Drives Examples

Example 1: A 3-φ induction motor has a ratio of maximum torque to full-load torque as 2:1.
Determine the ratio of actual starting torque to full-load torque for Y - ∆ starting. Given R2 = 0.2
Ω and X2 = 2Ω.

Solution:

Given data:
 The slip at maximum torque is .

∴ Full-load current per phase:

Short-circuit rotor current per phase:

∴ Starting torque with star–delta starter:

Example 2: The supply voltage to a cage rotor motor is 70% instead of 100%. Determine the
reduction in starting torque and starting current.

Solution:

Let ‘Isc’ be the starting current with normal voltage.

The starting current with 70% of supply voltage = 0.7 Isc.

The reduction in the starting current

where Tf, If, Sf, and Isc are the full-load torque, full-load current, full-load slip, and short-circuit
current, respectively.

Reduction in starting torque = (1 - 49) × 100

= 51%.
Example: Determine the ratio of actual starting torque to full-load torque for star-delta starting.
If a 3-φ induction motor has a ratio of maximum torque to full-load torque as 3:1 and the
resistance and the reactance are 0.4 Ω and 5 Ω, respectively.

Solution:

The ratio of maximum torque to full-load torque:

Sf = 0.013, neglecting higher values.

Starting torque with star−delta starter:

Example: Determine the new value of stator current if a 3-φ, 440-V and 1,200-rpm slip ring
induction motor is operating with 3% slip and taking a stator current of 50-A speed of the motor
is reduced at constant torque to 600 rpm using stator voltage control.

Solution:

Slip at the reduced speed:

Torque developed by the induction motor T ∝ SV2 for the constant torque:

Stator current I1 ∝ SV.

The new stator current:

Example: A 9.5-kW, 240-V, three-phase, star-connected, 50-Hz, and four-pole squirrel cage
induction has its full-load internal torque at a slip of 0.05. The parameters of the motor are

Rl = 0.4Ω/phase, R2 = 0.3Ω/phase

X1 = X2 = 0.5Ω/phase, Xm = 16Ω/phase.

Assume that the shunt branch is connected across the supply terminals. Determine (a) maximum
internal torque at rated voltage and frequency, (b) slip at maximum torque, and (c) internal
starting torque at rated, voltage, and frequency.

Solution:

At maximum torque:

At maximum slip, the equivalent impedance of the motor is:

At standstill:

At standstill, the slip S = 1.0.

Equivalent motor impedance, Z = (R1+R2) + j(Xl +X2)

= (0.3 + 0.4) + j (0.5 + 0.5)

= 0.7 +j1

= 1.22 ∠55Ω.
 Power input to rotor P2 = total rotor copper losses

= 3 × (113.57)2 × (0.3)

= 11,608.33 synchronous W.

Example: A 30-HP, six-pole, 50-Hz, and three-phase induction motor has stator/rotor phase
voltage ratio of 7/5. The stator and rotor impedances per phase are (0.35 + j0.65) Ω and (0.15 +
j0.65) Ω, respectively. Find the starting torque exerted by the motor when an external resistance
of 1.5 Ω is inserted in each phase; the motor being started directly on the 440-V supply system.
Assume Y/Y connection.

Solution:

Supply voltage per phase .

Rotor to stator phase voltage ration K = 5/7 = 0.714.

Equivalent resistance of motor as referred to rotor:

Similarly, the equivalent reactance referred to rotor:

 X02 = X2 + K2X1

= 0.65 + (0.714)2 (0.65)

= 0.98 Ω.

When the external resistance is inserted then, the equivalent motor impedance referred to rotor
is:

At standstill, the induced emf in the rotor:

E2 = V1 × K

= 254.714

= 181.356 V.

At standstill, rotor power input:

P2 = 3,699.47 W (∴ slip S = 1).

Example: For a three-phase induction motor, maximum torque is thrice the full-load torque and
starting torque is 1.9 times the full-load torque. In order to get a full-load slip of 6%, calculate
the percentage reduction in rotor circuit resistance neglect stator impedance.

Solution:

The ratio of starting torque to maximum torque is given by:

For a full-load slip of 0.06, the ratio of full-load torque to maximum torque is given by:
Example: The rotor of a three-phase induction motor has 0.05-Ω resistance per phase and 0.3-
standstill reactance per phase. What external resistance is required in the rotor circuit in order to
get half of the maximum torque at starting? Neglect stator impedance by what percentage will
this external resistance change the current and power factor at starting?

Solution:

The ratio of starting torque to the maximum torque is given by:

We know that:

Without external resistance:

With external resistance:

Percentage reduction in the starting current:

Percentage improvement in the power factor:

Example: A DC shunt motor rated at 220 V, 15 kW, and 1,500 rpm has a Ml-load efficiency of
90%. Its field and armature resistances are 110 Ω and 0.25 Ω, respectively. Determine the value
of the resistance to be inserted in series with the armature and the power lost in the armature
circuit to reduce the speed to 1,000 rpm when:

1. The load torque is independent of the speed,

2. The load torque is directly proportional to the speed.
3. The load torque is directly proportional to the square of the speed.

Solution:

Given data:

V = 220V

P = 15,000 W

N1 = 1,500 rpm

N2 = 1,000 rpm

Rsh = 110 Ω
 Ra = 0.25 Ω

η = 0.9.

1. Motor output = 10 × 10 3 W.

From Fig. 1:
Fig. 1 DC shunt motor

Now, back emf corresponding to 1,000 rpm will be:

2. Given T ∝ N: (i)

But for shunt motor:

T ∝ Ia (ϕ is constant). (ii)

From Equations (i) and (ii):

Ia ∝ N. (iii)

Ia corresponding to 15,000 rpm is 50.50 A, then Ia’ corresponding to 1,000 rpm is:

The power loss in the armature = Ia2R

= (33.66)2 × (0.25 + 2.168)
= 2.739 kW.
3. Given T ∝ N2:

i.e., for shunt motor, T ∝ Ia ∝ N2

Ia ∝ N2.
 The armature current corresponding to 1,000 rpm is:

∴ The power loss in the armature = Ia2 (Ra + RExt)

= (22.44)2 × (0.25 + 3.378)
= 1.827 kW.

Example12: The armature and the field resistances of a 200-V DC shunt motor 0.25 Ω and
160 Ω, respectively. When driving a load of constant torque at 500 rpm, the armature current is
20 A. If it is desired to raise the speed from 500 to 1,000 rpm, what resistance should be inserted
in the field circuit? Assume that the magnetic circuit is unsaturated.

Solution:

Given data:

V = 200 V

Ra = 0.25 Ω

Rsh = 160Ω

Ia = 20 A

N1 = 500 rpm

N2 = 1,000 rpm.

We know that, for shunt motor:

 Eb ∝ Nϕ

Given that magnetic circuit is unsaturated and torque remains constant:

i.e., φ ∝ Ish and T ∝ φ Ia.

From the two reaction:

Now, by substituting Ish1 and Ish2 in Equation (ii), we get:

By substituting Eb1 and Eb2 in Equation (i):
Example13: A 220-V DC shunt motor, having an armature resistance of 0.5 Ω, draws from
the main current of 30 A on half-full load. The speed is to be increased to twice half-full-load
speed. If the torque of the motor is of constant magnitude, determine the percentage change in
flux required.

Solution:

Given data:

V = 220V

Ra = 0.5 Ω

Ia1 = 30 A.

Given that speed (N2) at full load is twice the speed at half-full load

back emf, Eb1 = V – 1a1Ra

= 220 − 30 × 0.5

= 205 V.

Eb2 = V − Ia2 Ra = 220 − Ia2 × 0.5.

We know that, for shunt motor:

Given that the torque remains constant so that:

Subsisting Equation (ii) in Equation (i):

Example16: A 200-V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 Ω it takes a current of
16 A on full load and runs at 600 rpm. If a resistance of 0.5 Ω is placed in the armature circuit,
find the ratio of the stalling torque to the full-load torque.

Solution:

Given data:
 V = 200 volts.

Ra = 0.5 Ω.

If = Ia = 16 A.

N = 600 rpm.

Rɛxt = 0.5Ω.

Total full-load current = 16 A.

∴ For shunt motor ‘ϕ’ is constant, so that:

T ∝ Ia

Example17: A100-HP and 500-rpm DC shunt motor is driving a grinding mill through gears.
The moment of inertia of the mill is 1,265 kg-m2. If the current taken by the motor must not to
exceed twice full-load current during starting, estimate the minimum timetaken to run the mill up
to full speed.

Solution:

Given data:

Motor rating (P) = 100 HP.

Motor output power = 100 × 735.5 W

= 73,550 W.

The speed of motor (N) = 500 rpm.

 The moment of inertia (J) = 1,265 kg-m2.

Given that motor takes twice the [∴ 1 kg = 9.81N] full-load current; hence, it exerts twice the
full-load torque.

= 2 × TFL.

∴ Accelerating torque = 2 × 143.19

= 286.38 kg-m.

We know that:

Angular speed (ω) = angular acceleration × time

Example18: A 400-V series motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 Ω and a series field
resistance of 0.5 Ω. It takes a current of 160 A at a speed of 800 rpm. Find the speed of the motor
if a diverter of resistance 0.4 Ω is connected across the field, the load torque being kept constant.

Neglect armature reaction and assume that flux is proportional to the current.

Solution:

Given data:
 V = 400V

Ra = 0.2 Ω

Rse = 0.5 Ω

Rdiv = 0.4Ω

Ia1 = 160 A

N1 = 800 rpm.

For the series motor Ia1 = I11 = Ise1 = 160 A.

Back emf corresponding to the speed 800 rpm is:

Eb1 = V - Ia1(Ra + Rse1)

= 400 – 160(0.2 + 0.5)

= 288V.

Let, when a diverter of resistance 0.4 Ω is connected across field winding current flowing
through the armature be Ia2.

Given that the torque remains constant, then:

φ1Ia1 = φ2Ia2.

But for the series motor φ α Ise:

∴ Ia12 = φ2 Ia2.

Now, from the Fig. 2, the current flowing through the diverter is:
We know that:
Fig. 2 DC Series motor

Example19: A 220-V and 10-HP (metric) shunt motor has field and armature resistances as of
120 Ω and 0.25 Ω respectively. Calculate the resistance to be inserted in the armature circuit to
reduce the speed to 700 rpm from 950 rpm, if the full-load efficiency is 80% and the torque
varied as the square of the speed.

Solution:

Given data:

V = 220V

Motor rating = 10 HP

Rsh = 120 Ω

Ra = 0.25 Ω

N1 = 950 rpm

N2 = 700 rpm

η = 80% = 0.8.

Motor output power = (P0) = 10 HP

= 10 × 735.5 [∴1HP = 735.5 W]

 = 7,355 W.

We know that, motor electric input = VI = Pi

∴ 9,194 = 220 × I

I = 41.78 A.

We know that T α φ Ia.

For shunt motor ‘φ' is constant.

Given that T∝N2

From Equations (8.19.1) and (8.19.2):

From Fig. 3,

Fig. 3 DC shunt motor

From Equation (8.19.3):

We know that:
For the shunt motor N∝Eb:

From the data:

Substitute Eb1 and Eb2 in Equation (8.19.4):

Example20: A DC series motor drives a load, the torque of which varies as the square of the
speed. The motor takes a current of 30 A, when the speed is 600 rpm. Determine tl speed and
current when the field winding is shunted by a diverter; the resistance of diverter is 1.5 times that
of the field winding. The losses may be neglected.

Solution:

Given data (Fig. 4):

Fig. 4 DC series motor

I = Ia1= Ise1 = IL1 = 30 A

N1 = 600 rpm

Rdiv =1.5 Rse.

After connecting the diverter:

Total resistance = Rdiv + Rse.

Line current = IL2 = Ia2.

Speed = N2
We know that:

Since the losses are negligible Eb = V = constant:

We know that:

Given that T ∝ N2:

Substitute IL2 in Equation (i):

Example21: A 500-V DC series motor runs at 500 rpm and takes 60 A; the resistances of the
field and the armature are 0.3 and 0.2 Ω, respectively. Calculate the value of the resistance to be
shunted with series field winding in order that the speed may be increased to, 600 rpm, if the
torque were to remain constant. Saturation may be neglected.

Solution:

Given that:

V = 500 V

N1 = 500 rpm

Ia1 = 60 A

Ra = 0.2 Ω

Rse = 0.3 Ω

N2 = 600 rpm
 IL1 = Ia1 = Ise1 = 60 A.

After connecting resistance across field winding, let Ia2 be the armature current (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 DC series motor

Given that the load torque is constant:

T1 = T2.

We know that:

T ∝ ϕ Ia and N ∝ Eb/ϕ

∴ Ia1ϕ1 = Ia2ϕ2. (ii)

For series motor φ ∝ Ise:

And from the circuit:
From Equation (iii):

Substitute Equation (v) in Equation (iv):

Substitute Ia2 in Equation (iii):

Example22: A 440-V series motor takes a line current of 60 A and runs at a speed of 750 rpm.
What resistance should be connected in series with the armature to reduce the speed to 500 rpm.
The load torque at this new speed is 75% of its previous value. The resistance of the armature
and the series field are 0.05 Cl and 0.015 Ω, respectively. Assume that flux is proportional to
load.

Solution:

Given data:

V = 440 V

IL = 60 A

N1 = 750 rpm

N2 = 500 rpm

Torque at 500 rpm = T1

Torque at 750 rpm= T2= 0.75T1

Ra = 0.05 Ω

Rse = 0.015 Ω.

We know that:
But Eb ∝ N φ
From Equations (i) and (ii):

∴ 251.77 = 440 − 51.96 (0.065+ Rɛxt)

0.065 + Rɛxt = 3.622

Rɛxt = 3.55 Ω.

Example23: A series motor with series field and armature resistance of 0.06 Ω and 0.02 Ω,
respectively, is connected across 440-V mains. The armature takes 60 A and its speed is 850
rpm. Determine its speed when it takes 85 A from this very and the excitation is increased by
20%.

Solution:

Given data (Fig. 6):

Fig. 6 DC series motor

V = 440 V
 N1 = 850 rpm

Ia1 = 60 A

Ia2 = 85 A

Ra = 0.02 Ω Rse

= 0.06 Ω φ2 =

1.15 φ1.

From the speed equation:

Example25: A six-pole and 50-Hz slip ring induction motor with a rotor resistance per phase of
0.2 Ω and a stand-still reactance of 1.0 Ω per phase runs at 960 rpm at full load. Calculate the
resistance to be inserted in the rotor circuit to reduce the speed to 800 rpm, if the torque remains
unaltered.
Solution:

Given data:

P=6

F = 50 Hz

R/ph = 0.2 Ω

N1 = 960 rpm

N2 = 800 rpm.

Synchronous speed

The slip of the motor when N running at 960 rpm is:

Let the motor input = P.

Full-load current = I2.

For the induction motor:

Rotor copper loss = S × Rotor input.

Slip at N2 = 800 rpm is:

Let new rotor resistance be R1 in rotor circuit:

New copper loss =

The external resistance to be added in the rotor circuit is:

Rɛxt = R1 – R

= 2 – 0.4 = 1.6 Ω.

Example26: The rotor resistance and the reactance at stand-still condition of a 3-φ, six-pole,
and 440-V induction motor are. 0.2 Ω and 1.0 Ω, respectively, per phase. Calculate the starting
current, and when the speed is 960 rpm, the frequency of the supply is 50 Hz.

Solution:

Rotor resistance per phase = 0.2 Ω.

Rotor reactance per phase = 1.0 Ω.

Synchronous speed
 The slip of the induction motor

At the time of starting S = 1.

At a speed of 960 rpm, the rotor resistance per phase is:

Example28: The open circuit voltage across the slip rings of a 100-HP induction motor is
280 volts at standstill. What resistance in rotor circuit will reduce its full-load speed by 20%. The
full-load slip is 3% with no additional rotor resistance. Assume rotor to be star-connected. And
full-load sip S1 = 0.03.

Solution:

The mechanical power developed by the rotor:

Pmech = 100 × 735.5

= 73,550 W.

The standstill induced emf per phase in rotor:

The mechanical power developed by the rotor is:
The load torque is assumed to be constant.

S ∝ rotor resistance

Example29: A eight-pole, 50-Hz, and 3-φ induction motor is running at 4% slip when
delivering full-load torque. It has a standstill rotor resistance of 0.3 Ω and a reactance of 0.8 Ω
per phase. Calculate the speed of the motor if an additional resistance of 0.3 Ω per phase is
inserted in the rotor circuit. The full-load torque remains constant.

Solution:
 Full-load slip S1 = 0.04.

The motor torqu

At full load, the new slip is S1 then:

The two torques are remains same i.e., T1 = T2:

 S2 = 0.079 neglecting higher values.

Example31: The rotor of a six-pole, 50-Hz, and 3-φ induction motor has a resistance of 0.3
Ω per phase and sums at 960 rpm. If the load torque remains unchanged, calculate the additional
rotor resistance that will reduce the speed by 20%.

Solution:

Full-load speed = 960 rpm.

For the constant load torque:

Example32: A cascade it consists of two motors A and B with four and six poles,
respectively. The motor is connected to a 50-Hz supply. Find (i) the speed of the set and (ii) the
electric power transferred to motor B when the input to motor A is 30-kW neglect losses.

Solution:

∴ The outputs of the two motors are proportional to the number of their poles.
Example33: An induction motor has a final steady-state temperature raise of 50°C when
running at its rated output. Calculate its half-hour rating for the same temperature raise if the
copper losses at the rated output are 1.5 times its constant losses. The heating time constant is 60
min.

Solution:

Given data:

Final steady temperature (θf) = 50°C.

Time constant (τh) = 60 min.

Rating(t) = hour = 30 min.

And, the copper loss = 1.5 × constant loss

i.e., Wcu = 1.5 × Wi

let ‘P’ be the rated output,

Total loss at full load = Wcu +Wi.

But, the temperature raise is proportional to the losses.

∴ θ ∝ Wloss.

Let, θf be the temperature raise at full load.

be the temperature raise with short-time rating.

The temperature raise after 30 min of operation should not exceed θf = 50°C.

Now, from the equation of temperature raise of motor:

Substitute ‘ ’ in Equation (i):

1.5x2 = 6.3537

x2 = 4.235

∴ x = 2.058.
∴ Hence, the half-hour rating of machine is 2.058 times its continuous rating.

Example34: A 10-kW motor has a heating time constant and cooling time constant of 45 and
70 min, respectively. The final temperature attained is 60°C. Find the temperature of motor after
45 min full-load run and then switched of for 30 min.

Solution:

Given data:

τh = 45min

τc = 70 min

θf = 60°C

t = 45 min.

We know that:

When the motor is switched off for 30 min, the temperature is:

Example35: The heating time constant of a 80-kW motor is 60 min. The temperature raise is
65°C when runs continuously on full load. Find the half-hour rating of motor for the same
temperature raise. Assume that the losses are proportional to the square of the load and the motor
cools to ambient temperature between each load cycle.

Solution:

Let ‘x’ be the half-hour rating in kW.

Let θ is the temperature raise at x kW and θf is the temperature raise at 80 kW. We know that the
losses ∝ load2 and temperature raise ∝ losses

Example36: The heating time constant and final steady temperature of a motor on
continuous running is 60 min and 40°C. Find out the temperature (i) after 25 min at this load, (ii)
after 45 min at this load, (iii) if the temperature raise at half-hour rating is 40°C, find the
maximum steady temperature, (iv) what will be the time required to increase the temperature
from 25°C to 40°C at one-and-half-hour rating.

Solution:

Given data:

θf = 40°C

t = 25 min

τh = 60 min.

1. We know that:

2. For 45 min at the same load:

3. If the temperature raise is 40°C after half an hour, the maximum temperature:

4. Given, time taken to attain temperature raise of 40°C is one-and-half hour. Then, the maximum
temperature θf is 101.65°C.

Let ‘t’ be the taken in min needed to raise the temperature from 25°C to 40°C.
 Thus, the temperature will increase from 25°C to 40°C in time, t1 = 90 − 58.84
= 31.15 min.

Example37: The heating time constant of a motor is 90 min with 1-hr rating as 200 W. The
maximum efficiency of motor occurs at 80% of full load. Determine the continuous rating of the
motor.

Solution:

Given that, the maximum efficiency occurs at 80% of full load. Therefore, at 80% of full load,
the copper loss is equal to the iron loss.

Let iron loss = copper loss = WC W.

Copper loss at 80% of full load = WC.

Example38: A motor operates continuously on the following load cycle.

20 kW for 10 sec,

10 kW for 15 sec,

30 kW for 5 sec,

50 kW for 20 sec,

40 kW for 10 sec,

and idle for 5 sec.

Draw the load diagram and find the size of the motor required.

Solution:

The rating of the motor = RMS value of the load (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8 Load cycle

Example39: The load cycle of a motor in driving some equipment is as follows.

0−3 min 40 kW

3−7 min No-load

7−12 min 30 kW

12−15 min 20 kW

15−18 min 50 kW.

The load repeated indefinitely. Draw the load cycle and suggest suitable continuous rating of the
motor.

Solution:

From Fig. 9,

Fig. 9 Load cycle

Example40: A motor has to perform the following load cycle:

Load raising uniformly from 0 to 100 kW in 10 s.

Constant load 300 kW for 5 sec.

Constant load 200 kW for 15 sec.

Regenerative braking power returned falling uniform from 50 to 0 kW in 5 s. Decking period 4 s,
motor stationary. Draw the load cycle and suggest a suitable continuous rated motor.

Solution:

From Fig. 10,

Fig. 10 Load cycle

Example41: A motor has the following load cycle.

Load raising uniformly from 100 to 200 kW in 5 s.

Continuous load 50 kW for 10 s regenerative braking kW returned to the supply 50 kW to 0

kW for 3 s and idle for 2 s.

Draw the load diagram neatly for one cycle. Find the size of continuously rated motor for the
above duty. The load cycle is repeated indefinitely.
Solution:

From the load curve (Fig. 11),

Fig. 11 Load cycle

P1 = 100 kW, t1 = 5 s

P2 = 200 kW, t2 = 10 s

P3 = 50 kW, t3 = 3 s

P4 = -50 kW, t4 = 2 s

P5 = 0 kW.
Alternative method:
Example42: A 15-HP, three-phase, eight-pole, and 50-Hz induction motor provided with a
flywheel has to supply a load torque of 600 N-m for 10 s followed by a no-load during which the
flywheel regains the full speed. The full-load slip of the motor is 4% and the torque−speed curve
may be assumed linear over the working range. Find the moment of inertia of the flywheel if the
motor torque is not to exceed twice the full-load torque.

Solution:

Given data:

P0= 15 HP

= 15 × 735.5 = 11.03 kW.

[Link] poles P = 8

f = 50 Hz

Sf = 0.04

t = 10 sec

TL = 600 N-m

TM = 2. TFL

T0 = 0.
∴ TM = 2TFL = 2 × 146.39 = 292.78 N-m.