Bảng tổng hợp các cụm từ đồng nghĩa và cách paraphrase

- show = depict = illustrate = demonstrate = compare - the percentage of unemployment = the

unemployment rate = the unemployment level = the
- the number of = the figure of = the total of proportion of unemployed workers = the percentage
- the amount of = the quantity of = the volume of of individuals who were jobless = the level of
- the percentage of = the proportion of = the rate of = jobless people = the proportion of residents who
the level of were out of work

- the spending on = the expenditure on = the expense - Prices = costs = values

on = the financial allocation to = the amount of
money spent on/allocated to: sự chi tiêu - Income = wage = salary = earnings = pay = the
- the amount of time spent on/allocated to/used for : amount of money earned by someone/made by
số lượng thời gian dành cho someone = the amount of money someone
earned/made/received
- the consumption of sth = the amount of sth
consumed - the birth rate = the rate of birth = the birth level =
- the production of sth = the output of sth = the the level of birth = the fertility rate = the fertility
amount of sth produced/made/manufactured level

- the Internet usage = the use of Internet = Internet - migration to = the trend of migration to = the
users = individuals who used the Internet = people pattern of migration to = the number of migrants to
who accessed the Internet = the number of expatriates = the number of settlers
who migrated to = the number of individuals who
- the percentage of population = the population rate relocated to = the migrant influx
= the population level
- populations = people = individuals = residents = - different = distinct = various
citizens - countries = nations
- areas (vùng/khu vực) = regions = places = parts
- the percentage of employment = the employment - areas (lĩnh vực/ngành) = fields = aspects =
rate = the employment level = the proportion of sections = sectors = categories = domains
workers = the rate of workforce = the rate of - types (thể loại) = kinds = categories
individuals employed in - age groups = age brackets = age cohorts = age
ranges = age categories
- men >< women = males >< females
 Bài 1: Biểu đồ có sự biến động/có xu hướng tăng-giảm
PHẦN A: TỪ VỰNG VÀ CẤU TRÚC
I. Bảng tổng hợp từ vựng mô tả xu hướng

Loại xu hướng Từ vựng nâng cao

(band 7.0-8.0+)

Tăng - increase - Tăng: Rise (rose), increase, grow (grew), jump

- Tăng vọt/tăng mạnh: Soar, surge, escalate, shoot up, pick up

Giảm - decrease - Giảm: Decrease, fall, drop, decline

- Giảm mạnh/đột ngột/lao dốc: plummet, plunge

Ổn định - no - Remain stagnant, remain stable,

change - Level off, stabilize, plateau, remain stagnant

Biến động - - Fluctuate, vary irregularly

fluctuate - Oscillate, show volatility, reveal a volatile pattern, demonstrate a wild oscillation

Tăng/giảm nhẹ - Increase/decrease + slightly/ modestly/ marginally/ moderately/ minimally/

negligibly
- Experience/present + a slight decrease/a modest decline/a moderate fall/a negligible
drop: trải qua một sự giảm nhẹ
- Witness a slight decrease/a modest decline/a moderate fall: chứng kiến/ thể hiện một
sự giảm nhẹ

Tăng/giảm mạnh - increase/decline + sharply/ significantly/ considerably/ remarkably/ dramatically/

substantially/ drastically
- Experience/present + a significant rise/a considerable increase/a remarkable rise: trải
qua một sự tăng mạnh
- Witness a significant rise/a considerable increase/a remarkable rise: chứng kiến một
sự tăng mạnh

Tăng/giảm dần đều - increase/decrease + steadily/gradually

- rise/decline + progressively
- Experience/present + a gradual increase/a progressive rise: thể hiện một sự tăng nhẹ
- Witness a gradual increase/a progressive rise: chứng kiến 1 sự tăng nhẹ

Chạm đỉnh - Reach the highest figure of, peak at

- hit a peak of, culminate in a peak of, reach a maximum of, record an all-time high of,
top out at, register a peak of, reach its apex at, climax at

Chạm đáy - Fall to a minimum of, plunge to the lowest point, dip to a trough at
- Hit the lowest point of, bottom out at
II. Các cấu trúc mô tả xu hướng
1. Số liệu của A + V-tăng/giảm + adv-nhẹ/mạnh/đều

[the number of…/the amount of…/the percentage of ../X] + [increase/decrease] +

[modestly/significantly/progressively] + to + số liệu/from số to số + in năm.

Ex1: The number of tourists to the USA increased modestly to 2 billion in 2012.
Ex2: The amount of rice consumed in Thailand declined significantly from 4 to 1,3 million tonnes from
1990 to 1998.

2. Số liệu của A đã trải qua một sự tăng/giảm + nhẹ/mạnh/đều

[the number of…/the amount of…/the percentage of ../X] + experienced/presented + [a

moderate/considerable/gradual + rise/decline] + to + số/from số to số + in năm

Ex1: The number of tennis players in A club experienced a moderate rise to 4,000 in 2019.
Ex2: The percentage of Internet users in Britain presented a considerable decline from 55% in 1992 to
20% in 1999.

3. Một sự tăng/giảm + nhẹ/mạnh/đều + được chứng kiến ở số liệu của A

a slight/remarkable/steady + increase/decrease + [was witnessed in] + [the number of…/the

amount of…/the percentage of ../X], to + số/from số + to số + in năm

Ex1: A slight decrease was witnessed in the proportion of water consumed for industry, to 55% in 2017.
Ex2: A remarkable decrease was witnessed in the consumption of rice in the UK, from 3,3 to 1,2 million
tonnes between 1990 and 2010.

4. Có một sự tăng/giảm + nhẹ/mạnh/đều ở số liệu của A

There was + [a marginal/significant/progressive + rise/decline] + in + [ the number of…/the

amount of…/the percentage of ../X], to + số/from số + to số + in năm

There was + [a marginal/significant/progressive + rise/decline] + to + số + N/of N + in năm

There was a marginal decline in the number of swimming players in A center, from 150 to 130 between
2015 and 2016.
=> There was a marginal decline from 150 to 130 swimming players in A center between 2015 and 2016.

5. Năm nào đó đã chứng kiến một sự/tăng + nhẹ/mạnh/đều ở số liệu của A

 [The year + năm] + witnessed + [a modest/dramatic/gradual + rise/drop] + in the figure of
A, + to số/from số + to số.

[The year + năm] + witnessed + [a modest/dramatic/gradual + rise/drop] + to số + N/of N.

The year 2017 witnessed a modest decrease in the percentage of water consumed for industry, to 55%.
=> The year 2017 witnessed a modest decrease to 55% of water consumed for industry.

6. Số liệu của A ổn định, giữ nguyên không thay đổi

[The number of …/the amount of…/the percentage of…/X + remained stable/stagnant at +

số + time

The figure for … + showed minimal variation + time, standing at + số/ranging between số
and số

No significant change was seen in the figure for…, remaining stable at + số + time

X + entered the period of stability + time, standing at + số

Ex1: The number of students in A school remained stagnant at 1500 between 2000 and 2005
Ex2: The unemployment rate in the UK showed minimal variation during the period, ranging between
20% and 23%.
Ex3: No significant change was seen in the figure for A country, remaining stable at 2 million residents
over the given timeframe.

7. Số liệu của A biến động, không có xu hướng tăng/giảm rõ ràng

[The number of …/the amount of…/the percentage of…/X + fluctuated/varied significantly

+ time (vary/change)

There were considerable fluctuations in the figure for ….+ time

The figure for … oscillated + time, with no clear upward or downward trend

Ex1: The price of oil in Britain varied significantly from 2000 to 2010.
Ex2: There were considerable fluctuations in electricity production in France in the final years.
Ex3: Housing prices in the USA oscillated throughout the decade, with no clear upward or downward
trend.

NOTE: Sử dụng liên từ để liên kết câu, thể hiện mối quan hệ giữa các câu văn/giữa các đối tượng
 Additionally,/In addition, (thêm vào đó)

Notably,/Noticeably, (Đáng chú ý)

Meanwhile, (trong cùng thời điểm đó)

While/Whereas + clause A, + clause B (trong khi A như này thì B như kia)
Clause A + while/whereas + clause B (trong khi A như này thì B như kia)

Clause A. However, (tuy nhiên) = By contrast, = Conversely, + Clause B

Clause A. Similarly,/Likewise, (tương tự) + Clause B

In terms of/With regard to/Turn attention to + N (về ../liên quan đến…)

PHẦN B: CÁCH VIẾT MỘT BÀI TASK 1 HOÀN CHỈNH

I. Mở bài: paraphrase một số thành phần trong đề bài (nếu có thể)
Ex1: The line chart below shows the changes in the UK’s birth rate for women in six different age groups
from 1973 to 2008.
=> The line chart depicts the changes in the UK’s fertility level for females in six distinct age cohorts
between 1973 and 2008.

II. OVERALL - khái quát biểu đồ

(1) Nhận xét khái quát xu hướng tăng/giảm/ổn định của các đối tượng (nhìn điểm đầu và điểm
cuối để suy ra xu hướng.
(2) Em chọn ra một đối tượng nào đó có số liệu lớn nhất trong suốt giai đoạn/hoặc lớn nhất vào
cuối giai đoạn.

Áp dụng mẫu câu:

Overall, it is readily apparent that the figures for A and B demonstrated upward trends while the
reverse pattern could be observed in C and D. Notably, A took the lead in ……..during the given
timeframe/in the final years of the period.

Overall, it is readily apparent that while the figures for A and B demonstrated upward trends, the
reverse pattern could be observed in C and D, with that of E remaining stable. Notably, A took the
lead in ……..during the given timeframe/in the final years of the period.
(sử dụng cụm từ này để mô tả đối tượng có xu hướng ổn định/không thay đổi)

Ex1:
 - Nhìn vào số liệu ở năm đầu và năm cuối của mỗi quốc gia em có thể thấy rằng:
+ Số lượng xe ô tô được sản xuất ở Argentina và Thái lan có xu hướng tăng, trong khi Australia giảm
+ Thái lan dẫn đầu về việc sản xuất xe ô tô trong suốt giai đoạn
=> Overall, it is readily apparent that the figures for Argentina and Thailand demonstrated upward trends
while the reverse pattern could be observed in Australia. Notably, Thailand took the lead in car production
during the given timeframe.

III. BODY
1. Chia năm - Chia các đoạn thân bài cho các năm tương ứng (khi em thấy trong biểu đồ có từ
2-3 mốc thời gian/năm, thì em có thể chọn cách chia năm)

Ex1:

Khi nhìn vào biểu đồ em có thể thấy biểu đồ này có 3 mốc thời gian - tương ứng với 3 năm 2003 - 2006 -
2009 => vậy em có thể chia thành 3 đoạn thân bài tương ứng với 3 năm này.
- Body 1: Năm đầu tiên - 2003 - So sánh số liệu của 3 quốc gia này
+ Thailand cao nhất - 735K, theo sau là Australia - 452K, và Argentina - 235K
- Body 2: Năm giữa - 2006 - Mô tả xu hướng của 3 quốc gia này
+ Thailand tăng lên 1,166K, Argentina tăng 235K, Australia giảm 341K
- Body 3: Năm cuối - 2009 - Tiếp tục mô tả xu hướng của 3 quốc gia này
+ Thailand giảm nhẹ 999K, Argentina tăng 466K, Australia giản 245K
Bài mẫu - Band 7.0:
The table chart depicts the number of cars produced in three distinct nations in the years 2003, 2006, and
2009.

Overall, it is readily apparent that the figures for Thailand and Argentina demonstrated upward trends
while the reverse pattern could be observed in Australia. Notably, Thailand took the lead in car production
during the examined period.

A closer examination reveals that in 2003, Thailand led with the highest number of cars manufactured, at
735,825, followed by Australia at 452,163 and Argentina at 235,088.

In the following three years, the car output in Thailand and Argentina experienced considerable increases,
with the corresponding figures being 1,162,356 and 352,759. However, there was a significant decline in
the production of cars in Australia, to 341,268.

At the end of the period, Thailand witnessed a modest fall in its number, to 999,963 cars made in 2009
whereas a progressive rise was seen in Argentina, to 366,089. Meanwhile, the number of cars produced in
Australia declined gradually to 245,264.

Ex2:

Khi nhìn vào biểu đồ em có thể thấy biểu đồ này có 2 mốc thời gian - tương ứng với 2 năm 1995 và 2005
=> vậy em có thể chia thành 2 đoạn thân bài tương ứng với 2 năm này.
- Overall:
+ Xu hướng của các đối tượng: Coal/Gas/Nuclear/other types tăng >< Petrol giảm
+ Đối tượng lớn nhất: Coal chiếm ưu thế trong suốt giai đoạn
- Body 1: Năm đầu tiên - 1995 - So sánh số liệu của 5 loại năng lượng này
+ Coal lớn nhất - 29.80%, theo sau bởi Gas 29.63% and Petrol 29.27%
+ Nuclear and other types thấp hơn đáng kể: 6.40% and 4.90%, respectively
- Body 2: Năm còn lại - 2005 - Mô tả xu hướng của 5 loại năng lượng này
+ Trong khi Coal and Gas tăng nhẹ lên 30.93% và 30.31% for each, thì Petrol giảm mạnh còn
19.55%.
+ Nuclear and other types tăng mạnh lên 10.10% and 9.10% for each
 2. Chia đối tượng - Nhóm các đối tượng vào trong một đoạn - nhóm cùng tăng/nhóm cùng
giảm/nhóm đối lập

Ex1:

Nhìn vào biểu đồ em thấy số liệu của no car giảm >< one car, two cars tăng. Vậy em có thể nhóm one car,
two cars vào 1 đoạn, và no car cho đoạn còn lại.
- Overall:
+ no car giảm >< one car, two cars tăngg
+ the ownership of one car phổ biến nhất vào cuối giai đoạn
- Body 1: No car
+ in 1971, tỉ lệ phần trăm người không sở hữu xe oto cao nhất ở 50%,
+ vào 20 năm sau, số liệu giảm mạnh xuống còn 30%, duy trì ổn định cho đến cuối giai đoạn.
- Body 2: One car, two cars
+ sự sở hữu one car phổ biến thứ nhì, với khoảng 35% in 1971, tăng mạnh và đạt đỉnh 50% in 1991,
sau đó giảm nhẹ 45% in 2001. Điều này giúp cho xu hướng này trở nên được ưa chuộng nhất.
+ 20% hộ gia đình sở hữu two cars vào đầu giai đoạn => tăng lên 32% in 1981 sau đó giảm xuống
around 20% in 1991 Tuy nhiên, số liệu này tăng lên lại around 30% vào năm cuối.
NOTE: Các cấu trúc diễn đạt xu hướng trong tương lai
The number of tourists the USA will increase modestly in 2040.

*It is predicted/forecast/expected/projected that + S + V

=> It is forecast that the number of tourists to the USA will experience a modest rise in 2040.

*It is likely that S + V

=> It is likely that the number of tourists to the USA will experience a modest rise in 2040.

*S + is predicted/forecast/expected/projected + to + Vbare
=> The number of tourists to the USA is predicted to experience a modest rise in 2040
=> The USA is forecast to witness a modest rise in the number of tourists in 2040.

*There will be + cụm danh từ + in …..

=> There will be a modest rise in the number of tourists to the USA in 2040.

Bài 2: Biểu đồ so sánh - không có sự biến động tăng/giảm

PHẦN A: TỪ VỰNG VÀ CẤU TRÚC SO SÁNH
I. Các cụm từ so sánh ở các mức độ khác nhau

Đứng vị trí thứ nhất the highest, take/took the lead in, stand out/stood out with the most significant
figure, the dominance of A was the most pronounced, lead/led by a considerable
margin, top/topped the list in terms of, take/took the first place/rank first, hold/held
the top position/be the frontrunner in, occupy the top spot/emerge as the leader
in/secure the leading position

Đứng vị trí thứ nhì Followed by, trail behind, rank second, secure the second place, come in second
place, occupy the second-highest spot, come a close second, come in second

Đứng vị trí thứ ba Rank third, followed closely behind the top two, stand/stood at the third position,
lagged behind the top two, secure the third place, the third-ranking
country/nation/sector.

Đứng vị trí cuối cùng the lowest, take/took the last spot, come in last with only.., be at the bottom of the
ranking hierarchy, be outperformed by all other categories/nations, register the
lowest value, be the least prominent contributor to, fall to the bottom of the ranking,

Ex1: Cho số liệu: The number of international tourists (in millions) visiting five nations in 2022.
France: 90, the USA: 80, Spain: 75, Italy: 60, Japan: 40

France secured the top position in international tourist arrivals, attracting 90 million visitors. The USA
trailed behind, recording a slightly lower but impressive figure of 80 million. Spain followed closely by
the top two with 7 million tourists, while Italy stood at the fourth position with 60 million. Lastly, Japan
was outperformed by all other countries, with the lowest number of tourists, at only 40 million.
II. Đa dạng các cấu trúc so sánh:
Cho số liệu: So sánh số lượng gạo được sản xuất ở country A and country B – the amount of rice
produced/the production of rice
- Country A: 50 million tonnes
- Country B: 35 million tonnes

1. Số liệu của A lớn hơn/thấp hơn B đáng kể/vừa phải

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was significantly/slightly

higher/lower + than that of/in B, at + số A and số B, respectively

The amount of rice produced in country A was significantly higher than that in country B, at 50 and 35
million tonnes, respectively
= The production of rice in country A was significantly higher than that in country B, at 50 and 35 million
tonnes, respectively

2. Số liệu của A là …, nó lớn hơn/thấp hơn B đáng kể/vừa phải

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was + số A, which was
significantly/slightly higher/lower than that of/in B, + with số B

The amount of rice produced in country A was 50 million tonnes, which was significantly higher than that
in country B, with 35 million tonnes.
= The rice output in country A was 50 million tonnes, which was considerably higher than that in country
B, with 35 million tonnes.

3. Số liệu của A vượt xa B, với con số tương ứng là …

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + exceeded/surpassed that

of/in B, with the corresponding figures being + số A and số B

The amount of rice produced in country A surpassed that in country B, with the corresponding figures
being 50 and 35 million tonnes.
= The rice output in country A surpassed that in country B, with the corresponding figures being 50 and 35
million tonnes.

4. Số liệu của A là ….., vượt xa B …..

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + số A, which

exceeded/surpassed that of/in B, with + số B

The amount of rice produced in country A was 50 million tonnes, which surpassed that in country B, with
35 million tonnes.
= The rice output in country A was 50 million tonnes, which surpassed that in country B, with 35 million
tonnes.

5. Khi muốn so sánh A-cao nhất, B-nhì, C-ba, D-tư ….

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was the highest, + at số A,
followed by B at số B, and C at số C, …….

Cho số liệu: So sánh số lượng người tham gia vào môn bơi lội ở A center (180 người), B center (150
người), C center (132 người)
=> The number of individuals who took part in swimming in A center was the highest, at 180, followed by
B at 150, and C at 132.
=> A center took the lead with the highest number of swimming participants, attracting 180 individuals,
while B and C trailed behind with 150 and 132 for each.

6. Số liệu của A là …., so với B ….

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was + số A, compared to B,

at số B ………/compared to + số of/in B

The amount of rice produced in country A was 50 million tonnes, compared to country B, at 35 million
tonnes/compared to 35 million tonnes in country B.
= The production of rice in country A was 50 million tonnes, compared to 35 million tonnes in country B.

7. A và B có số liệu bằng nhau/gần bằng nhau

A and B shared the (relatively) same figure at + số, for each

The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was (nearly) equal to that of/in B,
+ at số, for each/in turn.
The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was số A, which was (nearly)
equal to that of/in B, (with số B)

So sánh 2 số liệu sau:

- The percentage of water consumed for industry was 43%.
- The percentage of water consumed for agriculture was 40%.
=> Industry and agriculture shared the relatively same figure at 43% and 40% for each.
=> The proportion of water consumed for industry was nearly equal to that for agriculture, at 43% and
40%, in turn.
=> The proportion of water consumed for industry was 43%, which was nearly equal to that for
agriculture, with 43%.

8. A lớn gấp đôi B/gần gấp đôi B

 The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was (nearly) twice as much/many as
that of/in B, + with số A and số B respectively/in turn.
The percentage of A/The number of A/The amount of A/X + was + số A, which was (nearly) twice
as much/many as that of/in B, with số B

Cho số liệu:
- The rate of population in country A was 60%.
- The rate of population in country B was 32%.
=> The proportion of population in country A was nearly twice as much as that in country B, with 60%
and 32% in turn.
=> The proportion of population in country A was 60%, which was nearly twice as much as that in country
B, with 32%.

9. A ghi nhận số liệu cao hơn/thấp nhất hơn B đáng kể/vừa phải

A recorded a considerably/modestly higher/lower figure than B, with + số, in turn

Cambodia recorded a slightly higher rice consumption than Poland, with 40 and 35 million tonnes
consumed in each.

10. A vượt mặt B với một con số lớn đáng kể/nhỏ

The figure of A surpassed B by a remarkable/narrow margin, with the respective values

being + số A and số B

The average annual income of doctors surpassed engineers by a remarkable margin, with the respective
values being $120,000 and $90,000.

Bài 3: Biểu đồ MIXED

I. Introduction: Viết một câu mở bài cho mỗi biểu đồ (dùng while/whereas để liên kết 2 mệnh đề)

Ex1: The bar chart below shows how tourism to Australia from three different countries changed between
1995 and 2005. The line chart illustrates the types of stay that tourists chose during the same period.
=> While the bar chart depicts the changes/the variation in tourism to Australia from three distinct nations
from 1995 to 2005, the line chart compares the kinds of stay that travellers preferred during the same
timeframe.

Ex2: The bar charts illustrates the average house expenses in England and its capital city - London, and to
present the comparison regarđing the average house prices between distinct areas of England within the
year 2013.
=> Whereas the first bar chart depicts the average housing expenditure in England and its capital city -
London, the second one compares the median house costs between different regions of England in 2013.
 II. Overall: Viết 1 câu khái quát cho mỗi biểu đồ (liên kết bằng Additionally, In addition,..)
Ex1:
Overall, it is readily apparent that the number of tourists to
Australia from the UK and the USA displayed upward trends
while the reverse pattern could be observed that from Japan.
Additionally, although backpacking was more popular at the
beginning of the period, staying at hotels gradually became the
dominant choice and reached the same level as backpacking by
2005.

Ex2:
Overall, it is readily apparent that the rate
of food bought in supermarkets of all
surveyed countries displayed upward trends
during the given timeframe. Likewise,
significant rises were witnessed the sales of
goods in the same period.

III. Bodies: Viết một đoạn thân bài cho mỗi biểu đồ
Ex1:
Outline:
- Body 1: Bar chart - In terms of tourism to Australia
+ 1995: Japan dẫn đầu around 1,450,000, theo sau là the UK with 800,000 và the USA with 500,000
+ 2005: trong khi Japan giảm mạnh còn 1,100,000 >< the UK and the USA tăng mạnh lên ở mức
bằng nhau, 1,500,000

- Body 2: Line chart - With regard to accommodation options

+ backpacking phổ biến hơn rất nhiều vào đầu giai đoạn, với around 1,700,000 cá thể chọn xu hướng
này in 1995. Sau đó, số lượng du khách chọn backpacking tăng mạnh chạm đỉnh 2,500,000 in
2000, trước khi giảm mạnh còn around 1,300,000.
+ Số lượng du khách chọn staying at hotels tăng dần đều từ 250,000 lên 1,300,000 vào cuối giai
đoạn, bằng với backpacking.

Bài 4: PROCESS - Biểu đồ quy trình

A. CÁCH VIẾT BIỂU ĐỒ QUY TRÌNH
I. Introduction
- The picture/diagram/flowchart depicts the process of making/producing/manufacturing/Ving + Sth
=> The diagram depicts the process of manufacturing televisions.

- The picture/diagram/flowchart + depicts + how + Sth + be made/produced/manufactured/V3/ed

=>The diagram depicts how televisions are produced.

II. OVERALL
Overall, it is readily apparent that the production of Sth + can be divided into + số/several + distinct
steps/stages, commencing with + Ving/N and culminating in + Ving/N.
Ex1:

The picture depicts how bricks are produced for the construction industry

Overall, it is readily apparent that the production of bricks can be divided into several distinct steps,
commencing with digging clay and culminating in delivering the final products to building sites.

III. BODY 1 VÀ BODY 2: Chia các bước thành 2 đoạn thân bài.

B. ĐA DẠNG CẤU TRÚC TRONG BIỂU ĐỒ QUY TRÌNH

1. Quy trình bắt đầu/tiếp tục/kết thúc khi đối được được …

The process begins/continues/ends with + đối tượng + being V3/ed

Ex1: The process begins with the clay being dug

Ex2: The process continues with oranges being washed off with water to get rid of dirt.

2. Bước đầu tiên/tiếp theo/cuối cùng diễn ra ở “nơi nào đó” …

The first/next/final step/stage + takes place + in “place” + where/in which + S + V

The next step takes place in a factory where oranges are washed with water to get rid of dirt.

3. Đối tượng được vận chuyển đến một nơi/thiết bị nơi mà ….

Đối tượng + be transported to + “place”/a machine + where/in which + S-đối tương + V

Oranges are transported to a factory where they are washed with water to get rid of dirt.

4. Cần phải sử dụng đc cấu trúc này trong bài viết:

After + being V3/ed, S + V : Sau khi được …., thì ……

Before + being V3/ed, S + V : Trước khi được…., thì …..

Oranges are washed off with water to get rid of dirt, and then are smashed.
=> After being washed off with water to get rid of dirt, the oranges undergo the process of smashing.
=> Before undergoing the process of smashing, the oranges are washed with water to get rid of dirt.

5. Đối tượng được ….., theo sau đó là……

S + V - bước trước , followed by + Ving/N - bước sau

Oranges are washed off with water to get rid of dirt, and then are smashed.
=> Oranges are washed of with water to get rid of dirt, followed by undergoing the process of smashing

6. Đối tượng trải qua ….

S + be + subjected to + N/Ving + before + Ving

S + be + subjected to + N/Ving, + after which + S + V

Ex1: The oranges are subjected to the cleaning stage to get rid of dirt before being smashed.
Ex2: The oil is subjected to filtration after which it is bottled.

7. Bước nào đó được thực hiện để ……

N/Ving + is carried out in order to + Vbare

The washing stage is carried out in order to eliminate dirt from the oranges before undergoing the
smashing.

8. Thiết bị nào đó được thiết kế để …

N-máy móc + is designed to + V bare

The oranges are transferred to a machine which is designed to smash them.

9. Đối tượng được chuyển tiếp đến giai đoạn tiếp theo

S + is seamlessly integrated into + the …. phase, + after which + S + V

The filtered oil is seamlessly integrated into the bottling phase, after which it is transferred to distribution
places.

10. S được xử lý với sự hỗ trợ của thiết bị nào đó

S + be + V3/ed + with the assistance of + N-thiết bị

The clay is placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break the clay into smaller pieces with the assistance
of a roller placed under the grid.

C. MỘT SỐ CỤM TỪ NỐI/LIÊN TỪ ĐỂ LIÊN KẾT

1. Bắt đầu quy trình
- Initially,
- To begin with,
- At the onset of the process, ……
- The first step involves + Ving ……..

2. Các bước tiếp theo

- Following this step, ……
- Upon completion of + N/Ving: sau khi hoàn thành ….
- In the next/following/subsequent step/stage, ….
- Moving onto the next/following/subsequent step/stage, …..
- After that, ….
- The process continues when + S + V

3. Bước kế cuối: in the penultimate step

4. Bước cuối:
- Lastly,/Finally,
- The final step is that + S + V
- The process ends with + N + being V/3ed
- In the last step,
- The process ends when S + V
- Once the process is complete, ….

Ex1:
 Outline Sample - Band 7.0

Biểu đồ mô tả quy trình sản xuất gạch cho ngành The flowchart depicts the process of manufacturing
xây dựng. bricks for the construction industry.

Nhìn chung, quy trình này bao gồm nhiều bước Overall, it is readily apparent that the production of
khác nhau, bắt đầu với việc đào đất sét và kết bricks can be divided into distinct steps, commencing
thúc với việc vận chuyển đến các công trình xây with digging clay and culminating in the delivery of
dựng. final bricks to building sites.

Vào đầu quy trình, đất sét được đào lên bằng một To begin with, clay is extracted from the ground using
chiếc máy xúc lớn, sau đó được sàn nhỏ bằng a large digger. Subsequently, the clay is placed on a
một tấm lưới kim loại với sự hỗ trợ của con lăn metal grid which is designed to break down the clay
được đặt ở phía bên dưới trong quá trình cán vụn with the assistance of a roller placed under.
này.

Theo sau đó, nước và cát được trộn vào đất sét, Subsequently, sand and water is added to the mixture,
và hỗn hợp này được tạo thành các viên gạch which is either poured into molds or sliced into bricks
bằng cách đặt vào trong một chiếc khuôn hoặc using a wire cutter.
bằng cách sử dụng sợi dây cắt - wire cutter.

Ở giai đoạn cuối cùng, những viên gạch trải qua In the final stage, after being shaped, the bricks are
quy trình làm mát và làm nóng. Chúng được transferred to an oven where they are dried for 1-2
nung nóng ở nhiệt độ trung bình đến cao, giao days, followed by undergoing the heat process in a
động từ 200-1300oC), theo sau đó là quá trình kiln at moderate and then high temperature, 200-
làm mát ở trong buồng từ 2-3 ngày. Cuối cùng, 1300oC. Next, the fired bricks are cooled slowly for
những viên gạch được đóng gói và vận chuyển 2-3 days in a cooling chamber. The process ends when
đến các công trình xây dựng. the final products are packaged and transported to
constructions sites.

Bài 5: MAPS - BẢN ĐỒ

I. Introduction
- The pictures/maps/plans + depict + the transformation of Sth + from ….to…./between…and…
 - The pictures/maps/plans + depict + how + Sth + transformed/will transform + after some
significant development + from…to/between…and…

Ex: The maps below show the changes that have taken place at the waterfront area of a town called
Darwin between 2009 and 2014.
=> The pictures depict how the waterfront area of a town called Darwin transformed after some significant
development from 2009 to 2014.

II. OVERALL
Overall, it is readily apparent that Sth witnessed/will witness a wide variety of alterations, with the
most noticeable of which being seen in the establishment of + N - sự thay đổi nổi bật.

Ex: Overall, it is readily apparent that the waterfront area witnessed a wide variety of alterations, with the
most noticeable of which being seen in the establishment of residential areas.

III. BODIES: Có 2 cách để chia các sự thay đổi trong biểu đồ thành 2 đoạn:
Chia bản đồ thành 2 nữa [nửa bên trái - nửa bên phải] or [nữa bên trên - nữa bên dưới]

IV. Một số ngôn ngữ diễn tả sự thay đổi trong bản đồ

1. A was changed into B: A bị biến thành B
= A was turned into/converted into/transformed into B
= A was demolished/knocked down to make way for B/to pave way for B
= A underwent a remarkable transformation, assuming the form of B
= A experienced a remarkable change, culminating in the emergence of B
= The location previously occupied by A is now taken up/was taken up by B
= A was substituted by B in its original location.

Ex: Thông tin: Khu vực phòng khách nằm ở phía đông nam bị thay đổi thành phòng đọc sách
=> The living room area located to the southeastern region underwent a remarkable transformation,
culminating in the emergency of a reading area.
=> The location previously occupied by the living room area was taken up by a reading area.

2. A remained unchanged/unaltered throughout the period: giữ nguyên k thay đổi.

= A remained constant/A stayed consistent throughout the duration
= A maintained a consistent state without any variation during the given period.

Ex: The threatre located in the north of the map stayed consistent throughout the duration.

3. A was moved from….to..: bị di dời từ ….tới…

- A was relocated from….to…./was transferred from…to…./repositioned from…to…
- A underwent a transformation, being relocated from…to…
- A was subjected to the displacement, being relocated from …to..

The library situated in the south of the map was subjected to the displacement, being relocated to the east.
=> The library was subjected to the displacement, being relocated from the south to the east of the map.
 4. A was made bigger: được làm to lên/đc mở rộng ra
- A was enlarged/was expanded/was augmented in size
- A was upsized
- A underwent a substantial enlargement.
- A was subjected to a considerable size enhancement.

The primary school situated in the middle of the map underwent a substantial enlargement.

5. A was made smaller: đc thu hẹp nhỏ lại

- A was reduced in size/was decreased in magnitude/was diminished in size
- A underwent a substantial reduction in size

6. Các cụm từ chỉ vị trí

- A located/situated in the northern side/part/area/region of the map
- A positioned towards the north on the map
- A found in the northward section of the map
- A situated in the northernmost area of the map/in the southernmost area
- A located in the northerly direction on the map.

The primary school positioned towards the west on the map was subjected to a substantial enhancement
with more rooms.

Ex1:

OVERALL: sự thay đổi nổi bật trong bản đồ: xuất hiện nhiều nhà ở hơn - houses/housing areas

BODIES: chia nửa bên trái và bên phải

- Body 1: Nửa bên trái
+ bridge north : giữ nguyên
+ shops northwest :=> nhà ở (residential areas = housing regions = regions of houses = rows of
houses = new blocks of buildings : nhà ở)
+ post office west : giữ nguyên
+ farmland southwest => nhà ở
- Body 2: Nửa bên phải
+ farmland northeast => nhà ở
+ primary school east => được mở rộng ra
+ gardens east => nhà ở
+ large house east => retirement home

Bài mẫu - Band 7.0 - 7.5:

The pictures delineate how the village of Stokeford transformed after some significant development from
1930 to 2010.

Overall, it is readily apparent that the village witnessed a wide variety of alterations, with the most
noticeable of which being seen in the establishment of residential areas.

A closer examination reveals that the bridge located to the northern side of the village maintained a
consistent state without any variation during the given period. While the shops to the northwest and the
farmland situated in the southwest were demolished to pave the way for the construction of multiple new
blocks of buildings, the post office positioned towards the west on the map remained unchanged
throughout the duration.

Regarding the remaining changes, the farmland in the northeast was substituted by housing regions in its
original location although the primary school situated in the northeasterly direction was subjected to a
considerable size enlargement with more rooms. Additionally, while the gardens found in the eastward
section were converted into new rows of houses, the large house next to it was enlarged and transformed
into a retirement home.

Cấu Trúc "line graph & biểu đồ có xu hướng thời gian"

1. As / Whereas/ While X verb, Y verb (at the same time).
 While the figure for factories in Japan went up dramatically to 120,000 in 2010, the
quantity in Korea plummeted to 12,000 at the same time.

2. Clause, followed by + Noun Phrase

 There was a dramatic growth in the number of factories in Japan to 120.000 in
2010,followed by a sharp decrease to 1,000 in 2015.

 There was a considerable increase to 1500 in the number of children doing athletics
in 2010, followed by a gradual decrease to 1200 in 2015.

3. Clause, prior to/before/after Verb-ing

 The number of factories in Japan experienced an increase to 120,000 in 2010, before
hitting a free fall to 1,000 in 2015.
4. Clause, after Verb – ing
 The figure for factories in Japan hit a free fall to 1,000 in 2o15, after undergoing an
increase to 120,000 in 2010.

5. In comparison to/with X, which verb, Y verb.

 In comparison with the number of factories in Japan, which witnessed an dramatic
increase to 120,000 in 2010, the quantity in Korea plummeted to 12,000 at this time.

6. X verb, Verb-ing, (which verb).

 The quantity of factories in Japan went through a period of dramatic increase to
120,000 in 2010, exceeding the number in Korea, which had only 12,000.

7. The Gap Between + Subject + Narrows As People Get Older

 Dùng cấu trúc này khi hai đối tượng có số liệu thu hẹp lại

 The gap between the amount of time spent on watching TV and being online narrows
as people get older.

8. The Same/ Opposite Pattern Can Be Seen For …

 Cấu trúc tránh lặp đi lặp lại các cấu trúc quá nhiều lần.

 Just over one fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of
parents living with a partner were classed as poor. The same pattern can be seen for
people with no children.

9. Các cấu trúc thể hiện thứ tự khác

 Starting / Standing at + số liệu + năm, S+ V +adv

 S + V +adv, Ving, and then V

 Cụm "for most of the period" (dùng cho phần lớn quãng thời gian của biểu đồ (>80%))

 S+V, but later+ V

 Dùng với từ respective

Câu Mẫu "line graph & biểu đồ có xu hướng thời gian"

 The price increased/ went up/ rose rapidly/ shot up = There was a sharp growth in the
price

 The price soared/ leaped/ climbed to a new peak

 The price hit a peak/ reached a high/ reached a peak

 The sale saw a noticeable turnaround (Doanh thu cải thiện tốt)

 A twofold/threefold increase = doubled/tripled/quadrupled (gấp 4 lần)/quintupled (gấp

5 lần)

 The price climbed/ soared to a peak

 Sales rose by 5% = a 5% rise was recorded = Sales recorded/ saw a 5% rise

 The price hit a peak of $200 over the 10-year period

 The price sank to new low point

 The price went into free fall

 There was a dip = the price dipped

  The price suffered/ experienced/ saw/ recorded/ witnessed/ show a steep/ sharp
decline/decrease/ fall = There was a/an adj + N in the price

 The price fell/ went back to the 2010 level

 The price fell to its lowest level

 The price gradually went down before experiencing a sharp decline

 There was a slight decline in the price, followed by a sudden drop/a

collapse/tumble/plunge…

 There was a marked fall in the price = The price fell markedly (for a short period, etc)

Phrasal verb miêu tả xu hướng "line graph & biểu đồ có xu hướng thời gian"
 Shoot up

 Definition: Increase rapidly.

 The sales of smartphones shot up in the last quarter.

 Level off

 Definition: To stabilize or reach a steady level after a period of change.

 After reaching its peak, the unemployment rate leveled off.

 Plunge into

 Definition: To decrease rapidly and sharply.

 The stock market plunged into chaos following the economic crisis.

 Climb up

 Definition: Increase gradually.

 The temperature climbed up throughout the day.

 Drop off

 Definition: Decrease sharply.

 Attendance at the event dropped off after the first hour.

 Taper off

 Definition: Decrease gradually.

 Interest in the new product tapered off after the initial hype.

 Rocket ahead

 Definition: Increase rapidly and significantly, usually in comparison to

something else.

 The company's profits rocketed ahead of its competitors.

 Edge up

 Definition: Increase slowly and gradually.

 The price of oil edged up over the course of the month.

  Plummet down

 Definition: Decrease rapidly and sharply.

 Confidence in the government's policies plummeted down after the scandal.

 Hover around

 Definition: Stay at or near a particular level.

 Prices of the commodity hovered around the $50 mark for most of the year.

Sử dụng giới từ trong bài Writing task 1

 To: Miêu tả sự thay đổi đến mức nào. Ví dụ: In 2010, the unemployment rate
increased to 5%
 By: Miêu tả sự thay đổi trong một khoảng cụ thể. Ví dụ: In 2018, the rate of school
enrolment in Viet Duc Primary School fell by 2% (from 15% to 13%)
 With: Miêu tả phần trăm, số lương. Ví dụ: He won the election with 53% of the vote
 At: Cung cấp con số cụ thể. Ví dụ: The unemployment rate hit its highest point, at
10%

Dạng bài tỉ lệ, %

Các từ chia tỉ lệ thông dụng:
 10% - one in ten
 25% - a quarter
 20% - a fifth
 30% - nearly a third
 33% - a third
 51% - more than a half
 75% - three quarters
 97% - a majority
 5% - a small fraction
 10% - a tenth, one in ten
 15% - less than a fifth
 20% - a fifth
 25% - a quarter
 30% - nearly a third
 33% - a third, one-third
 50% - a half
 65% - nearly two-thirds
 75% - three quarters
 32% - Nearly a third
 49% - Almost a half
 68% - Over two-thirds
 9% A small fraction
 35% Just over/More than a third
 76% More than/Over three quarters
 4% = A tiny fraction.
 24% = Almost a quarter.
 25% Exactly a quarter.
 26% = Roughly one quarter.
 32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.
 49% = Around a half, just under a half.
 50% = Exactly a half.
 51% = Just over a half.
 73% = Nearly three quarters.
 77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter.
 79% = Well over three quarters.
 2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
 4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
 16% = A small minority, a small portion.
 70% = A large proportion.
 72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large proportion.
 89% = A very large proportion.

Để miêu tả các số liệu liên quan đến phần trăm và tỉ lệ, các bạn có thể sử dụng các động
từ như: account for = make up = consist of = comprise + ... %. Ví dụ: The number of 1st
grade students accounts for 15% of the total students at Thang Long Primary School.