Department of quantity surveying
Faculty of built environment
PILING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
DISPLACEMENT PILES
REPLACEMENT PILES
INTRODUCTION OF
FOUNDATION
► A structure is that part in direct
contact with the ground and
which transmits the load of the
structure to the ground
► Ground which a building is
founded consists of soil of one
type or another apart from solid
rock
► soil consist of silt, clay, sand, Silt
gravel and etc.
► This can cause settlement that
is due mainly to the
consolidation of soil particles
► Massive foundation require a
precision of soil testing and site
investigation
Clay
Department of quantity surveying
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
OF FOUNDATIONS
► The main function of the foundation is to transmit all dead,
superimposed and wind loads from a building to the soil
► To avoid differential settlement or excessive distortion.
► Other functions of foundation is:
To give sufficient strength and stability to sustain the loading.
Made to a minimum depth and be of minimum size, consistent with
performance requirements, so as to achieve maximum economy.
To be at a depth below ground level to avoid natural ground
movements due to frost, heat or moisture, and it also to be capable of
construction with relative speed and absence of complications.
► Any foundation design is depend on the demands of the above
requirements and should represent on cost and satisfaction of
functional performance.
Department of quantity surveying
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
OF FOUNDATIONS
► Buildings consist of three major
part:
Superstructure – the above-ground
portion of the building (column,
slabs, beams and roof)
Substructure – habitable below-
ground portion (basement)
Foundation – components of the
building that transfer its loads into
the soil (pad, strip, raft and pile
footing)
Department of quantity surveying
CHOICE OF FOUNDATION TYPE
► The many forms of foundation may be broadly divided
into two types:
► Shallow
Those which transfer the load to the soil at a level close to
the lowest floor the building. This is not necessarily ground
level as shallow foundations may be formed at considerable
depth below ground where there is a basement. This type of
foundation includes strip, pad and raft.
► Deep
Those which transfer their loads to a bearing level at a
considerable depth below the underside of the building. This
type of foundation includes piles and various types of piers.
Department of quantity surveying
FOUNDATION TYPES
► The available option of foundation types may be identified as
follows:
Strip and pad foundations- wide strip
isolated column
continuous column
Raft foundations - solid slab
beam and slab
Pile foundations - friction
end bearing
Piers - masonry
mass concrete
cylinders and monoliths
Department of quantity surveying
PILE FOUNDATION
►A pile is one type of building foundation. Piles are
used when the soil near the ground surface is not
strong and the weight of the building must be
carried by deeper soil layers. The strength or
bearing capacity of the soil can be measured using
a cone penetration test.
► Piles can be prefabricated and driven into the
ground using a vibrator or a diesel pile driving rig
supported on a drag line excavator, or can be
formed in situ in a bore hole.
Department of quantity surveying
PILE FOUNDATION
► Two category of pile:
Displacement - where the material of the pile, or a former into
which the permanent pile is to be placed, is forced into the ground,
thereby displacing the ground.
Forced into the ground by being driven by some form of hammer, it
may be vibrated in or it may be jacked in.
Examples of displacement piles are steel piles, box or sheet; pre-
cast concrete, often in segments with patent joints; timber piles,
driven cast in situ piles and driven concrete shell piles.
Replacement - where the ground is removed by augering,
"shelling", grabbing, etc. and replaced with in situ concrete or
grout.
Department of quantity surveying
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
► also can be classified by the way it transmit the loads to
subsoils or by the way it is formed
► transmit the loads to a lower level by
end bearing – the shaft act as column that transmit
the load through the weak subsoil to firm strata
friction – the shaft imposes on the ground pressure
which spread out to form a bulb of pressure,
supported by the friction action of the soil around the
pile shaft
► most situations pile work on a combination of the two
principles outlined above
Department of quantity surveying
DISPLACEMENT PILES
► piles which are driven
► two category; precast piles
and driven cast-in-situ piles
PRECAST PILES
► timber piles
usually square sawn
hardwood
length up to 12.00m
section from 225 x 225mm
to 600 x 600mm
easy to handle
fitted with an iron / steel
driving shoe and iron ring
around the head to driving
and to jointing
► load bearing capacity up to
350kN per pile depending size Department of quantity surveying
DISPLACEMENT PILES
► reinforced concrete piles
used on soft soils overlaying a firm strata
length up to 18.00m
section from 250 x 250mm to 450 x 450mm
loading up to 1000kN
generally economical
problems can be encountered using this piles:
► transporting the complete length of pile through the congested
streets
► driving use percussion method can set up noise and vibration
► urbansites that congested making it difficult to
manoeuvre the long pile
Department of quantity surveying
DISPLACEMENT PILES
► Steel performed piles
use mainly in marine structures and where
overlaying soils are weak
two form; box piles and universal bearing piles
(H section)
piles can be joint by welding to form up to
15.00m
bearing capacity up to 600kN
protective coating are needed to protect against
corrosion
Department of quantity surveying
► Hammering steel piles
DISPLACEMENT PILES
Driven Cast-in-situ Piles
► an alternative to preformed displacement piles
► section 300mm to 600mm
► length up to 18.00m
► bearing capacity up to 1300kN
► require heavy piling rigs
► forshell piles, short cylindrical concrete
shell are use to build up permanent cased
Department of quantity surveying
DISPLACEMENT PILES
► mandrel (stiff steel core placed inside the
shell) are put in the cylindrical concrete
shell together with precast driving shoe.
► complete assemble are driven into place
using drop hammer
► additional precast cylinder can be added to
required depth
► Steel reinforcement are placed in and the
core is cast in-situ
Department of quantity surveying
DISPLACEMENT PILES
Driven cast-in-situ piles
► an alternative to
preformed
displacement piles
► section 300mm to
600mm
► length up to 18.00m
► bearing capacity up to
1300kN
► require heavy piling
rigs
Department of quantity surveying
REPLACEMENT PILES
BORED PILES
► known as auger-injected piles
► constructed by drilling a long
auger with central hollow stem
into ground
► can be formed with diameter up
to 2.6m
► length ranging from 24.00m up
to 60.00m
► loading from 2500kN to 8000kN
► suitable for use in stiff clay for
structure having high
concentrated loading
► base can be enlarge up to three
times the shaft diameter to
increase the bearing capacity
Department of quantity surveying
REPLACEMENT PILES
Department of quantity surveying
Thank you