Chapter 1

Sociology and
the Sociological Perspective

Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World SOC144 -EIU Truong Thi Kim Chuyen
 Learning Objectives
► Define the sociological perspective.
► Explain what is meant by considering individuals as “social beings.”
► Explain what is meant by the sociological imagination.
► State the difference between the approach of blaming the system
and that of blaming the victim.
► Summarize the most important beliefs and assumptions of
functionalism and conflict theory.
► Summarize the most important beliefs and assumptions of symbolic
interactionism and exchange theory.
► Describe the different types of units of analysis in sociology.
► Explain the difference between an independent variable and a
dependent variable.
 The Sociological Perspective

▪ It is the view that our social backgrounds influence our

attitudes, behavior, and life chances
▪ As individuals, we have the right to believe and act, yet our
society, culture, and social institutions affect our choices
▪ Individual attitudes and behaviors are influenced to some
degree by our social backgrounds and by the society to
which we belong
▪ This makes us ‘social beings’
Observation of the Social World:
Marketing 7 Steve Derné, State University of New York (SUNY) at
Geneseo, and Lisa Jadwin, St. John Fisher College Groups of you and
your classmates will analyze the social world around you—specifically,
the world of shopping. In the spirit of grounded theory, the groups will
generate some propositions or broad theories that explain the patterns
that they observe.
 The Sociological Perspective

• Individual decisions which are influenced by our social

background:
❖Marriage is influenced by:
▪ Gender
▪ Race
▪ Physical attributes
▪ Age
▪ Social class
 The Sociological Perspective

❖The right of voting is influenced by:

▪ Social background
▪ Society
❖Committing suicide is influenced by:
▪ Gender
▪ Religious beliefs
▪ Social support network
 Sociology as a Social Science

❖Sociology is fascinating — No matter how much

sociologists are able to predict people’s behavior,
attitudes, and life chances, there will always be many
people who will not fit the predictions
❖Sociology is frustrating — People can never be totally
explained by their social environment, sociologists can
never understand the sources of their behavior,
attitudes, and life chances sources completely
 Sociology as a Social Science

❖ Unlike the other sciences, sociology do not always follow

our predictions
❖ Sociology helps us comprehend who we are and what we
are by helping us understand the subtle influence of our
social backgrounds on our life
❖ Sociology as a social science relies heavily on systematic
research that follows the standard rules of the scientific
method
 Sociology as a Social Science

❖ Our knowledge and understanding of social reality

come from at least five sources:
▪ Personal experience Text
▪ Common sense
▪ Media
▪ Expert authorities
▪ Tradition
 Sociology as a Social Science

❖ Debunking motif: A theme of sociology in which the aim is

to go beyond superficial understandings of social reality
❖ Social structure: Social patterns through which a society is
organized and can be horizontal or vertical.
❖ Sociological imagination: The ability to appreciate the
structural basis for individual problems
 Sociology as a Social Science

❖ Blaming the victim: The belief that people

experiencing difficulties are to blame for their
problems
❖ Blaming the system: The belief that problems stem
from various social conditions
❖ A sociological perspective suggests that focusing on the
various social conditions is needed to help us deal
successfully with the social problems facing us today
 Sociology as a Social Science
❖ The use of sociological knowledge to achieve social reform was a key
theme of sociology as it developed in the United States after emerging
at the University of Chicago in the 1890s
❖ The early Chicago sociologists aimed to use their research to achieve
social reform and in particular to reduce poverty and its related
effects
❖ By the 1940s and 1950s many American sociologists had developed a
more scientific, professional orientation that disregarded social reform
❖ In 2004, the president of the American Sociological Association,
Michael Burawoy, called for public sociology — Use of sociological
insights and findings to address social issues and achieve social change
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

❖ Macro sociology: Part of sociology that deals with

issues involving large-scale social change and social
institutions
❖ Micro sociology: Part of sociology that deals with
social interaction in small settings
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

❖ Beliefs and assumptions of functionalism

▪ A macro theory
▪ Adequate socialization and social integration are
necessary to achieve social stability
▪ Social stability is necessary to have a strong society
▪ Society’s social institutions perform important
functions to help ensure social stability
▪ Slow social change is desirable
▪ Rapid social change threatens social order
 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

❖ Beliefs and assumptions of conflict theory

▪ A macro theory
▪ Society is characterized by pervasive inequality based on
social class, gender, and other factors
▪ Far-reaching social change is needed to reduce or
eliminate social inequality and to create an egalitarian
society
 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

❖ Beliefs and assumptions of symbolic interactionism

▪ A micro theory
▪ People construct their roles as they interact
▪ As this interaction occurs, individuals negotiate their
definitions of the situations in which they find themselves
and socially construct the reality of these situations
▪ They rely heavily on symbols such as words and gestures to
reach a shared understanding of their interaction
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

❖ Beliefs and assumptions of exchange theory

▪ A micro theory
▪ People act to maximize their advantages in a given
situation and to reduce their disadvantages
▪ Social order is possible because people realize it will be in
their best interests to cooperate and to make
compromises when necessary
Table 1.1 – “Theory Snapshot”
 Summary
1. Although Americans enjoy much freedom of thought and action,
society constrains their views and behaviors.
2. The sociological perspective emphasizes that our social
backgrounds influence our attitudes, behaviors, and life chances.
The chances of committing even an individual act such as suicide
depend to some degree on the group backgrounds from which we
come.
3. Because sociology deals in generalizations and not laws, people
don’t always behave and think in the patterns sociologists predict.
For every sociological generalization, there are many exceptions.
4. Personal experience, common sense, and the media are all
valuable sources of knowledge about various aspects of society,
but they often present a limited or distorted view of these aspects.
 Summary
5. A theme of sociology is the debunking motif. This means that
sociological knowledge aims to look beyond on-the-surface
understandings of social reality.
6. According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination
involves the ability to realize that personal troubles are rooted
in problems in the larger social structure. The sociological
imagination thus supports a blaming-the-system view over a
blaming-the-victim view.
 Summary

7. Theoretical perspectives in sociology generally divide into macro and

micro views. Functionalism emphasizes the functions that social institutions
serve to ensure the ongoing stability of society, while conflict theory
focuses on the conflict among different racial, ethnic, social class, and
other groups and emphasizes how social institutions help ensure
inequality. Two micro perspectives, symbolic interactionism and
utilitarianism, focus on interaction among individuals. Symbolic
interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret the meanings of the
situations in which they find themselves, while utilitarianism emphasizes
that people are guided in their actions by a desire to maximize their
benefits and to minimize their disadvantages.
 Discuss

1. Do you think that society constrains our thoughts and behaviors as

the text argues? Why or why not?
2. Describe how one aspect of your own social background has
affected an important attitude you hold, a behavior in which you
have engaged, or your ability to do well in life (life chances).
3. Provide an example in which one of your own personal experiences
probably led you to in accurately understand social reality.
4. At this point in your study of sociology, which one of the four
sociological traditions sounds most appealing to you? Why?
Select an example of a “private trouble” and explain how and why it
may reflect a structural problem in society