic materials using microorganisms that require oxygen. It
requires the introduction of oxygen to the compost pile to allow aerobic microbes to thrive. Aerobic
composting needs to be turned very few days to allow for proper air circulation. This composting
process is best used outside and can be used with a large amount of materials.
●Agricultural Waste - is unwanted or unsalable materials produced wholly from agricultural operations
directly related to the growing of crops or raising of animals for the primary purpose of making a profit or
for a livelihood.
●Anaerobic Composting – decomposes waste without oxygen. Organic materials are piled up and
breakdown naturally. This process does not need any type of maintenance and do not need to be turned.
●Compost – is used to improve the soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, agriculture and
organic farming.
●Composting - the natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a
valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants.
●Waste - is any substance which is discarded after primary use or in other words, there is no further use for
the product. We generate a huge amount of wastes in our everyday life.
●Waste Management - refers to the various ways of managing and disposing of wastes. It can be by
discarding, destroying, processing, recycling, reusing, or controlling wastes.
●Waste Processing – is a way of applying operations using facilities on how to change solid wastes into
chemical, physical, or biological properties to make it easier to dispose of, recover a resource, or transfer
solid waste materials.
Farm Waste Processing
Six basic functions of waste management system’s.
1. Production - is the function of the amount and nature of agricultural waste generated by an agricultural
enterprise. The waste requires management if the quantity produced is sufficient enough to become a
resource concern. A complete analysis of production includes the kind, consistency, volume, location, and
timing of the waste produced.
2. Collection - refers to the initial capture and gathering of the waste from the point of origin or deposition
to a collection point. The method of collection, location of the collection points, scheduling of the collection,
labor requirements, necessary equipment or structural facilities, management and installation costs of the
components, and the impact that collection has on the consistency of the waste should be identified.
3. Transfer - refers to the movement and transportation of the waste throughout the system. It includes the
transfer of the waste from the collection point to the storage facility, to the treatment facility, and to the
utilization site.
4. Storage - is the temporary containment of the waste. The storage facility of a waste management system
is the tool that gives the manager control over the scheduling and timing of the system functions.
5. Treatment - is another function designed to reduce the pollution potential or modify the physical
characteristics of the waste, such as moisture and total solid (TS) content, to facilitate more efficient and
effective handling. Manure treatment is comprised of physical, biological, and chemical unit processes. It
also includes activities that are sometimes considered pretreatment, such as the separation of solids.
6. Utilization - Utilization includes reusing and/or recycling of waste products. Agricultural wastes may be
used as a source of energy, bedding, mulch, organic matter, or plant nutrients. When properly treated, they
can be marketable.

Lesson Activity
Students are going to watch videos on how to properly managed agricultural wastes. IGESjapan. (2018, July).
Developing a Waste Management Strategy: Transforming Waste from Problem to Resource [Video]. YouTube.
[Link] (23 min.)

Types of Wastes
Worked Sample: Agricultural wastes are various wastes produced in the agricultural field.
Example: cattle waste, weed, husk, etc.
Different Types of Waste
1. Liquid Waste - is commonly found in households as well as in industries. This waste includes dirty
water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.
2. Solid Rubbish - Solid rubbish can include various items found in your household, along with commercial
and industrial locations. Solid rubbish is commonly broken down into the following types:
a. Plastic waste – consists of plastic bags, containers, jars, bottles and other
products that can be found at home. Plastic is not biodegradable, other types of plastic can be recycled. Take
note that plastic should not be mixed in with your regular waste; it should be sorted and placed in your
recycling bin.
b. Paper/card waste – includes packaging materials, old newspapers, used cardboard and other products.
Paper can easily be recycled and reused, so place them in your recycling bin and think of the best way how
you can use those as your materials in creating something saleable out of it.
c. Tins and metals – can be found in various forms throughout your home. Most metals can be recycled. It
can be recycled and used in making some display materials at home like creating flower vase, small
lampshade etc.
d. Ceramics and glass – These items can easily be recycled. Look for special glass and bottles and can
create them into something useful like sugar, coffee, and cream containers.
3. Organic Waste - Organic waste is another common household. All food waste, garden waste, manure and
rotten meat are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic waste is turned into manure by
microorganisms.
4. Recyclable Rubbish - Recyclable rubbish includes all waste items that can be converted into products
that can be used again. Solid items such as paper, metals, furniture and organic waste can all be recycled.
5. Hazardous waste includes all types of flammables, toxic, corrosive and reactive rubbish. It also includes
radioactive waste and chemical wastes. Example: paints, batteries, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, pesticides,
weed killers, gas bottles, chemical fertilizers, etc.
6. Industrial waste- Industrial waste is any type of waste that is produced by an industrial process. This can
include manufacturing, construction and mining processes. This is a broad category that can include
anything from asbestos and clinical waste to oil and chemicals.

How to Make Basket Composting at Home or in School

Materials Needed for Basket Composting:
● Used plastic water container (removed upper part of it by cutting using a cutter or pair of scissors).
● Prepare dried leaves taken from your backyard.
● Rotten produce, like vegetables and fruit peeling
● Eggshells
● Soil
● Water
● Hand trowel
● Disposable hand gloves

Procedures in Making Basket Compost:

1. Prepare all the materials needed for basket composting.
2. Separate dried leaves, peeling of fruits and rotten produce.
3. In a plastic container put some soil in the bottom part of it.
4. Add rotten produce like dried leaves, fruit peeling, eggshells and rotten vegetables and pile it as the next
layer. Alternately add the soil and the prepared rotten produce until it reaches the top part of the plastic
container.
5. And water the compost pile placed in the water container, wait until the piled compost decomposed.

How to make Fermented Foliar Fertilizer

Materials needed in making a fermented foliar fertilizer
• 1 ripe banana (lakatan)
• 1 apple
• few pieces of grapes (optional)
• ¼ kilos or 250 grams brown sugar
• 1 spoon for mixing the mixtures
• Plastic container with cover
• Clean chopping board
• Knife
Procedures in Making a Fermented Foliar Fertilizer
1. Prepare all the needed ingredients, materials and tools in making a foliar fertilizer.
2. On a clean chopping board, slice the banana and apple approximately1/8”combine and weight at 250
grams.
3. Put in a clean plastic container the 1st mixture and add ¼ kilo or 250 grams of brown sugar. Combine 1st
mixtures and sugar, must be 1:1 ratio, mix thoroughly, repeat mixing the 1st combined mixtures with sugar
several times until it blends well.
4. Once the combined mixtures are already thickened and blends well. Seal it with a tightly closed container
and do not forget to indicate the date when you actually prepared the sliced fruits and sugar, so that you will
be able to determine when it will achieve 7 days or weeklong fermentation required days.
5. After 7 days of fermentation, you can now check if it resulted well and ready to be used as organic
fertilizer to your flowering plants or other form of plants or crops.
6. To check, you open the container then, sift the juice that was formed from the fermented mixtures.
7. You can now make a mixture for spraying it on the plants (1 tsp. of fermented fruit juice foliar fertilizer
plus 100ml. clean water. Then shake the mixture that was placed in a bottle sprayer.
8. You can now spray it on the plant, use it as an organic fertilizer that will help your plants develop and
grow healthy.
9. Monitor and document if the plants you were able to apply foliar fertilizer developed and grow
successfully (by taking pictures with corresponding dates on your recorded documentation as a proof).
10. Show and report to your teacher the results of your outputs through submitting your portfolio of
documentation with narratives as your proofs for proper rating.
 LESSON 6 - Breeds of Farm Animals: Chicken, Duck, and Quail

1. Who among you have domesticated animals at home? in the farm?

2. Can you cite examples of farm animals?
3. Do you know the breed of your farm animals?
4. Why do we need to know and to have various breeds of farm animals?

Unlocking Content Area Vocabulary

• Livestock- These are various domesticated farm animals raised to provide employment and produce
various products for human consumption.
• Breeds- These are specific groups of domestic animals having similar appearance and characteristics
distinct from other animals of the same species.
• Breeding- It is a science of producing another species of livestock through inbreeding, line breeding,
outbreeding, outcrossing, grading up, cross breeding, and species hybridization.

Different Breeds of Farm Animals

Watch a video clip on the different breeds of farm animals such as chicken, duck, and quail. After which,
answer the questions that follow.

 Top 15 Best Duck Breeds for Eggs Agronomag. (2023, May). The 15 Best Duck Breeds for Eggs
[Video]. YouTube. [Link] W3mw97MpVhU

 Top 16 Pure breed Chicken Profitable Agribusiness Ideas. (2021, January). Top 16 Best
Pure Breed Chickens in the World for Free Range Farming | Gives 150 - 320 Eggs per Year
[Video]. YouTube. [Link] 3lt0yOpGvI

 Types of Quails around the world GaMz TV. (2020, August). Types of Quails Around the
World [Video]. YouTube. [Link]

Guide Questions
What are the different breeds of farm animals shown in the video? Identify at least five of each
type of farm animals and list their distinct characteristics. Use the activity sheet below.
 Chicken
Name Characteristics

Duck
Name Characteristics

Quail
Name Characteristics

Reading Resources
Breeds are a specific group of domestic animals having similar appearance and characteristics that
differentiate from the other animals of the same species. To improve the livestock or farm animals, several
systems of breeding are being done. This includes inbreeding, line breeding, outbreeding, outcrossing,
grading up, cross breeding, and species hybridization.
The different breeds of domesticated farm animals known as livestock are raised in order to provide
employment and produce different forms of products for human consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur,
leather, and wool.
In this lesson, livestock to be covered are: chicken, duck and quail.
Chicken
Breed Characteristics
Leghorn is also known as Livorno or Livornese,
originated in central Italy. It has ten color
varieties, the American white, the English white,
old type and modern type. It gives a weight range
of 2.4-2.7kg for male and 2-2.3 kg for hens. It is a
good layer of white eggs, averaging 280 eggs per year.
Breed Characteristics
Ancona is originated in Marches, Italy but was
bred mainly in the United Kingdom. It is typically
Mediterranean breed, rustic, lively and hardy. It
ranges widely and takes flight easily. It weighs 2.5-
2.8kg for males and 1.8-2.1kg for hens. It is a good
layer of white eggs, averaging 220 per year.

Sussex is a British breed of dual-purpose chicken

(meat and eggs). It has eight colors recognized. It
is graceful with a long, broad, flat back, and
straight breastbone. Hens lay some 180-220 eggs
per year and each egg weighs about 60g.

Cornish is called Indian game chicken. It was

developed in England. It is a hefty bird closely-knit
feather. They have piercings that appear to be mad. It
can weigh around 9 lbs. It is reared for meat
production.

Australop is a breed of Australian origin. It is

developed from egg laying. It can lay more than
300 eggs per year. It is both bantam and standard-sized.

New Hampshire or New Hampshire Red is an

American breed of chicken. It is developed through
selective breeding of Rhode Island Red
It is fast-growing, early-maturing. Mature birds are
light or medium in red color. Males weigh about 3.9kg
while hens approximately 3kg. It is bred suitable for
production of both meat and eggs.
Plymouth Rock is an American breed of domestic
chicken. It is a dual-purpose bird, reared for its
brown eggs and meat. It is resistant to cold, easy
to manage, and a good sitter. It can lay about 200
eggs per year.
Rhode Island Red is an American breed of
domestic chicken. It is crossbreed between Malay
and brown Leghorn from Italy. It is reared for its
dual purpose, meat and eggs. It is distinct with a
rose-comb, reddish horn color, reddish bay and
yellow feet and legs.
Cochin is derived from a large feather-legged breed
brought from China to Europe and North America. It is
distinct from excessive plumage that covers leg and
foot. It is principally intended for exhibition. It is a
good layer of large tinted eggs. It is a good sitter and a
good mother.
 Breed Characteristics
Brahma is an American breed of
chicken principally for meat. It has three
color varieties recognized: light, dark,
and buff. It is a good winter layer of
large brown eggs which weigh
approximately 55-60g.

Duck
Breed Characteristics
Native or Pateros duck is small
compared to the
imported breeds. Its common color is
white, black
or gray. It often lays eggs but non-sitters.
Muscovy duck is otherwise known as
Duck real
or bibe. It has a high quality of meat of
this kind
of breed.
Peking duck is always characterized by
the erect neck. In 2-3 months, this breed
can be sold because its meat is of high
quality.

Khaki Campbell is well adapted on the

soil. It can lay eggs easily. It can lay as
many as 300 eggs in one year.

Quail
Breed Characteristics
Tuxedo quail is black and white patches
on its head and body.

Black-breasted Quail is black or gray in

color.
 Breed Characteristics

Silver is white in color but its eyes is

black.

Native is found in the forest and

meadow.

Japanese Seattle has an American breed

with rustic and maroon color below its
head.

Japanese Taiwan is well known as

Chinese quail. The female's body is black
and patches of white. The male has red
feathers.

LESSON 7 - Breeds of Farm Animals: Cattle, Swine, Goat, and Rabbit

Unlocking Content Area Vocabulary
• Livestock- These are various domesticated farm animals raised to provide employment and produce
various products for human consumption.
• Breeds- These are specific groups of domestic animals having similar appearance and characteristics
distinct from other animals of the same species.
• Breeding- It is a science of producing another species of livestock through inbreeding, line breeding,
outbreeding, outcrossing, grading up, cross breeding, and species hybridization.

Different Breeds of Farm Animals

Explicitation
Watch a video clip on the different breeds of farm animals such as cattle, swine, goat, and rabbit. After
which, answer the questions that follow.

Top 10 Cattle Beef Breeds Top 10 Dairy Cattle Breeds

Source: Source:
[Link] [Link]
Top 10 Pig Breeds in the Philippines Major Goat Breeds in the Philippines
Source: Source:
[Link] [Link]
Top 10 Highest Goat Meat Breeds in the World Top 5 Rabbit Breeds in the Philippines
Source: Source:
[Link] [Link]
Top 10 Biggest Rabbit Breed
Source:
[Link]

Guide Questions

What are the different breeds of farm animals shown in the video? Identify at least five of each type of
farm animals and list their distinct characteristics. Use the activity sheet below.

Reading Resources

Breeds are a specific group of domestic animals having similar appearance and characteristics that
differentiate from the other animals of the same species. To improve the livestock or farm animals, several
systems of breeding are being done. This includes inbreeding, line breeding, outbreeding, outcrossing,
grading up, cross breeding, and species hybridization.
The different breeds of domesticated farm animals known as livestock are raised in order to provide
employment and produce different forms of products for human consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur,
leather, and wool. In this lesson, livestock to be covered are: cattle, swine, goat, and rabbit.
Cattle
Breed Characteristics
Freisian is the world’s highest production of dairy
animals. The mature body weight of male is 580 kg
while females are 360 kg. There are black and white
distinct patches on their skin. Though it has high
milk production, it has a low fat content of 3.4%.
 Breed Characteristics
Ayrshire is distinct from its red or brown color with
varying amounts of white. It has large horns with an
upward curve. The matured body weight of the male
breed is 900 kg while 600 kg for female. It is also
good for the production of milk. It has moderate fat
content of 4% though it contains high protein.
Jersey is a small breed of dairy cattle. Its body
weight ranges from 400-500 kg. Its body color is
fawn or light brown. It is estimated that the fat
content of its body is 4.8%

Hereford is first introduced in the United States. It

is noted for its luxuriant grasses. It is bred for beef
and draft purposes. The characteristic color is read
with a white face and white markings.

Devon originated in England. It has a red color. In

good working condition, the mature bull weighs 770
to 1000 kg.

Black Angus is developed from cattle native to

Scotland. It is a naturally polled horn. Its body
color is solid black or red. Some are white color.
This is the most common beef breed of cattle.

Simmental is originally found in Switzerland. It is a

red and white and horned breed. It is extensively
used for crossbreeding.

Swine
Breed Characteristic
American Yorkshire is an American breed of large
domestic pig. It is derived from the pigs of Yorkshire
breed from the United Kingdom or Canada. This is a
bacon breed type. It is the most widely distributed
breed of pigs in the world.
Berkshire is originated in the United Kingdom. It
has a short head, curved face, and erected ears. It
can have as many as 9 litters. Its meat is pork.

Chester White is originated in Chester Country,

Pennsylvania. It is white swine with droopy,
mediumsized ears. It is known for its good
mothering ability, durability, and soundness.
 Breed Characteristics
Duroc Jersey is originated in the United States of
America. It is a good meat type because it has good
muscle quality, low back fat. However, it has a poor
mothering ability though it can have litters ranging
from 9-10.
Hampshire is known for its black color with a white
belt that covers across the front legs around its body.
It has erect ears, a heavily muscled, lean meat
breed.
Poland China is an excellent feeder and gains
readily under good conditions of care and
management. It is known for having a very
substantial bone and for being sound in its feet and
legs.

Landrace is originated in Denmark. It has a droopy

ear. Its meat can be a good source of bacon and less
black fat. It is considered to have the characteristics
of a good mother because it can have litter as much
as 11.

Middle White is native to the United Kingdom. It

has a short nose suited for grazing. Its meat has an
outstanding eating quality with a good taste and
flavor.

Large Black is a large swine breed which originated

in Britain. It is entirely black in color. It can be
considered as a grazing breed because of its foraging
ability. It can be useful for extensive farming.

Wild Boar is very small in size but a ferocious and

devastating breed. It has high genetic potential. The
fat content is less compared to other breeds.

Goat
Breed Characteristics
Angora is a Turkish breed of domesticated goat.
Mohair is the lustrous fiber it produces. It is a
moderately small goat, slender, elegant, and light-
framed. In other parts of the world, it is reared for
human consumption.
 Breed Characteristics
Spanish Boer is a breed intended for meat production. It is
highly resistant to diseases and can adapt well to hot, dry semi-
desert. It has white body and distinctive brown/black heads. It
has the tendency to gain weight rapidly and develop heavy
muscle.
Kiko is a breed of meat goat originated in New Zealand. It is a
cross-bred of Anglo-Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg breeds.

Nubian is a British breed of domestic goat. It is a cross-breed

between native British goats and a mix of large lop-eared goats
imported from India, Middle East, and North Africa. It is
characterized by large, pendulous ears and a convex profile.
LaMancha is an American breed of dairy good known for its
much-reduced external ears. It has a short and glossy coat with
numerous color variations and patterns. It is considered a docile
breed and is an excellent producer of milk, high in fiber and
protein.
Alpine is a medium to large-sized breed of domestic goat. It is
known for its very good milking ability. They have no
markings, have horns, a straight profile and erect ears. It can
range from white or gray to brown to black. Mature does weigh
around 61 kg and 76 cm tall at the shoulder.
Saanen is distinct in its white or cream body color. It is easy to
manage and performs best in cooler conditions. It is the largest
milk producer of goat breeds.

Nigerian Dwarf is taken from its origin, Nigeria. It is small but

well-proportioned. It may be horned or hornless. Its common
colors are gold, chocolate, and black with white markings. Its
average weight is 35kg white maximum height is 60 cm.
Jamnapari is originated in the Indian subcontinent. This is
intended for both milk and meat. Its coat color is white with
patches of tan on the neck and head. The mature body weight of
male is 65-90 kg while female is 40-60kg.

Rabbit
Breed Characteristics
Belgian Red is a fancy breed of domestic rabbit. It is
selectively bred that resemble the wild European
hare. Its weight averaged 2.7-4.1 kg. It is known for
its slender and wiry frame and its long and powerful
legs.
Californian White is originally developed for fur
and meat. It is recognized for its color variety of
white with dark points. Its weight ranges from 3.4 to
4.3kg. It has dense, plush coats.
 Breed Characteristics
Flemish giant is the largest breed of domestic rabbit.
It is historically bred for their fur and meat. It is
often kept as pets known for being docile and patient
when being handled.
Red (white) New Zealand is originated in America
but possibly imported from New Zealand. Its weight
averaging 4.5-5.4kg with the does being slightly
larger than bucks. It is bred for meat, pelts, show,
and laboratory uses.
Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit.
It is bred for the long fibers of coat, known as
Angora wool.

LESSON 8 - Poultry and livestock materials, tools and equipment and their
uses based on industry standards

Unlocking Content Vocabulary

• Animal Housing – any kind of shelter provided to animals for physiological security and protection.
• Feeding Trough – it is a place or receptacle where animals are fed to avoid food wastage.
• Livestock – farm animals like hogs, cattle, goats and rabbits that reproduce under man’s care.
• Poultry – a term used for all feathered animals that provides other way of income generating project for
families.
• Waterer – is a receptacle where water is placed for easy drinking access to farm animals.
Explicitation
Watch video/s related to Poultry housing and other materials and equipment needed in poultry raising
business.
[Link] (10 min.).
Worked Example
• What have you learned from the videos you just watched a while ago?
• What are the different materials and equipment needed in Poultry rising that you saw from the videos we
watched?

Poultry Housing and Materials

1. Poultry Housing – is a shelter provided to feathered animals to protect
them from the harsh environmental climatic conditions that can affect
chicken's growth, performance and productivity.
Types of Poultry Houses:
⮚ The free-range or extensive poultry house system- is the oldest type of
poultry housing where a small number of birds/chickens are reared. (10-12 birds
per family of farmers). Freerange poultry housing requires less capital
investment to construct.
⮚Semi-intensive poultry housing – it is common type of housing among
small-scale poultry farmers. This system of poultry rearing is partly free-
range and partly intensive. It is a more economical use of land in
comparison to the free-range system.
⮚ Folding units housing – this type of housing system, poultry rearing is
the same as that of a semi-intensive system. Here, a poultry house followed
by a run where the whole area of the run is enclosed by wire nettings and the
space requirement is less and the total poultry unit can be shifted from one
place to another. You will spend less in feeding the birds as they pick most
of their food from the range.
⮚ Intensive system housing -it is the most efficient, convenient, and economical system for modern poultry
production with huge numbers. Commercial poultry is applied in this poultry housing system.
Types of Intensive poultry housing:
• Deep litter system – it is widely used by successful poultry raisers.
Known for other terms as chicken coop. The floor of the chicken house
with beddings or good litter materials. A good litter material for your
poultry farm could be straw, sawdust or leaves to the depth of 2-3 inches.
There is easy access to feed, water, and egg collection.
• Slatted or Wire floor poultry system - poultry house can be constructed
on treated wooden piers 0.8 to 1m above the ground. This system allows a
lot of ventilation into the house and is easy for removing chicken droppings.
It is easy to collect manure as the chicken droppings pass through the
openings on the wire floor. The chicken house is cleaner with better
sanitation.
• Slat Floor Cum Litter System – combines both the features and
advantages of the slat system with that of the deep litter system. It has slats
on either side of the house against each side wall leaving the central portion
for the littered floor. The water and feeding trough for this system are placed
on the slatted area so that wastes can drop to the floor through the slots. It
also has drinkers and feeders in the litter area. This housing system is
actually good if you are producing broilers or going into the production of eggs for hatching.
• Multi-tier Housing System or Aviaries – it is considered the best non-
cage alternative to cage systems for large-scale egg production. This is
because it allows the housing of large flocks, ensuring excellent production
results and low mortality. The spacious character of the aviary provides
living space at several levels. Approximately 18 hens per square meters
can be stock on the flour surface.
• Cage or Battery housing system – it is the latest system of poultry
rearing. The breadth and height of the cage are 1 foot and 1% foot
respectively; and the length depends on the number of birds to be kept in
the cage. However, it is better not to keep more than 10-12 birds per
cage. The birds are confined in a cage just large enough to permit
limited movement and allow them to stand and sit comfortably. Feeder
and waterer are found outside the cage. There is less cracking of eggs in
this system as the birds cannot perk on the eggs. It is easy to collect eggs in this method.
2. Perches – are horizontal and vertical poles installed as a
resting place for poultry animals. It should be provided,
especially during summer to keep animals cool and
comfortable.

3. Feeding Trough – is a long narrow container made of plastic or

metal used to hold food for farm animals.

[Link]/drinking trough - is a man-made or natural receptacle

intended to provide drinking water for poultry animals.

5. Dropping board - the area found below the roost bar in a

chicken coop. It helps by collecting the manure and keeping it
contained so that it is easy to remove after a chicken has shed its
droppings.

6. Chick Brooder – equipment used to provide warmth and light to rear the
baby chicks during the first few weeks of life.

7. Poultry transport crates/cages - suitable for transporting a range of poultry

and is ideal for use in both commercial and small-scale operations. It is easy to
clean and maintain, making it a cost-effective and practical choice for poultry
farmers and transporters.

8. Nests - usually more or less circular structure of twigs, grass, mud, etc.,
formed by a bird, often high in a tree, as a protected place in which to lay
and incubate its eggs and rear its young.

Livestock Materials and Equipment

Worked Example
Watch videos on animal production: Farm tools and Equipment.
[Link] (8.24 min.)

Cattle Housing – living space or house for cattle. It must provide a

comfortable, clean, well-drained and dry lying area together with
shelter from adverse weather, space to allow the animal to move,
lie down and rise freely as well as access to adequate food and
water.
Feeding trough for the cattle - a long narrow shallow receptacle
(usually in a barn or stable) from which cattle or horses feed.

Drinking trough – a well-built trough where fresh and clean supply

of water for cattle animals is placed for easy drinking. This can be
made from a wood, galvanized iron or cement materials.

Shades or sheds - is a place for the cows to relax and sleep during the night.
Each cow has their own place in the resting area, called cubicle. The cubicles
must be covered with a roof made of iron sheets (Mabati), or grass that called
makuti.

Portable loading chute – ls a loading chute is an optional trailer that is used

to transport animals.
The loading chute should be located directly off the crowding pen, allowing
easy movement of cattle.

Materials and Equipment for Hog/Swine Raising

Worked Example
Watch videos on Hog/swine raising
[Link] (15.58 min.)

Swine housing - designed to protect pigs and give them the most ideal
environment for growth and production.

Pig Feeding trough - disc-shaped feeder trough can be positioned in the center
of the pig barns, so that pigs can take feed from all directions.

Swine waterer - modern piped water systems within buildings on pig farms provide
pigs with continuous access to drinking water, and on many farms are also used for
short periods to medicate growing pigs with antibiotics to help keep them
healthy and productive.

Hog wallow – adds comfort to the hogs during hot weather. If properly used this
may improve growth rate of growing swine.
 LESSON 9 - Feeding Management of Poultry and Livestock
& Housing Requirements for Poultry and Livestock

Unlocking Content Area Vocabulary

• Feed is any materials which are processed, semi-processed or raw, intended to be fed directly to farm
animals in order to meet nutrient requirements.
• Feed additive refers to an ingredient/s added to the basic mixed feed.
• Feed ingredient is a component part of mixture making up a feed, has or has no nutritional value in the
animal’s diet. E.g. plant, animal or aquatic ingredient, or organic or inorganic substances.
• Feed supplement is a feed ingredients or mixture of feed ingredients to supply deficiencies in a ration or
improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total mixture.
• Broods refer to the young animals of birds, produced at one hatching such as duck, chicken, and quail.
Gestation is the process where in farm animals are conceived and developed in the womb. Parturition is
action of giving birth to offspring. Layering refers to chicken intended for laying eggs.

The students will benchmark various farms in relation to the housing

requirements of the farm animals.
Recommended cattle housing in Housing Management of Swine Design and Layout for Native
tropical countries [Link] Chickens
[Link] sUJKrTzU [Link]
EL-zUxRXs Sfg771cmq0

Modern Goat House Design Quail Farming

[Link] [Link]

Reading Resources

Agricultural Structures: Housing for Livestock

Location. According to the Philippine Agricultural
Engineering Standard, the shelter for goat and
sheep should conform to the land use plan of the
area, should be accessible to service roads, water
supply, and electric line, should be well-drained
and well-ventilated, should be constructed in an
east-west orientation, and should be situated where
the prevailing winds will not carry odors to the farm
house.

Type of Housing
Shed Type The animals can move freely in and out of the
housing area and paddock. Feeding and
watering trough, mineral feeders and grain
bunks are located on concrete pads at the
center or along the side of the shed.
Front View Side view
Pen-barn type: Stall barns Each animal is confined in a stall. Each stall is
provided with individual feeding and watering
trough.

Front view Side view

Confined Housing Group pens with the same sizes are
constructed with ample area for animals to
exercise. Bamboo or wooden slats serve as
fence of the feeding trough to prevent the
animals from stepping or trampling the
Front view Side view grasses. Water devices should be strategized
placed in a certain area.
Space Requirement
Minimum floor space requirements for goats and sheep for intensive
production.
 6 birds/m2, not more than 5 birds per nest hole, 31 cm aerial perch space per
Native chicken
hen
Feeding Management of Poultry and Livestock

Worked Example
Watch video clips on the diet formulation and nutrition and feeding management of the livestock and list
down the diet formulation, nutrition, and feeding management of the livestock and will answer the guide
questions.
• Diet Formulation and Nutrition of Cattles
[Link]
• Secret Formulation of Grower Feed for Pigs in Palban's Farm
[Link]
• Goat Proper Feeding and Nutrition
[Link]
• Feed Formulation for Chicken
[Link]
• Low cost 100kg Quail Feed Formulation
[Link]
Guide Questions:
1. What are the diet formulation and nutrition, and feeding management of the livestock?
2. How do the farm owners manage the feeding of the different livestock?
Reading Resources
Feed is any materials which are processed, semi-processed or raw, intended to be fed directly to farm
animals. In this way, they meet nutrient requirements to maintain life, promote growth, production and
reproduction.
Feed additive refers to an ingredient/s added to the basic mixed feed. It is usually used in micro-quantities
and requires careful handling and mixing. It has no nutritive value but adds quality and efficacy.
Feed ingredient is a component part of mixture making up a feed, has or ha no nutritional value in the
animal’s diet. E.g. plant, animal or aquatic ingredient, or organic or inorganic substances.
Feed supplement is a feed ingredients or mixture of feed ingredients to supply deficiencies in a ration or
improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total mixture.
The commonly used feed ingredients that are good sources of energy include banana meal (peeled or
unpeeled), barley (hulled), cassava (peeled or unpeeled), corn, oats, rice (middling paddy) sorghum, cane
sugar, and wheat. The good sources of protein are: blood meal/hemoglobin powder, egg (powder, whole,
spray dried), fish meal (imported and local), meat and bone meal, prok/porcine meal, hydrolyzed feather
meal, shrimp meal, squid meal, black bean, canola meal, Leucaena leaf meal (ipil-ipil), rapeseed meal,
soybean, cowpea, feed peas, green peas, lupins, maple peas, mung bean, pigeon pea (kadyos), rice bean,
safflower seed, sunflower seeds, vetch seeds, white/yellow peas, guar meal. Non-protein nitrogen sources
include urea, bakery by-products, cassava residue, dried spent Brewer’s grain, dried Brewer’s yeast, corn
bran, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, dried distillers grains with solubles, sugarcane molasses, palm
kernel meal, rice bran (D1 or D2), scrap noodles, soya hulls, wheat gluten, wheat pollard. Dairy products
include buttermilk powder, lactose powder, skimmed milk powder, whey powder, whole milk powder. Fats
and oils include acidulated oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, palm olein, soybean oil, tallow, used
cooking oil. Feed supplements and additives having calcium and phosphorus content are bone meal
dicalcium phosphate, monodicalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate. Feed
supplements containing calcium include limestone, oyster shell. Feed supplements containing sodium and
chlorine are salt, iodized salt, sodium bicarbonate. Amino acid supplements are DI-methionine, methionine
hydroxyl analogue (MHA), L-lysine HCl, lysine sulfate, L-thereonine, L-tryptophan, L-valine. Feed
additives include acidifying agents, anti-caking agents, anti-molds, antioxidants, dextrose anhydrous,
dextrose anhydrous, enzymes, flavoring sweeteners, hormones, immune enhancers, nutritional metabolites,
pellet binders, pigmenters, prebiorics, probiotics, surfactants, mycotoxin binders. Safety precautionary
measures should be done in handling feeds, feed ingredients, and feed additives to avoid biological and
chemical hazards. To make attractive profit and product good meat, consider the following variables: age,
sex, breed, and health condition of farm animals.

Feeding Facilities for Goats/Sheep

Feeding troughs should be trapezoidal or semicylindrical. It
should have a dept of 180mm-250 mm x 300mm. It shall be
raised off the ground at least 150mm to keep the animals. Hay
racks shall be diagonal or vertical slats with a minimum
spacing of 130mm. Hay racks shall be properly
positioned and designed to avoid risk of injury. The
following figures present the side view and front view of the feeding racks.
Front and side view Recommend linear feed space is shown on the
following table.

Animal Weight Feeding space(linear mm/animal)

Doe/Ewe 30 350
Doe/Ewe 50 400
Doe/Ewe 70 450
Kid/Lamb 250
Kid/Lamb 500

Water Facility
For open tank drinking system, 300 mm space is required for each 15-25 heads. For automatic watering
system, 1 bowl or nipple shall be provided for every 50 heads. The watering devices shall be situated where
water is easily drained. For free range, apron around the waterers shall be paved or packed with gravel at
least 750mm width.

Milking Area shall be separated from where the goats are kept and shall be
provided with milking stall. The milking stand is shown in the illustration.
Figure 3. Milking stand

Suggested flushing rations for ewe include good mixed of pasture of legumes and grasses, a grass pasture
and 150g of wheat bran per head per day, grass pasture and 250g of grains and 450g of oil cakes, legume
hay full fed and 100g of wheat bran and 150-200g of grain, and green fodder at 10% of body weight
and 150-200g of concentrate per head per day.
Suggested flushing ration for early and mid-pregnancy ewe include: graze on a good pasture, 1-2kg
sorghum silage and legume hay of ½ to 1kg head per day. Add libitum supply of maize and 50g of oil cakes
per head per day. Grazing on stubbles and harvested fields supplemented with 100g of oil cakes per head
per day.
Feeding rams for breeding. Rams in normal condition require some additional nutrients during the
breeding season. An over-fat ram needs thinning before the breeding season. Allow rams to graze with the
ewes to allow them to get same rations as the ewes. If separate feeding, it may be given 300-500g of
concentrate mixture consisting of three parts of oats or barley, one part maize and one part wheat per day.
Feeding of breeding does. If the availability of pasture is good, there is no need to supplement concentrate
mixture. In poor grazing condition animals may be supplemented with concentrate mixture at 150-350g of
concentrate per animal per day. The digestible crude protein level of concentrate mixture used in the adult is
12%.
Feeding management can be extensive grazing, rotational grazing method, and semi-intensive method.
Extensive grazing involves letting sheep or goat in the entire pasture and leaving them there for the whole
season. Rotational grazing method is done when pasture land is divided by temporary fences into several
sections. The animals are moved from one section to another section. Once the entire pasture is grazed, the
first section will have sufficient grass cover to provide second grazing. This method controls parasitic
infestations to a great extent. It also provides good quality of fodder. Further, this system lets lambs graze
first and brings in ewes to finish up the feed left by the lambs. Semi-intensive combines extensive and
intensive system due to limited grazing. It involves extensive management but of controlled grazing. It
consists of stall feeding, shelter at night under shed and 3-5 hours daily grazing and browsing on pasture and
range.
Daily Nutrient Requirement for meat-producing goats
Young Goats Does (110 lb)
Bucks
Weanling Yearling Pregnant Pregnant Lactating Lactating (80-
Nutrient (30lb) (Early) (Late) (Avg. Milk (High 120lb)
(60lb) )
Milk)
Dry matter, 2.0 3.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0
Lb.
TDN, % 68 65 55 60 60 65 60
Protein,% 14 12 10 11 11 14 11
Calcium,% 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4
Phosphorus,% 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Feeding Facilities for Cattles

Feeding troughs shall be placed along the sides of the pen and should either be made of wood or concrete.
It shall have horizontal rail to prevent animals from stepping the trough. The height of the horizontal rail
shall be 0.7m for up to 6 months calves, while for 7 months calves is 0.9m. For yearling, heifer, dry, and
milking cows is 1-2m. The inside surfaces of the feeding trough should be smooth and it should have
rounded corners to facilitate cleaning. The bed of the trough should be 0.15m above the level of the apron to
facilitate natural feeding stance. For calves up to one year, the dimension of the feed trough shall be 0.25m
depth, 0.4m-0.65m bottom width, and 0.65-0.85m top width. For older animals, the dimension of the feed
trough shall be 0.4m depth, 0.45m-0.7m
bottom width and 0.7- 0.9 top width. Storage
sheds for all feedstuffs such as hay, grain,
mineral salt shall be provided to keep it dry, to
protect from rodents and other animals.
Feeding dairy cow. Feeding management plays a crucial role in farm economy because feed alone
constitutes 60% of the production cost of milk. The nutrient requirement should be determined for
maintenance as well as for milk production to meet the fat percentage in milk and gestation. Thus, it needs
computation. Dry matter from roughage should not exceed 2% of cow’s live weight not should it be less
than 1%. Recommended nutrient inclusions: major minerals include phosphorus, magnesium, sodium,
potassium, and chlorine; micro-minerals include iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, selenium, thyroid,
fluorine and vitamins include Vitamin A, D, E, K, and C.

Pig Feeding Management

Swine are monogastric animals. Part of the protein diet of pigs come from animal source. They should be
fed on a regular basis. Fresh feed should be put only after removal of the previous feed from the feed trough.
They require 4-8kg will per day. All categories of pigs can be given small quantity of fodder or they may be
pastured to graze grasses. Ad libitum feeding may be practice for weaned pigs.
Feeding of boars. A breeding board requires 2-2.5kg concentrate per 100 kg weight. Greens should be
provided if they raised indoor. Year-round pasture is excellent if it could provide physical exercise and
valuable nutrients. Feeding of female. The increased needs are intended for proteins, vitamins, and
minerals. They gain 30-35 kg and gilts 40-45kg during pregnancy. There should be regulation of feed.
Individual feeding is required. Flushing is a practice of giving extra feed to sows and gilts from 1-2 weeks
prior to mating and returns to normal feeding after mating.
Feeding of farrowing sow and litter. Feed them lightly with bulky laxative feed. Bring the sow to full
feeding in 10 days. Greens should be provided. Feed allowance is 2.5-3kg/100 kg body weight at rate of
0.2kg per piglet with the sow. The piglets may be provided with special nourishing diet called creep feed.
Creep feeding is a self-feeding concentrate to piglets. This should be given when they are two weeks old.
Feeding of growing and finishing pigs. They must be fed on a regular basis twice to thrice a day. As
fattening progresses, protein percent in ration may be decreased. This period may be considered from
weaning 910kg to the slaughterhouse weight of 90-100kg. Orphan pigs. Piglets should be immediately
shifted to a foster mother when a sow dies or fails to produce milk or does not claim her pigs.
 LESSON 10 - Products and Byproducts of Poultry and Livestock
Production & Farm Waste Management in Poultry and Livestock
Production

Unlocking Content Area Vocabulary

• Products. These are goods and services produced in poultry and livestock production. This includes
traction, milk, eggs, fibers, wool, leather, feathers, and pharmaceuticals.
• Animal by-products (ABPs). These are the materials derived from animal which are not beneficial for
human consumption.
• Waste Management Systems. It is a system or process of managing waste generated in poultry and
livestock production. It involves generation, collection, transfer, storage, treatment, and utilization.

Products and Byproducts of Poultry and Livestock Production, and Farm Waste Management in
Poultry and Livestock Production

Reading Resources
Products of Poultry and Livestock Production
Livestock raising provides a wide array of benefits. While it is true that is provides a source of employment
of the community members, it also provides a wide array of goods and services. These goods and services
are intended for human consumption. This includes traction, milk, eggs, fibers, wool, leather, feathers,
pharmaceuticals.
Traction. Farm animals such as cattle can serve as draft animals to draw farm implements, agricultural
supplies, and products.
Dairy products are derived from livestock that produces milk such as cattle and goat. It can be processed to
produce cheese, ice cream, butter, yogurt, etc.
Eggs and meat are excellent sources of protein and other nutrients.
Clothing can be made from animal skin and feather. Cattle skin can be made into leather; goat fur can turn
into wool; chicken feather serves as clothing accessories.
Pharmaceutical products are derived from skin, bones, horn, hooves of slaughtered livestock.
Byproducts of Poultry and Livestock Production
Animal by-products (ABPs) are materials derived from animals which are not intended for human
consumption. This includes:
a. Slaughterhouse waste are byproducts derived when livestock are butchered in the slaughterhouse.
Slaughtering leaves skin, bones, horn, hooves, blood, fat and offal (internal organs).
b. Catering waste are materials used in the entire livestock production. It includes food waste,
plastics and packaging of the feeds, glass bottles of medicines, boxes and cardboards.
c. Fallen stock are farm animals died due to natural causes, diseases or killed prior to harvest.
d. Materials produced by animals such as manure, eggshells, feathers, wool, and fiber.
f. Former foodstuff of animal origin are products that are no longer suitable for human
consumption such as milk, eggs, and meat.
ABPs provide benefits because some have high nutritional value. Thus, it can be used to develop
products such as fertilizer, feed, biofuels, and cosmetics following the waste management system
in the following section.
Waste Management Systems
There are six basic functions consisting of the Waste Management Systems:
production/generation, collection, transfer, storage, treatment, and utilization.
The following figure 1 shows the WMS.
Production. This refers to the amount and nature of agricultural
waste generated. Management of waste considers the quantity of
waste generated as it becomes a major concern in dealing with it.
The generation of waste should consider the following: kind,
consistency, volume, location, and timing. The production of
unnecessary waste should be minimized such as leaking water
facilities and drainage. It is also important to have a good record
keeping on data of waste generation that could be used for future
references such as expansion.

Collection. It is referred to as the initial capture and gathering of waste from its
source or deposition to a collection point. It should consider the method of
collection, location, scheduling, labor requirement, needed equipment and
facilities, management, and impact.
Transfer. This refers to the transfer and transportation of waste throughout the system. This considers the
transport of waste from collection point to the storage facility, treatment facility, and utilization facility. The
system plan should involve consistency (liquid, slurry, semisolid or solid) of the waste to be moved, method
of transfer, distance, frequency and scheduling, necessary equipment, installation and management cost.
Storage. This refers to the temporary containment of the waste before transfer. Thus, a temporary storage
facility is needed before it is being scheduled for pick-up. This process should consider the storage period,
required storage volume, estimated size, location, installation and management cost, impact of the storage.
Treatment. This process involves the reduction of impact the waste can bring such as pollution and
modification of the physical characteristics of the waste. Pre-treatment is an effective method to facilitate
more efficient and effective handling of waste. This stage should consider the characteristics of waste,
determination of the desired characteristics, selection of the type, estimated size, location, and installation
and management cost. Treatment includes solid/liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, thermo-chemical
conversion, and anaerobic and aerobic treatment lagoons.
Utilization. This process
involves reusing or recycling of
waste products such as source of
energy, and source of organic
matter through composting.
Proper treatment of agricultural
waste can be profitable.
Land application is the common
practice of utilizing the energy
and nutrients of the waste. This
process should consider
selection of field, scheduling,
design of the distribution
system, selection of necessary
equipment, determination of
application rates and volumes,
value, and installation and
management cost.
The following figure 2 shows
the handling of waste in a dairy
farm.