Chapter 7: Memory

Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that
range from ______to _____

1. seconds; hours.
2. seconds; our lifetime.
3. minutes; decades.
4. hours; our lifetime.

Ram has just finished his project report and handed it in. Ashe walks out of the classroom, he realizes that there
are a few more things he should have included in the paper. Ram’s problem is in the memory process of

1. encoding.
2. storage.
3. retrieval.
4. retention.

Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously?

1. levels-of-processing model
2. parallel distributed processing model
3. information-processing model
4. three-stage model

Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how
it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?

1. levels-of-processing model
2. parallel distributed processing model
3. information-processing model
4. three-stage model

_______memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the
flow of conversations and remember what was just said.

1. Iconic
2. Echoic
3. Short-term
4. Long-term

Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as _______.

1. recency effect
2. primacy effect
3. selective attention
4. repetition

Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

1. computer hard drive

2. computer monitors
3. computer mouse
4. computer keyboard

1
Savita meets a cute guy named Ahmed at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she
reminds herself that he has the same name as the city of Gujrat. This transferring of information from short-term
memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal?

1. Repetitive
2. Imagery
3. Elaborative
4. Maintenance

Shabana has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother
how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Shabana’s memory for shoe-tying is best
characterized as a_______memory.

1. declarative (explicit)
2. semantic
3. episodic
4. nondeclarative (implicit)

When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to
access to answer each question?

1. Procedural
2. Semantic
3. Episodic
4. Working

What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts
is your psychology classroom?

1. serial position effect

2. encoding specificity
3. tip of the tongue phenomenon
4. automatic encoding

Jai had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jai remembers what was
at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of the:

1. encoding specificity effect.

2. serial position effect.
3. tip-of-the-tongue effect.
4. flashbulb memory.

Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on _______while essay questions rely on _______.

1. rehearsal; recall
2. relearning; rehearsing
3. recall; recognition
4. recognition; recall

Studies by Elizabeth Loftus find that memory

1. Is like a camera that can take pictures for people to recall and review as needed.
2. Is surprisingly inaccurate up to age 12, at which time people begin to show vast improvements
3. Is highly influenced by culture and that today’s technology is having a negative effect on memory.
4. Is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it.

2
Fatima can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say
about these particular flashbulb memories?

1. The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments.
2. The memories should last up to 15–20 years.
3. The memories are unusually accurate
4. The memories are stored as procedural memories

Studies show that as time passes, memories

1. Tend to become more and more inaccurate

2. Increase in accuracy since the body is now calm and relaxed.
3. Will remain like an “instant replay” no matter what occurs.
4. Stay the same and show no change in accuracy.

In Loftus’s 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked
questions about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this
inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?

1. Most corrected Loftus and recalled seeing a stop sign.

2. Many began seeing both a stop sign and a yield sign.
3. Many subjects’ overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information.
4. Subjects were confused, but only briefly, at which point their accuracy of recalling the event returned.

A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false
information is:

1. As plausible as possible.
2. Introduced as soon after the event as possible.
3. Introduced by a source perceived as trustworthy.
4. Introduced no sooner than 24 hours after the event but no later than 15 days.

Ashish has no memory of how he got home from a party. He then convinces himself that he must have been
abducted by aliens while walking home. Subsequently, he is hypnotized in an attempt to help increase his
memories of that evening. Based on the research of memory recall through hypnosis, what might we learn?

1. Aaron may unknowingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his belief.
2. Aaron will be less confident of his memories from the evening.
3. Hypnosis makes it harder for Aaron to recall memories of the evening in general.
4. Aaron will not be able to recall the evening but will have memories of being in the womb.

Ravi has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class
activity. He had 100 percent recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting, how quickly
will Ravi likely forget about 40 percent of the information he has just learned?

1. Within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class

2. Within the first day after leaving the class
3. Nearly a week after the class
4. Nearly a month after the class

Which of the subsequent could be a stage within the memory process?

[A]. Encoding

[B]. Storage

3
[C]. Retrieval

[D]. Sensory memory

The method by which information is recorded and registered for the primary time so it becomes usable by our
memory system is termed as

[A]. Retrieval

[B]. Encoding

[C]. STM

[D]. Storage

The incoming information first enters the

[A]. Sensory memory

[B]. Primary memory

[C]. Secondary memory

[D]. Tertiary memory

The phonological loop decay within:

[A] One second
[B] Two seconds
[C] Three seconds
[D] Four seconds

Who proposed the degree of processing view?

[A] Craik and Lockhart
[B] Attkinson
[C] Attkinson and Shiffrin
[D] Attkinson and Craik

Sensory memory has

[A]. Very small capacity

[B]. Small capacity

[C]. Large capacity

[D]. Very large capacity

The duration of sensory memory is

[A]. One second

[B]. Less than one second

[C]. More than one second

[D]. More than two second

4
The STM hold information for a quick period of your time, usually

[A]. For 10 seconds or less

[B]. For 20 seconds or less

[C]. For 30 seconds or less

[D]. For 40 seconds or less

Memories regarding procedures for accomplishing various tasks and skills are called:
[A] Declarative memory
[B] Sensory memory
[C] Short-term memory
[D] Primary memory

All information regarding facts, names, and dates are part of:
[A] Sensory memory
[B] Declarative memory
[C] Short-term memory
[D] Long-term memory

In sensory registers information decays automatically in

[A]. Less than a second

[B]. Less than two seconds

[C]. More than two seconds

[D]. A second

Which of the subsequent may be a permanent storehouse of all information’s?

[A]. Sensory memory

[B]. STM

[C]. LTM

[D]. HTM

In maintenance rehearsal information is maintained through

[A]. Repetition

[B]. Hypertonic

[C]. Chunking

[D]. Retrieval

Which of the subsequent memory is retrieved automatically?

[A] Autobiographical memory
[B] Flashbulb memories
[C] Implicit memory
[D] Internal memory.

5
Which of the subsequent contains biographical details of our lives?
[A] Declarative memory
[B] Procedural memory
[C] Descion making memory
[D] Episodic memory

The capacity of STM may be increased by/through

[A]. Maintenance rehearsal

[B]. Elaborative rehearsals

[C]. Chunking

[D]. All of the above

The capacity of STM is

[A]. 7 + 2

[B]. 8 + 2

[C]. 9 + 4

[D]. 11 + 4

From the STM information enters the long run memory through

[A]. Maintenance rehearsals

[B]. Chunking

[C]. Attentive

[D]. Elaborative rehearsals

Which of the subsequent is that the most significant unit of representation of information in long-term
memory?
[A] Schema
[B] Canary
[C] Concept
[D] None of these

Memory of general awareness and knowledge is termed as:

[A] Semantic memory
[B] STM
[C] Sensory memory
[D] Sensory memory