UGC NET Paper 1 - Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)
Topic 2: Computer Basics and Software
1. What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data to produce meaningful information. It
performs four basic operations: input, processing, output, and storage (IPOS).
2. Characteristics of a Computer
• Speed – Executes millions of operations per second.
• Accuracy – Provides high precision with minimal errors.
• Automation – Performs tasks without human intervention.
• Storage – Stores vast amounts of data for future use.
• Versatility – Can perform multiple types of tasks.
3. Components of a Computer System
• Hardware – Physical components like CPU, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
• Software – Programs that instruct hardware to perform tasks.
• Data – Raw facts and figures processed by the system.
• Users – Individuals who operate and interact with the computer.
4. Types of Software
• System Software – Controls hardware and system operations (e.g., Windows, Linux).
• Application Software – Designed for specific tasks (e.g., MS Office, Photoshop).
• Utility Software – Helps maintain and optimize system performance (e.g., antivirus, file
management tools).
• Programming Software – Provides tools for software development (e.g., compilers, IDEs).
5. Memory and Storage
Computer memory is classified into Primary Memory (RAM and ROM) and Secondary Storage
(Hard disk, CD, Pen drive). Primary memory is volatile, whereas secondary memory is non-volatile
and used for long-term storage.
6. Input and Output Devices
• Input Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone.
• Output Devices – Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Plotter.
7. Summary
Computers combine hardware and software to perform data processing efficiently. Understanding
basic operations, memory types, and software classification is essential for ICT proficiency.