Puerto Princesa City, Philippines 5300
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
John Vincent C. Colili
Faculty, College of Sciences
Palawan State University
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
01 Paradigm Shifts
02 Copernican Revolution
03 Darwinian Revolution
04 Freudian Revolution
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CHAPTER I
PARADIGM SHIFT
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HUMAN FLOURISHING
PARADIGM SHIFT
A paradigm shift is a phenomenon conceptualized
and explored by Thomas Kuhn and is not just a small
modification to an existing scientific theory. Instead,
it wholly changes the scientific theory itself and
radically modified how it seeks to understand reality.
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CHAPTER I
VERIFICATION &
FALSIFICATION THEORY
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CHAPTER I
HUMAN CONDITION
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
The Copernican Revolution refers to the
transformative change in astronomy that moved
from a geocentric model, where Earth is the
center of the universe, to a heliocentric model,
where the Sun is at the center. This shift was
introduced by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus in the 16th century.
Figure 1. A depiction of a non-Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and
cartographer Bartolomeu Velho in 1568.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
For the first time in the 16th century,
Copernicus bravely challenged the Ptolemaic
model of heavens – geocentric. It described the
cosmos as having the Earth stationary at the
center of the universe, and everything revolves
around it. Copernicus proposed a new model,
heliocentric, showing the sun as the center of
the solar system.
Figure 2. An 18th century french engraving of the Copernican System.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
The Catholic church was against him, so his ideas
did not prosper at once. His books and he, himself,
were denied by society. A few centuries had
passed before the world started to acknowledge
his greatness through Galileo Galilei – the man
who picked up all Copernicus had left. Since then,
the sun stands out in the center of the solar
system.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
In 1859, a groundbreaking revolution occurred in
both science and religion with the publication of
Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species." This
book forever changed the way people approach
biology and has had profound effects on modern
science, religion, and various aspects of society.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
"On the Origin of Species" presents the theory of
evolution through natural selection, explaining how
species evolve over time through a process of
variation, competition, and inheritance. The book
challenges traditional views of creation, proposing
that all species, including humans, share common
ancestors and have diverged through gradual
changes shaped by environmental pressures.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
When "On the Origin of Species" was first
published, its theories did not gain immediate
popularity.
As Prof. Janet Browne of Harvard described, it was
not an instant "revolution" but rather a gradual shift
that unfolded over the course of a century.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
As Darwin's ideas began to gain traction, they
faced significant challenges, particularly from
those with religious backgrounds, as the
concept of evolution directly questioned the
existence of a creator.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) is arguably the most debated
and often misinterpreted figure in psychological theory.
Although he was a medical doctor and not a psychologist—
since psychology degrees did not exist when he was educated
—this partly explains the ongoing controversy surrounding his
ideas. Nevertheless, Freud was the pioneer in systematically
exploring and theorizing about the unconscious mind in ways
that align with contemporary psychology.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychodynamic theory (sometimes called psychoanalytic theory)
explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological
processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not
fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are
crucial in shaping adult personality. Psychodynamic theory is
most closely associated with the work of Sigmund Freud.
Freud’s work has been extremely influential, its impact
extending far beyond psychology. Freud’s work has been not
only influential, but quite controversial as well.
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NOTABLE PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
As you might imagine, when Freud suggested in 1900 that much
of our behavior is determined by psychological forces of which
we’re largely unaware people were displeased. When he
suggested in 1905 that we humans have strong sexual feelings
from a very early age and that some of these sexual feelings are
directed toward our parents, people were more than displeased
—they were outraged. Few theories in psychology have evoked
such strong reactions from other professionals and members of
the public.
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QUESTION & ANSWER
Email jcolili@[Link]