LESSON 1 : Introduction to History: Definitions, Issues, Sources, and Methodology

HISTORY

• The English word ‘History’ is derived from the Greek noun ‘Historia’ which mean “knowledge
acquired through inquiry and investigation.”
• It became known as the account of the past of the person or a group of people through written
documents and historical events
• It become an important academic discipline.
• It is thus important to ask: What counts as a history?
• “ NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY”

❑”History is not the past . . . History is the distillation of evidence surviving from the past. Where there is
no evidence there is no history. “ – Oscar Handlin, Truth in History

HISTORIOGRAPHY

• refers to the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources and the selection of
particulars from the authentic materials. It also includes the synthesis of particulars into a
narrative that will stand the test of critical methods.
• In simple terms, it is the history of the history.

ELEMENTS OF HISTORY (HPPS)

1. The Historian/ Author

• refers to the person writing/ documenting the events/ history.
2. Place
• the location where the history was written.
3. Period
• refers to the context of the time when the history was written.
4. Sources
• defined as objects that have been left in the past and that exist either as relic or as testimonies of
witnesses to the past.

NATIONALISM

“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that
we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and to intimate communism with
their thoughts, their deeds, and their noble lives.” – Former Senator Claro M. Recto
DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

1. Primary Sources
• These are contemporary accounts of an event, written by someone who experienced or
witnessed the event in question.
• These original documents are often diaries, letters, memoirs, speeches, manuscripts, interviews
and other such unpublished works.
• A primary source is prepared by an individual who was a participant in, or a direct witness to,
the event that is being described.

2. Secondary Sources
• The function of these is to interpret primary sources, and so can be described as at least one step
removed from the event or phenomenon under review.
• Secondary source materials, then, interpret, assign value to, conjecture upon, and draw
conclusions about the events reported in primary sources.
• A secondary source is a document prepared by an individual who was not a direct witness to
an event, but who obtained his or her description of the event from someone else.

HISTORICAL SOURCES

✓Documents

✓Numerical records

✓Oral statements

✓Relics

TWO TYPES OF CRITICISM

External Criticism

Refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study. Whereas external
criticism has to do with the authenticity of a document.
Internal Criticism

refers to the accuracy of the contents of a document. It has to do with what the document says.

Repositories of Primary Sources

1. National Archives of the Philippines (NAP)

• Repository of public documents- notaries, birth certificates, government correspondences and
records, maps to name few.
• The National Archives survived the destruction during World War II, termites and silverfishes,
earthquakes, floods, and fire. The government effort in maintaining these national treasures
continues.
2. National Library of the Philippines (NLP)
• The official national library of the country.
• Its collections consists of more than 210, 000 books; over 880,000 manuscripts, all part of the
Filipiniana Division; more than 170,000 newspaper issues from Metro Manila and across the
Philippines; some 66,000 theses and dissertations; 104,000 government publications; 3,800 maps
and 53,000 photographs.
3. National Museum of the Philippines
• It is the government institution in the Philippines that serves as an educational, scientific and
cultural institution in preserving the various permanent national collections featuring the
ethnographic, anthropological, archaeological and visual artistry of the Philippines.
4. Local Study Centers and Museum
• Described and dedicated for the enrichment and study of one locality’s history, culture and
related studies.

TECHNICAL TOOLS IN EXAMINING SOURCES

1. Paleography
• It is the study of handwriting.
2. Diplomatics
• Used primarily for textual analysis; writing styles maybe determined by its specific time/period
wherein there is a set of writing conventions and formulas.
 3. Statistics
• It is the branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation and
presentation of masses of numerical data
4. Archeology
• The scientific study of the material remains of past human life and activities.
5. Linguistics
• The study of the structure and development of language in general or of particular languages.
6. Genealogy
• The study of family relationships. It includes family history and even tracing of family lineages.
7. Prosopography
• The use of biographical material to construct group narratives.
8. Sigillography
• Science and art of identifying and decoding seals. This tool in examining sources is used to
authenticate archival documents.
9. Numismatics
• Study of coins

Content and Contextual Analysis of selected primary sources in Philippine History

Lesson 2.1 : Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the world with Magellan

Antonio Pigafetta ( Antonio Lomabardo / Francisco Antonio Pigafetta)

• He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under King
Charles I of Spain.
• He is a chronicler and kept a detailed and comprehensive journal of his journey with Ferdinand
Magellan.
• He was one of the 18 of Magellan’s original crew who, having completed the world’s first
circumnavigation, returned to Spain onboard another vessel, the Victoria.

Ferdinand Magellan

➢ was a Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both Portugal and Spain.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

•Magellan, in service to Portugal, joined the fight, traveling to India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. However, he
was accused of illegal trading and fell out with Manuel I (King of Portugal), who turned down his proposal
to locate a new spice route.

•King Charles I (King of Spain), was the grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He was the one
who granted support to Magellan.
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the newly
discovered lands outside of Europe along an imaginary line of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean. All
lands to the west of this line were granted to Spain, and all lands to the east were granted to Portugal.
This treaty, named after the city in Spain where it was signed, effectively divided the “New World” and
established spheres of influence for the two powers, though it ignored the rights of the indigenous
peoples who already lived in these lands

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Spices were in-demand commodities among the Europeans because of their numerous benefits
such as food preservation, flavor enhancement, and medicine.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was effective at that time. It is an agreement between Spain and
Portugal to settle conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus.
• •During 15th Century, spices are the epicenter of the world economy, much like oil as today.
• Cinnamon, Clove, Nutmeg and Black Pepper. Spices could not be cultivated in cold and arid
Europe.

LET’S START THE JOURNEY

 • Magellan’s Fleet continue sailing from San Lūcar De Barrameda, Spain and crossed the Atlantic
Ocean in September 20, 1519.
• Mar Pacifico – Pacific Ocean today. “Tranquil” or “Calm”
• In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called Landrones Island or the “Island of
Thieves.”

➢ Landrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands.

➢ Located at south-southeast of Japan, west- southwest of Hawaii, North of New Guinea and
east of Philippines.

He recounted (Pigafetta)

“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are poor, but
ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of what we called these three Islands the Landrones
Islands.“

TEN DAYS AFTER

• Pigafetta reported that they reached what he called the isle of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan
decided to land in another uninhabited island for a greater security where they could rest for a few
days.
• Pigafetta recounted that nine (9) men came to them and showed joy and eagerness in seeing
them.

TWO DAYS AFTER

• In turn, the natives also gave them fish, palm wine(uraca), figs (fruit), rice (umai), cocos, and other
food supplies.

He recounted (Pigafetta)

“This palm tree produces a fruit named cocho, which is as large as the head, or thereabouts: its first
husk is green, and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads, with which they make the cords
for fastening their boats.“

• Pigafetta characterized the people as “very famiiliar and friendly” and willingly showed them
different islands and the names of these Islands.
• Humunu Island (Homonhon) and there they found what Pigafetta referred to as the “Watering
Place of Good Signs.”
• FIRST SIGNS OF GOLD IN THE ISLAND.
• They named the island (Humuno or Homonhon) with the nearby islands as the Archipelago of St.
Lazarus.
• Pigafetta recounted that they saw two Ballanghai (balangay),a long boat full of people in
Mazzava/Mazaua.
• The leader, who referred to as the King of the Ballanghai (Balangay), sent his men to the ship of
Magellan.
 • When the King of the Balangay offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and a chest of ginger,
Magellan declined.
• Magellan sent the interpreter to the king and asked for money for the needs of his ships and
expressed that he came into the islands as a friend and not as an enemy.
• Magellan also boasted of his men in in armor who could not be struck with swords and daggers.
• Magellan also shared with the king his charts and maps and shared how they found the Islands.
• Pigafetta described this king (Raia Calambu) as the most handsome of all the men that he saw in
this place.
• He was also adorned with silk and gold accessories like a golden dagger, which he carried with
him in a wooden polished sheath.
• This king was named Raia Calambu, King of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua).
• The first king was Raia Siagu.
• Which happened to be Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a mass by the
shore.

He recounted (Pigafetta)

“.. when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered
nothing, and at the elevation of the body of the Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with
joined hands.“

• Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in place.
• Cross, Nail, & Crown – were the signs of his Emperor (Magellan).
• The king concurred and allowed for the cross to be planted.
• This Mass would go down in history as the first mass in the Philippines, and the cross would be
the famed Magellan’s Cross still preserved at present day.
• Magellan and his men decided to move and look for islands where they could acquire more
supplies and provisions.
• They learned of the islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu) and intended to go there.
• Raia Calambu offered to pilot them in going to Cebu.
• Cebu is the largest and richest islands.
• Magellan’s men and the king of Cebu, together with other principal men of Cebu, met in an open
space. There, the king of Cebu offered a bit of his blood and demanded that Magellan do the
same.

He recounted (Pigafetta)

“Then the king said that he was content, and as a greater sign of affection he sent him a little of his blood
from his right arm, and wished he should do the like. Our people answered that he would do It. Besides
that, he said that all the captains who came to his country had been accustomed to make a present to
him, and he to them, and therefore they should ask their captain if he would observe the custom. Our
people answered that he would; but as the king wished to keep up the custom, let him begin and make a
present, and then the captain would do his duty.“
 • Magellan spoke to the king (Cebu) which is named Rajah Humabon and encouraged him to be a
good Christian by burning all of the idols and worship the cross instead.
• The king of Cebu was then baptized as a Christian.
• Magellan spoke before the people of Cebu about peace and God.
• Magellan responded to this by saying that his faith entailed children to render honor and
obedience to their parents.
• Magellan also preached about their faith further and people were reportedly convinced.

He recounted (Pigafetta)

“their men were overjoyed seeing that the people wished to become Christians through their, free will and
not because they were forced or intimidated.”

“To that the king and all his people answered that thy would obey the commands of the captain and do all
that he told them…”

“all of the island’s inhabitant were already baptized. He admitted that they burned a village down for
obeying neither the king nor Magellan.”

EIGHT DAYS AFTER

April 22, 1521

• When the queen (Juana) came to the Mass one day, Magellan gave her an image of the infant
Jesus made by Pigafetta himself.
• The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) swore that he would always be faithful to Magellan.
• They went to the sick man and baptized him. After baptismal, Pigafetta recorded that the man was
able to speak again. He called this a miracle.
• Zula, a principal man from the one of islands of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked
him for a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight the other chief of Mactan named
Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
• Magellan offered three boats and expressed his desire to Mactan himself to fight the said
chief.
• Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactan in daylight.
• Zula’s company numbered 49 in total and the Islanders of Mactan were estimated to number
1500 and THE BATTLE BEGAN.

He recounted (Pigafetta)

“When we reached land (Mactan), we found the Islanders hundred in number (estimated 1500), drawn up
three squadrons; they came down upon us with terrible shouts, two squadrons attacking us on the flanks
and the third in front...”

“the captain (Magellan) then divided his men in two bands. The musketeers and crossbow-men fired for
half an hour from a distance, but did nothing…”
“since the bullets and arrows, though they passed through this shield made of thin wood, and perhaps
wounded their arms, yet did not stop them…”

“the captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to...”

“The islanders seeing that the shots of our guns did them little or no harm would not retire, but shouted
more loudly, and springing from one side to the other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew
nearer to us, throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones, and even mud, so that we could
hardly defend ourselves.”

• Seeing that the captain has already deteriorated, more natives came to attacked him.

Recounted the last moment of Magellan:

“Whilst the Indians were thus overpowering him, several times he turned around towards us to see if we
were all in safety, as though his obstinate fight had no other object than to give an opportunity for the
retreat of his men.”

• MAGELLAN DIED IN THAT BATTLE It was not Lapu Lapu who killed Magellan, but his troops.
• Pigafetta also said that the king of Cebu who was baptized could have sent help but Magellan
instructed him not to join the battle and stay in the balangay boat so that he would see how they
fought.
• The king offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and amount in exchange of
Magellan’s body, but the chief refused because they wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a
memento of their victory.
• Magellan’s men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain.
• Pigafetta also told how Magellan’s slave and interpreter named Henry (Enrique of Malacca was a
native of the Malay Archipelago) betrayed them and told the King of Cebu that they intended to
leave as quickly as possible.
• The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men.
• They left Cebu and continued their journey around the world.
• Enrique was said to believe to originate from Malacca but was acquired by Magellan as a slave.
• Sebastian Elcano led the Victoria (ship) back to Spain to complete the Circumnavigation.
• September 6, 1522 – Victoria (ship to return to Spain.)

REASONS WHY MAGELLAN EXPEDITE

• Spread Christianity
• Expansion and Territory
• Spices and Gold
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND PRESENT DAY

• Contribution to Geography and Cartography

• Debunked the flat earth theory
• Catholicism arrived in the Philippines
• Discovery and rediscovery of information
• Importance of traveling

Lesson 2.2 : Customs of the Tagalogs

Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589).

About the author:

Fray Juan de Plasencia (real name is Joan de Portocarrero) is one of the seven children of Pedro

Portocarrero.

He grew up in the region of Extremadura during the Golden Age (Siglo de Oro) of Spain.

During this period there was an upsurge of men entering religious life with the intention of suiting up
for missionary works in the newly discovered territories.

Plasencia belonged to the Franciscan order and came toogether with the first batch of Franciscan
Missionaries who arrived in the Philippines on July 2, 1578.

He and Fray Diego de Oropresa were assigned to do miission works in Southern Tagalog area.

Aside from performing sacerdotal and missionary functions, Plasencia also helped in the foundation
and organization of numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal and Bulacan.

His continuous interaction with the people he converted to Christianity enabled him to write a book
entitled Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589).

It vividly describes the political, social, economic and cultural practices of the Filipinos before they
were Christianized.

His biggest challenge at that time was how to make the articles of faith comprehensible to people who
have never heard of Christ nor the Catholic Church.

In 1593, he published the book Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y Tagala, the first printed
book in the Philippines.
SOCIAL HIERARCHY

• Datu

• Maharlica

• Aliping Namamahay

• Aliping sa Guiguilir.

1. DATO OR DATU

• the chiefs of the village; they governed the people as captains even in wars, were obeyed, and revered;
any subject who committed any offense against them, or spoke to their wives and children, were severely
punished.

• Barangay – tribal gathering ruled by chiefs

• It is called a “barangay” because they associate themselves with the “Malay” who are one of the first
people to arrive in the Philippines through a boat in which they call “balangay”.

• Some consisted of around 30 – 100 houses

• Barangays also have some sort of diplomacy

• All barangays were equal in terms of status

2. MAHARLICA (NOBLES)

•Must accompany the datos in war

•Do not need to pay taxes

•People who are born free

3. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY (COMMONERS)

• They have their own properties but has to serve their own masters

• Children belonging to this caste inherit the status of their parents

• Cannot be treated as a slave nor can be sold off.

 4. ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR (SLAVES)

• They serve their master in their houses and lands

• The master can reward his/her slaves by giving them a portion of the harvest so that the slaves would be
faithful to him/her

• Can be sold off

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

➢ In the case of a divorce, if the wife would leave her husband for the sake of marrying another man, all
her belongings plus a certain amount would be given to her former husband however, if she chooses to
leave and do not have any plans to marry, then all of her dowry will be returned to her.

WORSHIP AND BELIEF ( RELIGION )

❑There were no temples or sacred places in which Filipinos would worship.

❑The word simbahan means a place to worship which is constructed at a large house of the chief where
people of the tribe go to celebrate festivals (aka pandot or worship)

❑They beat large and small drums successively during the feast which usually lasted four days

➢nagaanitos – worship; (anito – soul or spirit of ancestors)

➢sibi – a temporary shed, made on each side of the chief’s house, for the assembled people.

➢Bathala – one of their many idols, whom they specially worshipped.

➢They worshipped the sun, the moon, and some, even the stars or a particular dead man with special
capability that fought bravely

❑sun – almost universally respected and honored because of its beauty;

❑moon – they would rejoice, especially when new

❑stars – they did not name them except for the morning star, which they called Tala

❑ “Seven little goats” – the Pleiades; a star cluster

❑Balatic – the Greater Bear constellation

❑Mapolon – the change of seasons

➢ lic-ha – idols; images with different shapes;

➢ Dian masalanta – an idol; patron of lovers and generation

➢ Lacapati and Idianale – idols; patrons of the cultivated lands and husbandry;

➢ buaya – crocodiles; were respected by the Tagalogs due to their fear of being harmed by them; they
offered a portion of what they carried in their boats to them

12 PRIESTS OF DEVIL

1. CATOLONAN
- was either a man or a woman. This office was an honorable one among the natives, and
was held ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being general in all the islands.
- no distinction as a witch exists today.

2. MANGAGAUAY

• They pretend to heal the sick in order to deceive others

3. MANYISALAT

• Same as mangagauay. These priests had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would
abandon and despise their own wives
 4. MANCOCOLAM

• whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month. This fire could not be
extinguished.

5. HOCLOBAN

• Without the use of medicine, and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killled whom they chose.
But if they desired to heal those whom they had made ill by their charms, they did so by using other
charms.

6. SILAGAN

• They would tear out and eat the liver of those they saw were wearing white.

7. MAGTATANGAL

• They would go out at night without their heads and put it back into their bodies before the sun rise.
 8. OSUANG

• Tribesmen reported that they saw the “osuang” who can fly and murdered a man and ate his flesh.

9. MANGAGAYOMA

• They would seduce their partners with charms and other accessories so they can deceive them.

10. SONAT

This devil helped people to die. They can also know if the soul they helped to die can either be saved or
not.

11. PANGATAHOJAN

• Can predict future.

 12. BAYOGUIN

•These are men who are in the nature of a woman.

SUPERSTITION

• They find omens in events they witness

• (i.e. when someone sneezed, met on their way a rat or serpent, or the Tigmamanuguin bird sang they
would go home in fear that evil would befall them if they continued their journey)

• The Tigmamanuguin bird’s (a blue bird as large as a turtle- dove) had two forms: a good omen, and a bad
omen.

BURYING THE DEAD

➢ In burying the dead, the corpse would be placed beside its house and be mourned at for 4 days.

➢ It will then be laid on a boat which serves as a coffin which is guarded by a slave.

➢ The grief of the relatives of the deceased is followed by eating and drinking.

Contribution and relevance of the document in understanding of the grand narrative of Philippine
history

Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs is a very popular primary source because it vividly described the
situation of the Philippines before it was tainted with Spanish and Christian influences.

Scholars like it because it covered numerous topics that are relevant in many disciplines.

Political scientists for instance find it useful because it contains a lot of information about the social
classes, political stratifications and legal system of the tagalog region.

Many of what we know about the duties and responsibilities of the datus, maharlikas and alipins came
from Plasencia’s account.
 It is clear in the excerpts quoted above that at the time Plasencia was assigned in the Tagalog region
Filipinos were already politically and economically organized.

Plasencia’s historical writings also disprove the claim of some spaniards that when they arrived in the
Philippines, Filipinos still were uncivilized and lacking in culture.

All of these lead to the conclusion that prior to the coming of the spaniards, Filipinos were already
civilized and maintained a lifestyle that was at par or even better than other countries in Southeast Asia.

LESSON 2.3 : KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

Founding of the Katipunan

• Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ” (KKK)
on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila. The Katipunan
had colorful beginnings.

• As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact),
wherein each one signed his name with his own blood.

Objectives of Katipunan

• Political – Separation from Spain

• Moral – Good Morals
• Civic – Help and defend of the poor and the oppressed.
• To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
• To fight for Philippine independence from Spain.
• The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to regain the country’s lost freedom.

Secret initiation of the Katipunan

• Originally the KKK recruited new members by means of TRIANGLE SYSTEM a system of enlistment
wherein a recruiter would ask only two members to join. Only the recruiter would know the names
of both recruits while the recruits would not each other.
• They also agreed that they would pay a membership fee amounting to one real fuerte (twenty-five
centavos) and a monthly due of media real (twelve centavos).
• A candidate for membership was first blindfolded and entered a dark secret room called CAMARA
NEGRA.
• In the room there was a table with a lamp, a skull, and a bolo. The blindfold was removed from
his eyes. He was given a test on the history of the Philippines to show that he knew the Spaniards
had oppressed the Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on his patriotism, courage and sincerity.
 Membership in the Katipunan

• Third Grade: Bayani (Patriot) They wore red mask. Their password was “Rizal.”
• Second Grade: Kawal (Soldier) They wore green mask. Their passwords was “GOM-BUR-ZA.”
• First Grade: Katipun (associate) They wore black mask. Their password was “Anak ng Bayan (Sons
of the People).

Cry of Betrayal

•A member revealed the secret. A certain Teodoro Patiño, a Katipunero, quarreled with another
member and decided to disclose the society’s existence.

•He confessed first to his sister, who was a member of the religious congregation “Beaterio de
Mandaluyong”. She then told the Mother Superior, who urged Patiño to confess to the Spanish
Authorities.

•Patiño revealed the details to Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo, in August 1896.

•The Spaniards conducted raids, arrests, and confiscated documents proving the Katipunan’s existence.

About the author:

• The Kartilya ng Katipunan was written on 1892 by Emilio Jacinto/ EMILIO JACINTO Y DIZON

• Emilio Jacinto was an eloquent and brave young man, known as both the soul and the brain of the
Katipunan.

• His pen name was “Dimas-ilaw”. “Pingkian” alias in Katipunan

• He was born in Manila on December 15, 1875 to Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon

• He wrote the society’s paper called Kalayaan.

• In his short life, Jacinto helped to lead the fight for Filipino independence from Spain.

• He attended to the University of San Tomas in order to study law.

• Emilio left college before completing his law degree.

• His wife is Catalina de Jesus

• He joined the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. This was a group whose objective was to

gain Philippines independence from Spain in 1892.

• He was youngest member and secretary at that time

• He laid out principles for the new government envisioned by Bonifacio

• He received a good education, and was fluent in both Tagalog and Spanish.

• He served as the spokesperson for the Katipunan, as well as handling its finances.
• Jacinto became a general in the group’s guerrilla army, taking an active role in the fight against the
Spanish near Manila.

• Emilio Jacinto lived and fought the Spanish in Magdalena, Laguna. He was seriously injured in a battle
at the Maimpis River in February of 1898, but found refuge in the Santa Maria Magdalena.

• He died on April 16, 1899, of malaria. General Emilio Jacinto was just 23 years old.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

• Primarily written by Andres Bonifacio.

• The The True Decalogue (10 Commandments) originally titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak
ng bayan. Z. Ll. B (Duties of the Sons of the People), was never published because Bonifacio believed
that Jacinto’s Kartilya was superior to what he had made.

• Andres Bonifacio – Philippines Patriot, founder and leader of the nationalist Katipunan Society.

• He first formulated the code of conduct which is Kartilya ng Katipunan.

• Andres Bonifacio first wrote “Duties of the Sons of the People” which were strictly followed by the
members of the Katipunan.

• This Decalogue showed the beliefs of Bonifacio. Later on, Bonifacio adopted Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya

ng Katipunan as the official teaching of the Katipunan.

• The original version of the document has 14 paragraphs that contains the values that a Katipunero
should have.

• Each paragraph contained unique discussion of the different aspects of a person’s life.

• The difference between Bonifacio’s Decalogue and Kartilya ng Katipunan is Kartilya ng Katipunan is
much longer and philosophical which showed concepts of virtuous living as lessons for self- reflection

Content and Contextual Analysis : Understanding the Historical Information

➢ Kartilya is a small PAMPHLET that is given to the Katipunero particularly to the new ones.

➢ Kartilya ng Katipunan was not only a leading for the members of the Katipunan but it embodied moral
and nationalistic principle for all Filipinos.

➢ It can also be noted that this document shows about life philosophy in life, exhibiting human greatness
within, to appreciate the authenticity of local traditions, spiritual beliefs, family idea and cultural
diversity, a collection of the Katipunan’s ideas and principles and its significance, and to bear in the
minds of the members that they are their own people, Filipinos, uniting for the betterment of their
country.
➢ KKK is an organization with the goal of liberating from the West. It also aimed to teach Filipinos good
manners, cleanliness, fine morals, and to encourage the people to help themselves and defend the
oppressed

➢ The order for those who want to join the association shall have the full understanding and knowledge
of its guiding principles and main teachings so that they may perform their duties wholeheartedly.

• Katipuneros have weighty tasks that is why it is important that those who will join will have sense of
responsibility and are ready to fight in order to protect the association and the Filipinos.

The Katipunan Code of Conduct

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to
the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother must not look upon
woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of
life; her (physical) weakness who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the
wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon
earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his
words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who
loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but
his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant
over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the
confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and
the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the katipunan) has informed
himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the
application for admission.
• The Kartilya ng Katipunan was written in order to maintain the standard of what it is being a Katipunero.
being part of the association would mean adhering to the rules and exhibiting virtuous life.

• Jacinto also aimed to educate the Filipinos what a true Katipunero stands for and that is becoming a
person with integrity, courage, stands for equality, and overall bearing the teaching of living life
purposively and contribute to the greater good.

WHAT IS THE RELEVANCE / CONTRIBUTION OF THE DOCUMENT IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

• The Kartilya ng Katipunan was able to constitute patriotism and nationalism.

• The Katipunan was one of the many movements which were established in order to defend our
freedom. With their sacrifices, we were able to obtain the life that we had. The document demonstrated
the values and beliefs our heroes had before which we can learn so much from.

• The document was able to provide us with information in order to fully understand our history.

• Also, it can serve as basis for instituting good governance in our present time, teach honor and

dignity, generosity, compassion, and to practice respect for women and love for our family.

LESSON 2.4

NOTE: FOR CLARIFICATION PURPOSES

• 8 lalawigan – patuloy ang recruitment sa KKK

• May BuNE CaPala Batang Tarlac
• SPANIARDS-Nagpatupad na ng Batas Militar at lalong naghigpit dahil sa pag-aaklas ng mga
Pilipino
• *Pero nanatiling nag-aapoy ang kagustuhan ng mga Katipunerong Pilipino na ipaglaban ang ating
bayan.
• 1896- laging panalo ang mga Pilipino laban sa mga Espanyol
• Sentro ng labanan ay sa CAVITE
1. Kaya sumikat si EMILIO AGUINALDO Nagbunsod ito ng IMUS CONVENTION
2. Matapos ang hindi pagkasunduan sa Imus Convention ay nagkamayroon ng TEJEROS
CONVENTION (March 22, 1897)
• Noon: San Francisco Malabon, Cavite
• Ngayon: General Trias, Cavite
• Pumayag na si Bonifacio na palitan ang Katipunan kaya may eleksiyon para malaman ang
magiging bagong Pangulo
 • Tutol si DANIEL TIRONA sa posisiyon ni Bonifacio dahil wala raw itong pinag-aralan sa batas.
• Kaya matapos nito sinabi ni Bonifacio walang bisa ang bagong ginawa na revolutionary
government at dapat manatili ang Katipunan.
• Kaya may dalawang pamahalaan na umiiral ang KKK at Revolutionary Government ni Aguinaldo.

Lesson 2.4 THE ACT OF DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (Don Bosyong)

•A distant relative to the Rizal family and the Bonifacio family, Bautista often gave advice to José Rizal, a
Filipino nationalist, while studying in Manila.

• He studied law at University of Santo Tomas obtaining a degree in 1865.

• In 1898, Bautista became the first adviser to President Emilio Aguinaldo and subsequently wrote the
Declaration of Philippine Independence.

BACKGROUND

• Annual Independence Day Celebration – June 12

• The celebration of Independence Day annually is rooted in the historic event which took place in
Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
• This event signaled the end of 333 years of Spanish colonization.
• Although this event is of utmost significance to our nationhood, very few (students, teachers, and
Filipinos in general) have actually read the document on the declaration of the Philippine
independence.
• The document ‘Proclamation of Philippine Independence’ shall be the subject of this lesson.

PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE CHARACTERISTICS

• lt tells of the kind of government that was created under General Emilio Aguinaldo;
• The document is 2000-Word document;
• lt summarizes the reason behind the revolution against Spain, the war for independence, and the
future of the new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.

SOME ABUSES DURING THE SPANISH REGIMEAS MENTIONED IN THE FIRST PART OF THE
PROCLAMATION

• Arbitrary arrests;
• Harsh treatment;
• Killing of prisoners under the pretext that they were attempting to escape; Unjust deportations;
and Absence of due process.
 IN GENERAL
• Abuses of the Civil Guards;
• Unequal protection of the law;
• Avarice and greed of the clergy; and
• Unjust deportations without proper hearing

WHY DID THE PROCLAMATION BEGIN WITH AN ENUMERATION OF THE ABUSES?

• The recollection of abuses under the Spanish Regime at the beginning of the Proclamation is
intended to reinforce the need for independence and to illustrate the experiences of Filipinos
under Spain;
• The recollection also justifies the revolution against Spain; and
• The recollection provides a vision for the New Republic characterized by equality and peace.

SOME NARRATIONS IN A THE PROCLAMATION

• Historical narrative from Magellan’s arrival to the Philippine revolution;

• The spread of the movement (Katipunan) through different towns and provinces in Luzon (Bataan,
Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, etc.) The spread of the revolt in the Visayas ensured the
success of the revolution;
• Narration of the unjust execution of Dr. Jose Rizal, done to “please the greedy body of friars in their
insatiable desire to seek revenge upon and exterminate all those who are opposed to their
Machiavellian purposes, which tramples upon the penal code prescribed for these islands.”
• The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the infamous execution of Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA) “whose innocent blood was shed through the intrigues of those so-
called religious orders” that incited the three secular priests in the said mutiny.

Presidency of Emilio Aguinaldo

• He was born in Kawit, Cavite on March 22, 1869.

• He came from a well-to-do family.
• He was educated in the Colegio de San Juan de Letran but was not able to finish college due to an
outbreak of cholera in 1882.
• He joined the Katipunan in 1895 and used the call-sign Magdalo after Mary Magdalene.
• He became the supreme leader of the Dictatorial Government when the Philippines became
independent in 1898 and the e President of the First Republic pursuant to the Malolos
Constitution of 1899.

THE PHILIPPINE FLAG

• The Three Stars represents the three principal island of the Philippine Archipelago, Luzon,
Mindanao, and Panay.
• The sun represents the gigantic strides and the eight rays of the sun symbolizing the eight
provinces of the Manila, Bulacan. Nueva Ecija. Cavite, Pampanga. Laguna, Batangas, and Tarlac.
• The color blue, red, and white commemorate those of the flag of United States of North America.
 • The Blue and Red colors of the flag are often associated with courage and peace, respectively.

PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

• The document reflects the general revolutionary sentiment_of that period. For example, the
abuses specifically mentioned in the proclamation Iike friar abuse, racial discrimination, and
inequality before the law reflect the most compelling sentiments represented by the revolutionary
leadership.
• However, no mention was made about the more serious problem that affected the masses more
profoundly, that is, the land and agrarian crisis felt by the numerous Filipino peasants in the
nineteenth century.
• According to the renowned Philippine Revolution historian, Teodoro Agoncillo, the Philippine
revolution was an agrarian revolution. The common revolutionary soldiers fought in the revolution
for the hope of owning the lands that they were tilling
• This agrarian aspect of the revolution must have been unfamiliar to the middle-class revolutionary
leaders or were intentionally left out because they were landholders themselves.
• The martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal was also mentioned. However, the Katipunan was also mentioned
in the end but there was no mention of its foundation and especially of Andres Bonifacio and his
co-founders.
• This shows us that the historical narration found in this document also reflects the politics of the
victors. This reminds us of the axiom that history is written by the victors.
• The point is, even official records and documents like the proclamation of independence, while
truthful most of the time, still exude the politics and biases of whoever is This manifests in the in
power. Selectiveness of information that can be found in these records.
• The task of the historian, thus, is to analyze the content of these documents in relation to the
dominant politics and the contexts of the people and institutions surrounding it.

THIS TELLS US A LESSON ON TAKING PRIMARY SOURCES LIKE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS
WITHIN THE CIRCUMSTANCE OF THIS PRODUCTION.

COPY OF DECLARATION OF PH INDEPENDENCE SOLD FOR P4 MILLION

 LESSON 2.5 POLITICAL CARICATURE

• TREATY OF PARIS- officially ended the period of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines and granted
possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. It also required that the
United States pay $20 million USD in recompense to the Spanish government.

• MANUEL L. QUEZON- He is the second President of the Philippines and won the Philippines’ first
national presidential Election.

• SUFFRAGE- is the right to vote in electing public officials and adopting or rejecting proposed legislation.

• WHY NATIONAL THANKSGIVING DAY IS NOT PRACTICED TODAY?

According to the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, “Marcos built up the cult of
September 21, proclaiming it National Thanksgiving Day by virtue of Proclamation No. 1180 s. 1973 to
memorialize the date as the foundation day of his New Society.” After the Marcos Sr. regime, it was no
longer a thanksgiving day since it was the day he signed Proclamation No. 1081, which is a dark period in
Philippine history.

• WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS- habeas corpus is “You shall have the body”—that is, the judge must have
the person charged with a crime brought into the courtroom to hear what he’s been charged with. This
was suspended during Martial Law Implementation of Marcos, Sr.

BATAS MILITAR

I. Two (2) Alleged Plans of Marcos to Extend his Terms

A. Plan A to make the Philippine Government a parliamentary system
B. Plan B to declare martial law or Batas Militar
II. Important Details in Creation of Martial Law
A. Oplan Sagittarius
▪ It is considered by Senator Aquino to be the blueprint or detailed plan how to
execute Martial Law.
▪ Romeo Espino wrote the original report of the plan. He refuted Aquino’s claim by
saying that Oplan Sagittarius is just an emergency plan on how to utilize the Armed
Force of the Philippines (AFP).
B. Rolex 12
• It is the name given to the group who helped Marcos on his plan regarding Martial
Law.
• The name was based on the story that each member of group received a Rolex
watch.
• The members were:
1. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
2. Gen. Fabian Ver of National Intelligence Security Authority – Head of Presidential
Security
3. Gen. Romeo Espino – Chief of Staff of Armed Force of the Philippines
4. Gen. Fidel Ramos – Chief of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
 5. Gen. Rafael Sagala – Chief of Philippine Army
6. Gen. Ignacio Paz – Chief of the Intelligence Services of the Armed Force of the
Philippines
7. Gen. Jose Rancudo of the Philippine Air Force
8. Gen. Tomas Diaz of Philippine Constabulary
9. Gen. Alfredo Montoya -Chief of the Metropolitan Command (METROCOM)
10. Gen Hilario Ruiz- of the Philippine Navy
11. Colonel Romeo Gatan – Commander of Philippine Constabulary in Tarlac
12. Eduardo “Danding” Conjuangco – Governor of Tarlac

III. Events Leading to the Proclamation of Martial Law

A. Plaza Miranda Bombing

• On August 21, 1971, during the campaign rally of the Liberal Party at Plaza Miranda, two (2)
grenades exploded causing hundreds of civilians and politicians to be injured.
• Senator Benigno o “Ninoy” Aquino, a liberal candidate and mortal enemy of Marcos, was
not harmed since he was not yet at the place during the incident. Because of this, he was
accused as an accomplice of the communist group in the bombing incident. On the other
hand, many believe that It was Marcos who planned the infamous incident.
• Because of the Plaza Miranda bombing., Marcos suspended the Privilege of Writ Habeas
Corpus. The suspension allowed authorities to arrest anyone without the need of
presenting him/her to a judicial l body. The suspension was immediately revoked by Marcos
due to the protest of the Filipinos
• Aside from Senator Aquino, Marcos primarily accused the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) headed by Jose Maria Sison for the series of bombing events. The CPP
was formed December 26. 1968 after (3) months, the CPP formed another group named
New People’s Army (NPA). The previous “Huks” of Hukbo Mapagpalaya ng Pilipinas, an
armed group located in Central Luzon, helped in the formation of NPA.
B. Natural Calamities (July-August 1972)
• A typhoon during the months of July-August 1972 caused a great flood in Central Luzon destroying
the agricultural crops.
• The government was forced to import almost half a million of tons of rice product.
• This caused for the prices of other product to rise.
• The student, once again, protested the increase of prices.
C. Constitutional Convention (Con-Con)
• The convention was established to replace the 1935 Constitution, which was made when the
Philippine was still under the colonial rule of America.
• Due to manipulation of the current administration, social and economic reform were set aside.
• Instead, the focus of Con-Con is to change the presidential system of government into a
parliamentary system.
• Napoleon Rama, a delegate from Cebu, proposed a resolution to prohibit Marcos from running for
a third term which the majority of the convention supported.
 • Eduardo Quintero, a delegate of Leyte, exposed that Imelda Marcos tried to influence the Con-Con
by giving money to the delegates.
• The Con-Con passed a Transitory Provision, a provision stating that during the transition to
parliamentary system, all executive and legislative power will be exercised by the current
administration – Marcos regime.
D. Enrile’s Ambush
• On September 22, 1972, reports regarding the ambush of Defense Minister Enrile circulated.
• According to Enrile, he was saved from the ambush because he rode the car of his bodyguards
instead of his car.
• 14 years later, Enrile would confirm that the ambush was fake.

[Link] No. 1081

A. On September 23, 1972, President Marcos declared Proclamation No 1081 or the

declaration of the Martial Law.
B. According to Marcos, the purpose of the proclamation was to save the republic
and reform the society.
C. Though the proclamation happened day after Enrile’s ambush official papers with
his signature showed that Marcos put the Philippines under Martial Law as early
as September 21, 1972.

LESSON 2.6: Corazon Aquino’s Speech on US Congress

Authors Background

• She was the 11th president and the first female president of the Philippines.

• She is the only president who has no government experience.

• She was also the first leader of a nation in the world to be installed through a peaceful revolution.

• She restored democracy after the long dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.

• Corazon Aquino was the author of the primary source. She is known as the wife of Benigno S. Aquino Jr.,
the opposition of Ferdinand Marcos.

• The intended audience of the primary source is the Filipino people, as well as the whole world who
witnessed the impoverishment of the Marcos administration: students, researchers and political
analysts.

Background of the Text

• The speech of President Corazon C. Aquino during the joint session of the United States Congress is an
oral statement type of primary source. The original recording can be seen on youtube while the full
transcript can be read at the website of the Official Gazette. It was delivered on September 18, 1986.
• This was her first trip to the United States since authoritarian Ferdinand Marcos was forced out of office
in February that year, and her country was still dealing with the fallout from his regime. The fallout
included the overall external debt of $26 billion, as well as the communist insurgency that grew from 500
armed guerillas to 16,000 during the era.

About the Text

• The Filipinos were only at the beginning of a long path to heal. As a result, Corazon made a plea for
assistance. She delivered a historic speech to the House, swaying the vote for an emergency $200
million aid appropriation in our favor

• Her speech, which she delivered with the help of Teodoro Lopez Locsin, Jr., stands as a primary source
of the Philippines’ Martial Law era. Teodoro Lopez Locsin, Jr. was her speechwriter at that time.

• She spoke for all those who were victims of the Marcos regime in that historical address, retelling how
the fate of her husband ignited the first People Power Revolution, with Filipinos demanding democratic

• The words spoken out reflects the socio-economic and political circumstances in the Philippines at the
time and tells the story of the country’s first successful revolution.

• It bears the emotional pain of the Filipinos who fought against the horrors of subjugation as they
mobilize for liberty.

• The words spoken out reflects the socio-economic and political circumstances in the Philippines at the
time and tells the story of EDSA PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION on February 22 to 25, 1986 the
country’s first successful revolution.

• It bears the emotional pain of the Filipinos who fought against the horrors of subjugation as they
mobilize for liberty.

• The speech was passionate, intensely personal, and successful. It was even disrupted 11 times with
applause and completed with standing ovations.

•It would be remembered as one of the former President's best speeches in the history of our country

Contribution and Relevance of the document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine
History

• The speech of the former President Corazon Aquino gives us the insights on how Filipinos struggled to
attain freedom and between the insisted resistance from the past have inspired Filipino revolutionaries in
our current era. It also gives clarification about what really happened during the time of Ninoy Aquino.

• The document also mentioned about the debt incurred by the former Government before Cory Aquino.
This speech also shows how the Dictatorship transforms into democratic government. From its president
down to its laws, order, and rules. The document also mentioned the killing of Ninoy Aquino and the
terror from torture and conviction during the Martial Law
• It shows the problem faced by Cory Aquino as soon as she became the President. For instance the
poverty and unemployment. The document mentioned two elections occurred after the death of Ninoy
Aquino. His wife participated during the election and lose in the first election. During the second which is
snap election, she became the president and declares democracy in the country.

Relevance of the document to the Present Time

• Cory’s speech still has historical significance. It spoke for our countrymen who were victims of the
Marcos regime and who fought for democracy. It also serves as a primary source about the
aforementioned regime.

• Her position as president is memorable because it marked the success of the “People Power
Revolution”, the return of democracy and the downfall of the Marcos administration — the end of its 20-
year dictatorship. The present constitution “1987 Constitution” of the Philippines is was ratified and
approved by the1986 Constitutional Commission.

Coverage Lesson 1 up to Lesson 2.6

Long Quiz #1

• 1-5 identification
• 6-15 modified t or f
• 16-22 error analysis
• 23-24 enumeration
• 25-34 analogy
• 35-40 statement analysis ( may dalawang statement then mamimili doon kung alin ang true or
false)

16-22 Error Analysis

1Readings in the Philippine History is One of the 2subjects of a 3Filipino 4secondary student.