NEPAL ENGINEERING COUNCIL
LICENSE EXAM PREPARATION COURSE
FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
5. Design of Structure
5.4 RCC structure-2
Sub topics
• Design of column
• Design of isolated/combined footing
• Prestress concrete
• NS & IS codes.
Design of column
Effective length
Design of Column
𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑦 Y
Short column = < 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 < 12
𝐷 𝑏
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑦
Slender column = ≥ 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥ 12
𝐷 𝑏
X D
𝑙𝑒𝑥 and 𝑙𝑒𝑦 are effective length X
𝑏 and 𝐷 are overall dimension of column
Y
b
Design of beam
Slenderness limits:
The unsupported length between end resteaints shall not exceed
60𝑏
The unsupported length if one end is unrestrained shall not
exceed
100𝑏 2
𝑑
Design of beam
Minimum Eccentricity: Maximum of
𝐿 𝐷
+ 𝑜𝑟 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
Also called accidental eccentricity.
Usually cover of 40 mm is provided on column
Axially loaded, Uniaxial and Biaxial bending
Based on moment column has to experience
Probable failure pattern
Difference in process of design.
Axially loaded: eccentricity within minimum eccentricity
Uniaxial Bending: eccentricity exceeds minimum eccentricity in
one direction
Biaxial Bending: eccentricity exceeds minimum eccentricity in
both direction
Design of Axially loaded column
Minimum eccentricity is less than 0.05D
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑢 is axial load
Strength increases by 5% when helical reinforcement is in
place of ties
Design of Uniaxial bending column
Designed basically using SP16 design aid for IS 456:2016
𝑝 𝑃𝑢 𝑀𝑢
, ,
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷2
𝑝 is percentage of longitudinal reinforcement
Different chart are made based on d’/D ratio and 𝑓𝑦 .
Design of Uniaxial bending column
Section is assumed and calculation for 𝐴𝑠𝑐 is done using
charts
𝑃𝑢 𝑀𝑢
, are calculated, they are the strength parameter
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷2
for column against compression due to axial load and
uniaxial bending respectively.
𝑝
are found from graph
𝑓𝑐𝑘
Design of Biaxial bending column
Designed basically using SP16 design aid for IS 456:2016
𝛼 𝛼
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑢𝑥1 𝑀𝑢𝑦1
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢𝑦 is moment about x and y axes
𝑀𝑢𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢𝑦2 is moment capacity about x and y axes
Design of Biaxial bending column
𝑝 is percentage of longitudinal reinforcement (assumed)
Different chart are made based on d’/D ratio and 𝑓𝑦
𝑝 𝑃𝑢
, are calculated
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷
𝑀𝑢𝑥1
is computed from graph, thus calculating moment resisting
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷2
strength about x axis. Similar is repeated for y axis
Design of Biaxial bending column
The value of 𝛼 depend upon 𝑃𝑢 /𝑃𝑢𝑧
𝑃𝑢𝑧 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝐴𝑐 + 0.75𝑓𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑢 is axial load
𝑃𝑢𝑧 is ultimate load capacity
𝑃𝑢 /𝑃𝑢𝑧 𝛼
≤ 0.2 1.0
≥ 0.8 2.0
Reinforcement in column
Longitudinal reinforcement
Minimum : 0.8%
Maximum : 6%
Practically noy more than 4%
Minimum 4 bars needs to be provided in rectangular and 6 in
circular, not less than 12 mm diameter
For helical reinforcement provided number of bars required is 6
Spacing should not be more than 300 mm
Reinforcement in column
Traverse reinforcement
Pitch: should not be more than least of
Least dimension of column (b)
16𝜙 where 𝜙 is diameter of longitudinal reinforcement
300 mm
Diameter: Should not be less than
𝜙/4
6mm
Reinforcement in column
Traverse helical reinforcement
Pitch:
should not be more than
75 mm,one sixth core diameter
should not be less than
3𝜙 where 𝜙 is diameter of helical reinforcement
25 mm
Diameter: Should not be less than
𝜙/4 where 𝜙 is diameter of longitudinal reinforcement
6mm
Reinforcement in column
Helical reinforcement
The ratio of volume of helical reinforcement to core volume shall
𝐴𝑔
not be less than 0.36 − 1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 is area of core
𝐴𝑔 is gross area of column
Design of Slender column
𝑃𝑢 𝐷 𝑙𝑒𝑥 2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
2000 𝐷
𝑃𝑢 𝑏 𝑙𝑒𝑦 2
𝑀𝑎𝑦 =
2000 𝑏
Reduction factor
𝑃𝑢𝑧 − 𝑃𝑢
𝑘=
𝑃𝑢𝑧 − 𝑃𝑏
𝑃𝑏 is computed from values in table 60 in SP 16 which is axial
load corresponding to the condition of maximum compressive
strain of 0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in
outermost layer of tension steel.
Design of Slender column
𝑃𝑏 /𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑝/𝑓𝑐𝑘
Column base
maximum bearing stress at base is found by multiplying
𝐴1
permissible bearing stress and 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2
𝐴2
𝐴1 is area made having slope one vertical to two horizontal
𝐴2 is area of column base
Permisible bearing stress is 0.25fck for working stress and
0.45fck for limit state method
If it is exceeded dowels are provided
Design of footing
Minimum thickness of edge of footing
150mm on soil
300mm above top of pile
Cover 50 mm is provided.
Designed almost as a flat slab.
Depth of footing depend on bending moment and shear, Usually
shear is detrimental for thickness of footing.
Factored load/footing area should be less than bearing capacity of
soil, thus dimension of footing is found.
Design of footing
Design load is sum of factored self weight(usually 10%) and load
from column
Moment is critical at face of column.
One way shear is critical at section d (effective depth) from
column face.
Two way shear is critical at section d/2 (half of effective depth)
from column face all around.
Design of footing
Design of footing for moment
Moment of resistance for balanced section
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 1 − 0.42 𝑑
𝑑 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 250 0.53
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
415 0.48
𝑥𝑢 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
0.42 =
𝑑 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 500 0.46
Design of footing one way shear (beam)
Footing is designed such that shear is carried out such that no
shear reinforcement is required.
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐
Where,
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝐵𝑑
Footing two way shear (punching)
Footing is designed such that shear is carried out such that no
shear reinforcement is required.
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝐵𝑑
𝜏𝑣 < 𝑘 𝑠 𝜏𝑐
Clause 31.6.3 Is 456
𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 ≤ 1
𝛽𝑐 is ratio of shorter side to longer side
𝜏𝑐 = 0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Design of Combined footing
Design load is sum of factored self weight(usually 10%) and load
from column
W=W1+W2+self weight
Moment is critical at face of column.
Need to design for hogging moment which arrises between two
columns.
One way shear is critical at section d (effective depth) from
column face.
Two way shear is critical at section d/2 (half of effective depth)
from column face all around.
Design of footing
Design of footing for moment
Moment of resistance for balanced section
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 1 − 0.42 𝑑
𝑑 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 250 0.53
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
415 0.48
𝑥𝑢 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
0.42 =
𝑑 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 500 0.46
Design of footing one way shear (beam)
Footing is designed such that shear is carried out such that no
shear reinforcement is required.
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐
Where,
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝐵𝑑
Footing two way shear (punching)
Footing is designed such that shear is carried out such that no
shear reinforcement is required.
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝐵𝑑
𝜏𝑣 < 𝑘 𝑠 𝜏𝑐
Clause 31.6.3 Is 456
𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 ≤ 1
𝛽𝑐 is ratio of shorter side to longer side
𝜏𝑐 = 0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement is 0.15% of total cross section for mild
steel
Minimum reinforcement is 0.12% of total cross section is high
strength
For rectangular two way footing
2
Reinforcement in central band= Total reinforcement
𝛽+1
𝛽 is ratio of long side to short
Footing design
Spacing of bars : The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed
• Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
• Distribution steel –5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller
Where, ‘d’ is the effective depth of slab.
Minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm
though code do not recommend any value.
Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in
slab, shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.
Prestress Concrete
The concrete structure is stresses before service load acts on it
by the use of tensioned tendons.
The prestressing can be performed by two methods:
1. Pretensionong
2. Post-Tensioning
Pretensioned Prestress Concrete
Used for small structure
Tendons are tensioned before
pouring concrete.
Post tensioned Prestress Concrete
Used for large structure
Tendons are tensioned after
concrete is set.
Tension may be cast insitu or
introduced after concrete is set.
Bonded and unbonded
Prestress Concrete
Effect of prestress on RCC
Prestress Concrete
Profile of tendon cable can be straight , parabolic or any other
based on usefulness.
Strengthens the structure, makes sizes small
Concrete and tendons should be of high strength
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑀𝑦
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = − +
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝑀𝑦
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = + −
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
Thank YOU !!!