1.
Types of Research
• Basic Research: Advances theoretical knowledge (e.g., studying how nutrients
interact at a molecular level).
Answer: B (Q1)
• Applied Research: Solves immediate practical problems (e.g., testing a new diet
for diabetics).
Answer: A (Q2)
Key Difference: Basic = theory; Applied = real-world solutions.
2. Research Characteristics
• Research must:
o Start with a question (A).
o Have a plan (B).
o Involve data collection (D).
• NOT a characteristic: Conclusions are never certain (C).
Answer: C (Q3)
3. Research Ethics
• Protection from harm: Minimize physical/psychological risks (Q4).
• Informed consent: Participants volunteer knowingly (Q5, Q8).
• Honesty: Report findings truthfully (Q6).
• Privacy: Keep data confidential (Q7).
• Plagiarism: Using others' work without credit (Q9).
4. Research Validity & Reliability
• Validity: Measures what it claims (Q10).
• Reliability Types:
o Inter-rater: Agreement between evaluators (Q11).
o Test-retest: Consistent results over time (Q12).
• Standardization: Consistent administration (Q13).
5. Study Designs & Variables
• Experimental Study: Tests cause-effect (e.g., green tea vs. placebo for weight
loss).
o Independent Variable (IV): What’s manipulated (e.g., green tea) (Q27).
o Dependent Variable (DV): Outcome measured (e.g., weight) (Q28).
Answer: C (Q26)
• Correlational: Examines relationships (e.g., breakfast and school performance)
(Q24).
6. Sampling Methods
• Probability Sampling: Equal chance for all (Q20).
o Stratified: Divides population into layers (e.g., underweight/normal groups)
(Q22, Q31).
o Systematic: Selects every nth person (Q21).
• Non-Probability: Convenience (e.g., readily available people) (Q23).
7. Internal vs. External Validity
• Internal Validity: Accurate cause-effect conclusions (Q14, Q18).
o Threat: Hawthorne effect (behavior changes due to observation) (Q15).
o Boost: Use control groups, randomization (Q29).
• External Validity: Results apply to real world (Q19).
o Boost: Representative samples (Q30).
8. Study Examples
• Cross-Sectional: Snapshot data (e.g., Aetas’ nutritional status) (Q35).
• Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT): Gold standard for experiments (Q26).
• Applied Research: Solves problems (e.g., carrageenan lowering cholesterol)
(Q34).