A-PDF Watermark DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.

com to remove the watermark

[Link] [Link]
Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08) 03 Quadratic Functions

01 Functions General Form Completing the square:

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x + p)2 + q
Absolute Value Function Inverse Function
where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0. (i) the value of x, x = − p
If y = f ( x ) , then f −1 ( y ) = x (ii) min./max. value = q
f ( x ), if f ( x ) ≥ 0
*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a (iii) min./max. point = (− p, q)
f ( x) Remember: quadratic function is 2. (iv) equation of axis of symmetry, x = − p
− f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0 Object = the value of x
Image = the value of y or f(x)
Alternative method:
f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x
a > 0 ⇒ minimum ⇒ ∪ (smiling face)
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
02 Quadratic Equations a < 0 ⇒ maximum ⇒ ∩ (sad face)
b
(i) the value of x, x = −
2a
General Form Quadratic Formula b
(ii) min./max. value = f (− )
2a
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (iii) equation of axis of symmetry, x = −
b
2
−b ± b − 4ac 2a
where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0. x=
2a Quadratic Inequalities Nature of Roots
*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a
quadratic equation is 2. When the equation can not be factorized. a > 0 and f ( x) > 0 a > 0 and f ( x) < 0
b 2 − 4ac > 0 ⇔ intersects two different points
Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: Nature of Roots
at x-axis
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic equation a b a b b 2 − 4ac = 0 ⇔ touch one point at x-axis
b c b 2 − 4ac < 0 ⇔ does not meet x-axis
α +β =− αβ = 2
b − 4ac >0 ⇔ two real and different roots
a a x < a or x > b a< x<b
b 2 − 4ac =0 ⇔ two real and equal roots
The Quadratic Equation b 2 − 4ac <0 ⇔ no real roots
04 Simultaneous Equations
x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0 b 2 − 4ac ≥0 ⇔ the roots are real
or To find the intersection point ⇒ solves simultaneous equation.
x 2 − ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0
SoR = Sum of Roots Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.
PoR = Product of Roots

[Link] 1 [Link] 2
 [Link] [Link]
05 Indices and Logarithm 06 Coordinate Geometry

Fundamental if Indices Laws of Indices Distance and Gradient

Distance Between Point A and C =
Zero Index, a0 = 1 a ×a = a
m n m+n
(x1 − x2 )2 + (x1 − x2 )2
1 y2 − y1
Negative Index, a −1 =
a a m ÷ a n = a m−n Gradient of line AC, m =
x2 − x1
Or
a
( ) −1 =
b ( a m ) n = a m× n ⎛ y − int ercept ⎞
b a Gradient of a line, m = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x − int ercept ⎠
1 ( ab) n = a n b n
Fractional Index an = n a
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
m a an
a n = n am ( )n = n
b b
Fundamental of Logarithm Law of Logarithm

log a y = x ⇔ a x = y log a mn = log a m + log a n

log a a = 1 log a
m
= log a m − log a n
n When 2 lines are parallel, When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,
log a a x = x
log a mn = n log a m m1 = m2 . m1 × m2 = −1
log a 1 = 0
Changing the Base m1 = gradient of line 1
m2 = gradient of line 2
log c b
log a b =
log c a
Midpoint A point dividing a segment of a line
1
log a b =
logb a

⎛ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞ A point dividing a segment of a line

Midpoint, M = ⎜ , ⎟ ⎛ nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 ⎞
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ P =⎜ 1 , ⎟
⎝ m+n m+n ⎠

[Link] 3 [Link] 4
 [Link] [Link]
Area of triangle: Remember:

y-intercept ⇒ x = 0
Area of Triangle cut y-axis ⇒ x = 0
x-intercept ⇒ y = 0
1 cut x-axis ⇒ y = 0
=
2 **point lies on the line ⇒ satisfy the equation ⇒ substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the
equation.
1
A=
2
( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )
Equation of Locus
( use the formula of The equation of the locus of a The equation of the locus of a moving
distance) moving point P ( x, y ) which is point P ( x, y ) which is always
Form of Equation of Straight Line The equation of the locus of a always at a constant distance equidistant from two fixed points A and B
General form Gradient form Intercept form moving point P ( x, y ) which from two fixed points is the perpendicular bisector of the
is always at a constant A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) with straight line AB.
ax + by + c = 0 y = mx + c x y distance (r) from a fixed point
+ =1 a ratio m : n is
a b A ( x1 , y1 ) is PA = PB
m = gradient PA m ( x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 = ( x − x2 ) 2 + ( y − y2 ) 2
c = y-intercept b =
a = x-intercept m=− PA = r PB n
b = y-intercept a
( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 = r 2 ( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 m 2
=
( x − x2 ) + ( y − y 2 ) 2 n 2
Equation of Straight Line
Gradient (m) and 1 point (x1, y1) 2 points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) given x-intercept and y-intercept given
given
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) y − y1 y2 − y1 x y
= + =1 More Formulae and Equation List:
x − x1 x2 − x1 a b

At
Equation of perpendicular bisector ⇒ gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line.

Information in a rhombus:
A B
(i) same length ⇒ AB = BC = CD = AD
(ii) parallel lines ⇒ mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC
(iii) diagonals (perpendicular) ⇒ mAC × mBD = −1
(iv) share same midpoint ⇒ midpoint AC = midpoint
D BD
C (v) any point ⇒ solve the simultaneous equations

[Link] 5 [Link] 6
 [Link] [Link]
07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean.

Grouped Data The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval
Mean Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion
Σx Σ fx Σ fx
x= x= x= Data are changed uniformly with
N Σf Σf
+k −k ×k ÷k
x = mean x = mean x = mean Measures of Mean, median, mode +k −k ×k ÷k
Σx = sum of x Σx = sum of x f = frequency Central Tendency
x = value of the data f = frequency x = class mark
Range , Interquartile Range No changes ×k ÷k
Measures of
N = total number of the x = value of the data Standard Deviation No changes ×k ÷k
(lower limit+upper limit) dispersion
data = Variance No changes × k2 ÷ k2
2
Median 08 Circular Measures
m = TN +1 m = TN +1 ⎛ 1N −F⎞ Terminology
2 2 m = L + ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ C
When N is an odd number. When N is an odd number. ⎝ fm ⎠

m = median
TN + TN TN + T N L = Lower boundary of median class
+1 +1
m= 2 2
m= 2 2 N = Number of data
2 2 F = Total frequency before median class
When N is an even When N is an even number. fm = Total frequency in median class
number. c = Size class
= (Upper boundary – lower boundary)

Convert degree to radian:

Measure of Dispersion Convert radian to degree:
π
Grouped Data xo = ( x × )radians
Ungrouped Data 180 180
Without Class Interval With Class Interval ×
π 180
x radians = ( x × ) degrees
π
σ2 = ∑ σ2 = ∑ σ2 = ∑
2 2 2
variance x 2 fx 2 fx 2 radians degrees
−x −x −x
N ∑ f ∑ f
π
σ = variance σ = variance σ = variance ×
180

Σ(x − x )
2
Σ(x − x )
2
Standard Σ f (x − x)
2
Remember:
σ= σ=
Deviation N N σ=
Σf 1.2 rad
Σx 2 Σx 2 180 = π rad
σ= − x2 O
σ= − x2 Σ fx 2 ???
N N σ= − x2 0.7 rad ???
Σf 360 = 2π rad

[Link] 7 [Link] 8
 [Link] [Link]
Length and Area Differentiation of a Function III Chain Rule

y = ax n y = un u and v are functions in x

r = radius dy dy dy du
A = area = anx n−1 = ×
dx dx du dx
s = arc length
θ = angle Example Example
l = length of chord y = 2 x3 y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
dy du
= 2(3) x 2 = 6 x 2 u = 2 x 2 + 3, therefore = 4x
dx dx
dy
y = u5 , therefore = 5u 4
du
Differentiation of a Fractional Function
dy dy du
= ×
1 dx du dx
y= n
x = 5u × 4 x
4

Rewrite = 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 × 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4

Arc Length: Length of chord: Area of Sector: Area of Triangle: Area of Segment:
−n
y=x
s = rθ θ 1 2 1 2 1 2 dy −n Or differentiate directly
l = 2r sin A= rθ A= r sin θ A= r (θ − sin θ ) = − nx − n−1 = n+1
2 2 2 2
dx x y = (ax + b) n
dy
= n.a.(ax + b) n −1
09 Differentiation Example dx
1
y=
Differentiation of a Function I x y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or
straight) y = x −1 dy
y = xn = 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 × 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4
dy −1 dx
dy = −1x −2 = 2
dy δy = nx n−1 dx x
= lim ( ) dx
dx δ x →0 δ x
Example
y = x3 Law of Differentiation
Differentiation of Algebraic Function
dy
Differentiation of a Constant = 3x 2 Sum and Difference Rule
dx
y=a a is a constant y =u±v u and v are functions in x
dy dy du dv
=0 Differentiation of a Function II = ±
dx dx dx dx
y = ax
Example dy Example
y=2 = ax1−1 = ax 0 = a y = 2 x3 + 5 x 2
dx
dy dy
=0 = 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6 x 2 + 10 x
dx Example dx
y = 3x
dy
=3
dx

[Link] 9 [Link] 10
 [Link] [Link]
Product Rule Quotient Rule Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal

y = uv u and v are functions in x u Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1):

y= u and v are functions in x
dy du dv v
= v +u
dx dx dx du dv dy
v −u = gradient of tangent
dy dx dx dx
=
Example dx v2
y = (2 x + 3)(3 x 3 − 2 x 2 − x) Equation of tangent: y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
Example
u = 2x + 3 v = 3x3 − 2 x 2 − x
x2 Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1):
du dv y=
=2 = 9 x2 − 4 x −1 2x +1
dx dx
u = x2 v = 2x +1 1
dy du dv mnormal = −
=v +u du dv mtangent
dx dx dx = 2x =2
dx dx If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient 1
=(3 x 3 − 2 x 2 − x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 − 4 x − 1) = gradient of normal
of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the
v
du
−u
dv − dy
dy dy dx
= dx 2 dx tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of
Equation of normal : y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
dx v dx
Or differentiate directly
dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) − x 2 (2) when x = x1.
y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 − 2 x 2 − x) =
dy dx (2 x + 1) 2
= (3x3 − 2 x 2 − x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 − 4 x − 1)
dx 4 x2 + 2 x − 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x Maximum and Minimum Point
= =
(2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2

Or differentiate directly
x2
y=
2x +1
dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) − x 2 (2)
=
dx (2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x − 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x
= =
(2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2

dy
Turning point ⇒ =0
dx

At maximum point, At minimum point ,

dy d2y dy d2y
=0 <0 =0 >0
dx dx 2 dx dx 2

[Link] 11 [Link] 12
 [Link] [Link]
Rates of Change Small Changes and Approximation 10 Solution of Triangle
Small Change:
dA dA dr
Chain rule = ×
dt dr dt δ y dy dy
≈ ⇒ δ y ≈ ×δ x
δ x dx dx
dx
If x changes at the rate of 5 cms -1 ⇒
=5 Approximation:
dt
Decreases/leaks/reduces ⇒ NEGATIVES values!!! ynew = yoriginal + δ y
dy
= yoriginal + ×δ x
dx
Sine Rule: Cosine Rule: Area of triangle:
δ x = small changes in x
a
δ y = small changes in y a b c a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA
= = b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cosB
If x becomes smaller ⇒ δ x = NEGATIVE sin A sin B sin C C
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC
b
Use, when given
2 sides and 1 non included b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A =
angle 2bc 1
2 angles and 1 side A= a b sin C
2
Use, when given
2 sides and 1 included angle C is the included angle of sides a
a a B 3 sides and b.
A
A a a c
b 180 – (A+B)
A
b b

[Link] 13 [Link] 14
 [Link] [Link]
11 Index Number
Case of AMBIGUITY If ∠C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged,
the point B can also be at point B′ where ∠ABC = acute Price Index Composite index
A
and ∠A B′ C = obtuse.
If ∠ABC = θ, thus ∠AB′C = 180 – θ . P1 Σ Wi I i
I = × 100 I=
180 - θ
θ Remember : sinθ = sin (180° – θ) P0 Σ Wi
C B′ B
I = Price index / Index number I = Composite Index
Case 1: When a < b sin A Case 2: When a = b sin A P0 = Price at the base time
CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C. CB just touch the side opposite to C W = Weightage
P1 = Price at a specific time
I = Price index

I A, B × I B ,C = I A,C ×100

Outcome: Outcome:
No solution 1 solution
Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points

Outcome: Outcome:
2 solution 1 solution

Useful information:
In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the
c problems.
b (i) Phythagoras Theorem: c = a 2 + b 2
θ
a Trigonometry ratio:
(ii)
sin θ = bc , cos θ = ac , tan θ = b
a

(iii) Area = ½ (base)(height)

[Link] 15 [Link] 16