HNN HL

a
S 7
pODLAE = Hy. LY NAMIC nmniakaed
APPROACH — _

— dinidG -p- ‘pecs Techni gue AS wed

fo aolw tne ptoblom Aijat a4 be t hivideof jnfo
Andependet+ Ash plore
of someabl, theta
Fakabbel lon stored ont Aho _ Aannot he
Atved indebendend
— Fes | msi ts haben ao dialing
a No. Lhe formu uy, gical: 0
tnd = £tniai)* 2 flor) Y
Jinthal Covdition f fo) = 0: 4 f Cr)= :
4 Here, Af We Atay’ fo, Aolve. foi), that
with cprdath a Foon fodday fins) ho —-feny!
tH

and Si Aluboprotrlem if ca- !) Le Ahduina Tarolge

wh ptoltem af (n- a). hus, caleubitina tT shoe b
Sephated tele. ts Aimphy waste ofl Fimel,
dustead of Aolting svelldpping subproble
sa ivrewnd?
& ne UDynanill pro man Nae —

Lelioeach Oh the Vs matte, Y

ence and necprding- tye.
Agel In a tolHe fea Aah aut Coe
Obtain 2. solution 4a hui wi nal protien.

_ |
 ON
&
| “Avan = Op Dynwnac_ gare:
ee =") Dynamic Ape ato 4, pioewk jy ~S
o> ——_| Aimild tp Divided and-Uaton
_ 2) Raseol - oy del. ok Tes
nd tent

—3) ys ubbsol 6 |[ews

NI mL ead belore pobieem , De,
7 ellos AB otters aWpioad,: |
» Usedul then Auth p votrlems" have
Com mon, duds" Aupcldlenns , :
: a T a =T
Tt

:o : ae . ‘ s !

Hd: Divide-and- Caan L ax Dy C = . ™ ;

Approach ce Peed ae Fi ‘t
{Tap Down Apia | alte: Up Kpproach)

= S) “Cypramie — otp 701

MArkul Awhah 4wh pipl| Buns Helle ihPP “2
visited Aberad times .
 | @®)
AVN
: > 3

kT ISTH GE Cray e
7 shi. Goph 4 a cbrivched height
as, Suh 1.9% 2
the’ rs )
oy

path to sourced (Avr Tal z5

se
dob nathe/ (denotes “T) AS User oh c0oy4s

VD 0. Cmides re pall =
exo ple of H ‘ i

—— — MuthrtegeWMaph =prolsiem cam le

4 Al ee Zhevtert er [he gouce
. eat natty Kg 3 ay! Cor Bpproeel,
Sx
: -
D 0 by Bact wnrol yf ee
_ a | 4
 ee I ] ' ,.t X
> a |
an | iJ bed |e a ey
f
|
 ©
pore
9

ok taba. individual Wedex ak a

Time Ged plod min
| —clictante ey) Tale
wuith th tough ushich vegtex Col):

= Atone |! |
— cmt C1, oe ~onin § oor Ua) 4 cont (2) ( bh3ayt
coat
= Cmts) , cost
( 4) t corkC4)5°
7 7 C1 (nS) cost 5) -
— emin§ Att, T+ 1, 34 ig, 24154

| zimin} 16, 16, 21,17}

“ b= & ¥3

i Cost (2,2) < min §@st (2,6) + cast té) eras

: Cott(), Cones) oot t
' = Mnf - Wah ik 4S 147.5

b zMin fn, 7 84 = 7 ;
i- rn ad eS
La ’
", d= “ f _ag
rT cost (2&3) 2 Min fj cost (3/6) Cost( 6), Cost (3+ 1) 4 Coste)

iad “= min jf att. 1453

7 _
| acs Pe Se
-— : =
 iN

con (4,8) + con(af

Cost( 2,4) = minf

HT LUSS
as: !

ve “ol = = |
Cot (22,5) = min iz Cott,s, ‘1+ co(9) , cort(sss) + Ont)
— S ary

= Min} (e184
= —_

d=
U
Cesk (%, 6)= min ME 6, 4)4 cours g cork (¢,re)r void

eo Az
, cout 10)7
Cot (27) = misf cost (1,9) + Cost(9)
eet 9) 4
z= min} 4 +h 3 +27
 oa od - {O
om

Cort (3,8) mins§ COHr(Z, 10) cort( tO) y COR 1) emt F

= min} 5+ 2, GAs 4

mwy'tn § 1, 13
\)

= > |
cS

o”
© =< [Oo
a

7 Aloge. 4s
. Cort ( 4, 4) = Mby j cort(9) 9 cout Cio) ycoetcud }
. = inf Aas
{3
Ye}
|
 HON

OINGLE Sovugre Ohoriert - Carr q| FOR IVY:

“= Vingk ‘Source Shortest Pal, 'A iy ma,
is Lod (he tind the labortyr oli te fiom
Ainge vatur “Lb GN ation Der‘ ces of 2

Fraitut- pals “alperibin:! A

mar fer ¥
i esas ‘Algor Fas As a AT ol A0un

Se foRp He:
f Rolf may Forel: Nore Hab 3 wed
Ie {ino |
cthortest path (idittonces (/-Prok ingle vestex Yop |
| ot) olye vertice,a of a usdtobted Uuaph. -
| tLshas oferty is Akl Yo 4 cnol
the Sheik ut path [Link] wrelahteol aidpl
Ash jot ponte poritive wsridlecls poiVeal Bes:
« gapll Comtodus U negative duseiglt
7 vole, ‘bade CFS festae rabwotitym 1Lis not able b
L diterk a <ycte- ch WW dub to ht ee ton
rote megdttve usight/
LO ack Addbuttivg Via.
Aeduced V paty Length. V U
- Blilman fill Algorithm ts simile, fe
aft Alywitnm out Vat fan work wiry
fe
0
fF
bios ki = Bell man ford Haori} how
— ptm Ferd) Algorithm Coot dey ovenalianabiog-
Ahe Longth rt the path fiom the Atalting wiarex YT
To” oth Uo the Vveshces .
; cl Mali OR lew Tiga tafiaader By
quad ica” NYY pat tyatV ar0 shorter’ tyan ths U
Vrsevidduly © waestimatesl poy .
| F — ByY dle jit tapeatl
(mi fepeaks veatites

\ be are Gaba tb a96 ereeastele ih, oor eng assult

ee
y a, a |
MN -

_oplimi . J: | _
Step-1t oo { ed _Hayh, A
_ not a ttn, lake Vfop4mott.
noole Vo. the alate node (feet Source
Mocle):
_ de Lnittally . Acree ——
dictand . xero (0) ad Vall other
r modes diom source —Y considetad
" os “wihtintly- _
| bi. 5 Now, bal al lod fog Gok al Py, a
} 3 the nocles Afarting pitts Aauick race.
q SACU)+ Chuw/_“!
the, d >. olesbination. —
3 es at ae Ce ‘

: = Fin, a ential (sow cely : Zz

| oy = Ve dina. (derrvadrrni
As Bollmon Fad ‘Aorityn oleesutt _
7; t+ oE apply: fo)! VW. ole yi g dn Hh ore. ;

: . ge wlypre V ewe) vein4d ve. |

; “ iN \ 3
\ \ a : : a

e
!

4 — ;
!
.

: : 7 |

ety TN)
 ON
e) 1
KxAample Solutions —

6
[Oma bY
fyg)
a .

_ _> sat
Ca C "96 Cc 3

NG : :
_ =
=O) = —_ la
om
~ Graph contains ¢veties , do gue Adloning |
all the! edges not Limes awhee Vis no’ of vertidh }
~ AL the’ edges reed to le! relaned s tiby.
— herp © will “iterote 5 times 4o gek The Aus tant cost |
of Cach yaten. “a
— Ai goto te adaat iy wede( verter) a4 olivtance.f j
AtinainYas modes [ vertices ) _ Oo 4 atigead a3 J
ictanel,
— Using formule , Calculate the: ond of A vellen
Vile dew + ccu, v) <d (v) ne. | _
d(v)= dtu)+ ¢ (uw)

Sepa: Find wil The dpe :

FS (a,@), CAC), CAMS cA, 6), (561,00 C), (ye), -
_(E, 6), (0,6) 3 ba | :
i
Stepa: Using ermule , raleulads “divtone leach Wile.
4 _ er A AB) ‘donote vertex Hasu and ‘vlan Baa -
ati = 0, ‘oltv)2@, e(Cu pw) = 6 ae _
i
; ; _
4 by formula
L UV Jodlev) = dtu) + C (uy)
: Pr - O+6 ~~ +e

| ee --- Jus [han &, 40 update.

‘ »fdce=
 a oe Aa NA NY

7
(“4
8" Realio 2 THerabio]s Iteration
ee
™m
iSe

YU
o+ 6s 6” OtE 26. O+bc¢
Oftes¢ Of6-6 ™
(A, 8)
J KK<i

_
Ad (BEC _
a

lothshy [Othety
“

(A, Lotte fotyebrlosysgn

sd (Ory

A OtS= 5» 045-59 Ofs=sy

Nip Or5=5 WOES
NEN [sats 9 | dcod-5 "ie eogtonps 5

\ CBE) boise 0 fie)

feats 5™] TCE ORE Itteon | fete
cae
op:
\ tite) = SE ) =0] rene iT oe

N Cpe [H*3 2TH 13 t 526h] 3432 CRE Bt92 hm. [ag aee 7
Ais) eed 2 |, et A Laskar [shares
: are
\__ (Dt) | $-22 3] 's-2 2'3y) 5+ 223.0] 5-223P| go 224 2
1Aftee: Mies og PN or oat ving
\ fito= 3 [
“ “A Pe nti me
CDF) | S124 [5-12 bhi 5-1-4 | S7e1br] Sey Y
ch , a eo ‘4 ‘
aC F
. os Cae 4” a A a fa t ‘
17] oie

CE) 54+3:8F 0+ 323 O43=.3% 0.43 = Shy 104353

Jad (eo: 4] J+ Ce)A= 3
nel i :.
rerTs
P ss val > 8

3-22 lA A-2:) y SA BEAy

Ccy eof %-22)Vo
lt B= WP deay=i Sok oa dee
rom! 4 ., x A Hi

) 1 b ‘ef! r]

iV.
a _ :
a|
on | Se r eee seers enn meme pees beer De | |] } dada I Al | | | 3] tsi
re) Wy :
=) = as % = tL.
§ | sy
uD € *
“~ = n hh z a “ r
> 1 \ ‘a ls > a\\ Lg = lo
= 7 ) UR
a p= is *
yon ay ad
a
<=
, \ /
= V ;
<x
fh on | Bia! Lj} ttt
GN ani 1. am '
Sy
es a A ° ar"

=1
oe Ww |, | | =. +
: ; & , ‘

“she
§|

D
i - fens *
= avi -» va § BI ri ¢ oY << -
PHOS
| STATI AL

re
4 RROR- FRE
—— : oer —
|
r af”
th m
2) oi) qt tt .
t+ ee hs : } ; a |: ° is
“Ts ib : 7 << rm)
a | » ra,8) i
a oe
Ak Page. SHORTRT ai + hyort THM ¢
Floud hors lalf Abporithua:”
- AU pau Cehorthst path -faielesn ay Lo
Kia ee eh prteak of ater ces! between enrery paty
“verti'tes" in “a giver adele weeigitel] olillded graph.
= Floyd Vilarshall: AboiYim uu sued Los ¢
Ablving olV por shite Voor h ren a
i) r Floyd paash olf ola on fim rr oliynawic
Hamming V a pproath hash) dlgeritym Vso 2} er.
Aboks Uthe problem” ints &mathey subyp3obleras ang
tear Loves! ood (unitary) ebpuabion,. Apia Hoh,
At’ Combsinag the Agsubt £btve Asigan “problem
awhile storing Lesult of adh 4 wh prohYarn fier
feturg Anferd ner.
: — YT me ee O(n®
= Sporce ceca oxi hy Of»
AAGO RoTH Mt
roid Floyd woarshol ar aphil na)
je Cte k<vy ket)
=m = (=> cou we
jevig ita) i Ye duration woole
l ee
TS "* = © = 3" 4 ho» i ntes meaticke node.

dor ({=0, psy t+)

i
AX 2 2” Keo
‘ 4 ‘ r ‘ bwin (TOLD, ATU . i ko!

48 Accuvat That e olivect colaes usr tye

ans erET Ut Auth ‘thal View vole hs
Ander meoliate edge.
. UY wo ditect petty , “He ue asiurnk 02 a4 ditonce,
= AY Wwe A ase ' te “Hake ixtes mediate paty (one ely)
Sper ae A. +0 daktusy all vertices eve time a4 aatermediate

pelt , final Unaodt; x obtained Ave Shartest post

l bedew on wer tices '
—_—— > eon —$—$<——
 D'( 253)
3 fee boyy ee nee foal, ¢ Ay.
bs co = GMA J 0) 2 §

A O* (a, yy Emin
§ Ola, u). EVERSEEYOOIE min {2004
4 22 taweal
t
a _B' (ajay = "aint Ia; exe) BES YOnK 5
- _ Pn Sy oy -
— | [OC 2120 = S| | , _

_. Di Caiy = =e C3iu> 4 ERPS TEDL —?

co ; ot
 D'Ch
a] =. win f P27, O'c4 rs O° Ly 2 Tf
a mins C0:, 2 Tr :
= Min? 0°, cof at se’
2 f'L4y2I = © : «6 !

ean ead a AME bey3] y O° [ap + BON 39

a
Mn fh, cod 44°F,
min §. 1 00 4
yoyo

ery nods ‘gs 1p thtermertiase node .

t

. = iE 2 4 3 hi Lr Up. ws

1{o 9 4 yy \ (Mat 3)
7 6 0° ot a fae |

3] 5 co F :
“hj 7 cw: | ae

=i fa
2
] = —min {2 Thal, SARS ENC
= ~ min §: -4y 943%
i- = mins VTE :
A a ee
- “Pilyy}-= min ¢.p! [v4 , [Link] +D'f2)4)4
= = mln { to", Ce .
= Wala § 00 4
— 7, BS *Li,4) =

_ H[ 3, mi © min © ‘C3 AT, 2) [3.0370 C2114

te 6 abate oO, Sty
2 sale 3
° H*f3,0) =
 2,u7-4
‘D2f3, NE min} $! £34) yo! [a,2)¢ D'f
= min § a) 42
i = ming in 15
_ *. D?L3,4u) - 7

: Or fy ate min [OE 4, Hy, Ot, 27+ O'£2)19 9

— = main fed ont
ne — qin §_ © 9’ oo},
ai «a DT. by V] = ©

_ O° TA, 3] = mij OTH 3), D104 21+ Dt 23) 4

_ 7 min § Ly 00424
— = win iF 004. !
Maes SYWiy2] =| - ¥

_ Steph: hed, node $. is” indermecliate wode

- toa 3&8 &
i “DS zed foo Vay ie |
1 Q |
2. Ge WM. +65
—
5 ie ‘5 . ry > | 4
—_
4 {2 ¢ { eo ;
“

- “Piya smi { Pf ya75e Ona Ps273

—_ = rman § o. Tra
i ming a: 13 5 “Wp «
a
o_o Of 1,2] = N ;
a

_ DTU} = “mind 201,47

y Dhar ips: mas O97, DT xa)+ P37}
= amin 6. \d4
aa | | ¢. D222, 6

/— O27 gy] ss min $%L2,47, Df 275] +9783,

47}
7 T Min 2, Qt7}

See
\"—
—~t_

eee
S MAS

—
rp FR! :

=
— Defias = ming D*ly sd, Dra, spe 973,193
= = Wins 0) 14 1 :
-— = min§ 09,125
ee 2 Pa = 19
lene i |
- D3f-42) = ing H7L427) 92 1+] 14
— = min{ 00." He 5 9° ’
[ae = ming 0,6 4
— 20 Dp? [424 = 6
— =

i Steps 2 K=A,. bode b dy twhermediate nod

— a _ 4 2°.) 3 4 _
— DY = 1 a i ee
— 2. b e,2) ou a
_— 2 Nn 5S © 4
— hy 2) \ go

— DAly2) = Min f Ht 19],

a * 114) DYy, 2] {

—— = Mn ly qs

—— =| .
= ee)
2
t‘ ‘
 minf OF 2), 9° alt Df 4 shy
Di fusye
Wing Hh, 5bt) jf S
=
= pata —Ly 44 ©

re DAL) 32 “4 a
O2f 24] u »* Fad | -

~
Pf a, MW e wala 4 GPL 2d,
= laf 6, 24124 : 2
= min{ 6, Che 7 7
_ OtFames z= __ 4

DAP gaye Min f OL 237, DA Lorde: D354 314 :

Z
mala } 2, 24 Ke

D “fo, 35) — 2

OA Byte. ming O37 Sails O° fail D pad}

= Mig ty oe beet
= mlnf i, 14h : ;
“ OYF 3 sTe n a <a ee

Di ja2j= matn { $379)", bt 3, u) + Phat

ming Sy 146 ¥ -
t)

Ming-$) 134 | |
yey

f + :
a Dips,ey

b _ a |
 ’ ola ‘

RAN ERA ERD: Saces regs OA Paowi Ey

ae

be
= for 6” ghven Ark of citer and distance
Lthween _ etry Vout oh cines . the protelenr
Aste find: Wht shoridt. pow ble! [Link]

aph’ tow us Vina ple pakh that

At outs anal! tent Usith Lame verter !
Fa bbdes- A Yaph tou 1 2 directed tyck thak
vbaten in V(G). V
—_
of the tous da dum of cet of all
edges of
ok the tous. |
“Travelling Salesperson pioblim 43
hind. an “ afaph toudl avsith | Minimum: LO.
‘ UA "staph four cin comiets of an alge
tiom verte, Yr te verter k for come "ke v_-Y514 and
Yo, Baty {uom vertex k te Merten | whic must
fe Asouigh Cah veaten in, Ve fh, k% ratty Once.
|
"Wht a Ci,S) she the Pength -f tig shod
| bath +-im Vesten i to verter WV whiter” uniust a6 z
[ ~Ainsough bath vertex £y § exactly ence.
— Hence, 4 (Lv- 114) Aepbsents ert cost of
timo gpapeh. U Row .
_ Vg Cyvetii)= mint da + 9h V= 41,4304
- GoWorahi zing : , adi

"\sh= ‘ (sez _.-\s\in-)

gC ug) wo (Ad
gCerh83) = W(c, B84
fo YS f S/S
Zax. (C8)1a
@)
= 148 iq \\)
_ = AS SS? 27

a {Gi Di\= WCeD)416 Cp,

AN = Ves - V %
bs aus {D4) = ly

HPI fe H) = wD, Ot gle)

= 244 oN
isA, fey) 26 a

HCC, VRID) S WC B>+H (B,ID4) |

\ = = J 421°
\ » lal C){ B04) = 28
Xan ee z
a(C, {B, Dt) = al eD) WONTED
y = Yt202 _¥
i $Ccf6,04 = 24
| j , R

| 4 (8,403) = vol, DEFTO? a)

= {645

a CPi oi)= (p84 4(8 6),

- \Q2€R

1 a CD, A Bt) = 20. |

(A § By, C,D4) = min § wD) £48, ico, diy

Q ‘ os iG 4 22°
[r-4 CA) { 8503) = 38
y v
a 4
——
 ACA, } BC, 0} ) = w(A,0) 4 CG § B71)
U V. -
c jl fF 28

=a

FU, J8h) =— wo (Dye)

ta (uy si)
= At 15 | :
=< VI ?
qf Dy { Bc} ) GY SES CCUEIS 4)
=
Be a ah
‘= 29... a

= Nat &

TCRCUSDIE -
Q (Ai Bc0t)= main } AIGIIET
d _LuotA,C) 4. 4-8 Da) 1. ¥
[uC hd) #6 (D4 SCH y ~
= win j 38, 34,234 7
$<
~ 23, 7
_
 1 an,
/ )
S77
nu

AO==G ;
G = - i

DE —XC) ;
7 iu cost palh L SA>mD2C—HB
|
= 23
2

.-

| =
{- —

Dynaugc Proven %
(Paw
2
ONgEStT Common CSuaseQuencr
— FA Sdbrenuenre oh a AHing 3 a Neo
Ating. Ugencratda from rye ortglfral ate
witht solve Harallterr witout V changing U
thr veladiue oidby out not. cdrtiqueus VU
L _ dongest Common Subtequentosty the
Jovanut Aubeeauence c<pmmemy lo all Blo uelrees
wna Act of l Aen uewneers sn An ALading | order.
"= LC Problem Sfatemont’ VY
—Given tint deguonces, finol he Length
af Longest dubsequonces. | plesent Yin Lor, aop V
Ydn. Vv bee
r ~ A example: “ibe”, Yabg", " bof”)
Torefg', "Abed", wer, “efa* are Vite
tng. |
Auloredy Veneer of "atbcolepala cbs
ST do yal hig 7 beh(In tan have
DL cliterot poeuibe(/ anbudbences.
Uae Let derbsttt.e 4 = rYab cole f'
ro fubitiel 2

“: do ACs = Tobef =

Ru Siting, 5 = Obe

Porailete. Sulla Uinta? = ‘a b", “eub c") *eol®,

L NV bcd”, “abd, ‘a eol

~ J vas Conspni ty (s (rm w.)

 ‘ ; at t o.0
nt , —
—A kgonsmy
7 ee

iat. tes [eares XK, ha M ,°-

by er

eet
a ee

; ia aC cant
ae 1 Ss io te
cfr (j RON TE Ms}

fer (fco. peng baa) |

: Tg NO iy ; |
7 A HCisz=0 jes )
7 ! \ the, be ’

:
=
3 j -
NA. 4 (XRiL » = 1p)
“ had a

: | ak rare iid [jot |

i rik cs Si, Aq F i

—~ S ss ° else , » 4 “ ia = : i : |
: ; ,
|e , “ot % ‘ \ A
Se ‘. 4 of Wk -
gy \e ©, ur y '* a
.

1 oF
wat gis ACE] e max (Ais Cy),
= ’ ALi) Uj- 1)s
;De “4 Siri. 7 = P 4
cia
— -

+ a: 4 q Adda Limited:
 HNN HE 25
a
cy
Steps ‘tor gpiltecg the madtiw*. oT
to q

I Is olile cpating Zubin, hase Tes ———

—
Che Aame , then Nipper Aicarhal value +1.(%)
2 Af while Chap ad tug bbb t nos chy annilers
ok, wot Soume | Thedl ous bach Calue! it

holsle Doin, Backhackivg 2

mls (o_o wollen he chauge De lo
takes pla GH ertath
ual war eT tnd) each no As The
! Ais vised“ellen osteo) 0 wutbiel uoure . a
a
Frrovuple + |
(x= abaaba
Y= bhabbab
;
: - os
| Wy fatTbia [bl] by afb
Al O}| ojo {oj} of O|]0 Ne,
ar + -; | “
a (2) Ne,

Ajo jy [S2 [€2 [#2 [®34 [3

@) 0 a | Cayo —. |83 a

“3 {Ra 7
(I 0 1 [#2 [S38 [®3
@] o["i] 2 [*al*a (Ci |
a Laat Crumin Subir yews ¢ ba ba
{
ae | - :: ,

. 0.
i]
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HNN

. SO/i Knapsok Probbuz | _ eS

= knapsack ty: Aike- — ha bog.
- Given seme item which dave Aon Vuseighs |
@2 prolife . éh_ds doa uived te fuk dome AHems jie
tu Lop sath uN) 1_ Auk a way “anal total value |
bro duced WAR LMA qfuohisll |
)_- of) Knapcack Palle “anand Hoes The jpeud _
eux either Conpletele oO Ne tems 2p pitted In a
Knapsah
‘fn ey wee re Tan atten Dao lug users
hy 2s ka Aupectively . Gd -n9e pichV LgVo tem,
Meh we cdnnot 'pick 1 ited, asra fie. Vath fem,
nit howe bo pieb 'ss L Hema” cdlplel
—~Jhis js" of) atk: prolrlens 2A solic on
item js picked, Romeplleley ceo wilt! pick Hat
sete’
= Peale
aan i Tacs sa Cund prods
One peeihts: aoe H,6,5}-) pro Ws
aM ry ud ,
7 mela of knapsack ct: Pe 4 ho of tema ta 4.
. “= Joe _alp
alpve. ‘problem cl) ‘ele bd ULPug>
jollooing mole : / J ¢
7 4 \, 0,0, 1¢ ,.
(
= Q, Q, °, 1
= oO) 41
7 FT 2

— Je above crs the posible combination .

— fl tne ATW completely picked, af 4s
douoted }.
= U4 tae item fs pirked, 7" is nated 0.
— mat , here ome Vi,
 é ofomtan

|
Cows inoction dot provide rv,
have to Avert che
Fay eared muna’ “prope T ee
:
.

; Tigoatrya3
oi knapsatk (p ti, WLI, n, m)-

4 at MH ee sat le we,
rf eal eS eee?