2ol0
30l1202
MeduleI
Heal anspori
sodiotion
Modes o heak Hvanspo Conduction, Conveckion
a
and convection of heat lakes place h30ugh
Boib conduch fon
malorial mediom, but eneru is Hranspo ted thsough empty
s space by vadiation.
molecular
Conduchion"oheat in solid takes place doe to
iquid
vibTation
oced and noturad
Conveclive heat rancher is of Huoo Hypes
Convechon.
Besnoull's heorem equatíon)6-
*Apply
Brnoulli's quation N t Cons
cbunidisectional low
Bornoull's equalfon-
+
+7
P V2 ( 7, 7,)
h -
2
( 9 is in a sleady slaBe -
loto Tade Az
We Koouw
V,A V,A
A
Then - V Aa
h A
2
2gh VVA A
A
A2
A?
lOw Tate - AV,
A
A
2gh
AP-A
A
AgAyA2A
NA A
tourier's lauo of heak condtuchion
-[Link] -hrough moleCudar ubsaliont.
Lo's Hhe eneroy
To
To
T
T1 T
8nifau sla Smal 6teady-shake
Fourier low of heot conduction in beBween dwo
Let's assume a solid material slab placed
a distance Y.
larg parolle platt separated through
-lme (t-0] the solid materfal is at lempTetost To,
8nitially aB
is exposed Ho a lempretuse T
hen sudonly the lower plake
TTo solid matertal qet
At ime (t smal the Hempreture o
sisng
At Aime-o) a sBeady slabe inear achieued
in
To maintain the lempauture di\eunt te. [AT T-To =
in the olab
he plate a ConstanB Tate 9 heat lao
nuesary
Foorier's law o heat conduction -
Ihe ahe al tuhich heat is transpoa1ed
hrough a meduum b
#radient in th
to heJemprebure
Conouctioni proporlonal the Cro%s- sectionaarea A throuoh
he ond do
low
direclion of
which the heat povces
QoA
OT
he HempTelure deCrtOSe
When the thickoese is nol yery small,
associated cwrth he hea
negative sign
along heY-axis i.e.
a
ow quahion, and-Ihe Tale of
heaB ux i given by,
heat onduckion
Fourier's law ch
y-K in en dimencio
0ate o heat lux
dy
- Ther mal Condivity the akility Ho transler hea
Conduclion.
Thermal conducivity of gase,Gquid Solid
her mal corduciyihy cf solid: at room temp
Bross Fe 8He Concree
Maierial AL
308 127 19 52
kWm K 237
Tharmal condudivity of_quid« (wlm1K)
Moleria Tump K k maternal Imp K
water 0.59 Muminlum - 9 3 3 - 1
Glycerol-293 -09 Copper -IG00
- Y»0
-1813 9Ton 1809 y0 3
Thermal eonductivtty o ga Wmik1)
Cae at uook b H Co CO Air
906 26|43 33-8 318
Kx I0a SOOK O.318 542 55 57-3 55-5
[Conductivity-9olid liapoid>Gat
2122012
ogasts, liouid. Solid
Lactors ol|ecling hermal conductividy
mehals and alloys and Comosites. is due Ho low o ee elec-
conducliyilu of o maleriad
Thesmal tdaves.
Arons and lotice braliona als isir ihe
medais
med he
e in case o pure
pure
Thermal Conducivilu doe încreote
decreases wrlb in impuriiy
higheslt sably wheon it is
Conside
meta varies
'Ihesmal Conductiyity o a
mlchanically socessed amed
heatreated or
metals ecreare wh
mateia
oh moki
Ihesmal Conductivity
increase in demprebUre.
ihermod Conductivity ende to
lends
most he value
quid of due to
n beiogCwaler xcep-lion&i)
cecreae udth -lempredure
in -femprelure.
wlh increase
decreast in densily
at, ttavid
hesmal condutivity
The dependence of kor
and Heys Ane teppesdes on demprelure
selemetads
î atmost inear.
mos maderials
K Ko (1+BT)
at Oc
Thermal condvcdiuily conducividy
lere Ko oflbermal
coelicieM
Tempreture Condutivily s only
is onfy
-thermal
conduct iviiy
oSolids and
liquíd
8n case
pressUre . Gn Case oh qdces th
on
dependent
weaKly
Very
ndependent oh pressure
valk of Kis Solid.
metallic
non-
On case of depend upan
upon
conduciviBy o Porous metadials,
present in the voids
Ihermal
he yp o gas
os iqutd
material is consi oeably
Thermfad concocdivily
o{ a damp water Haen
material ord
Hhan that oK the dry
higher
individually with increa in densily.
ncreases
.Thermal corkucivily
The Weidmann and Fsonz law, egarding lhermal ond
ele cical conductivity o materiads Mates &otloo
"The Tolio o the Mermal and dedsicad Condudivittes i
Same or all metads at -ht same lempselure and hat salfo
ic tionad to 1hbe absolut Hemp o mtou "
direcy propor
Therma Conduchivily
Temps Hure.
Elechrica conducdiviiy
hic salio i also some or all metals at any
an
particwar lemprelure.
Neolon's aw o Ccoling 8-
Newlon's law of cooling, wbidh slates that he 7ate ot
solid to
tuhich heat is ironterred hom the. suae ofo
is psopm tionad
aluid with ohich e solid is in Coniat solid and
Ho the dilerence between ihe Hempsehure oh lhe
and to he area hsough whidh
he oh the uid
tempseture
he o Occurs
As (Ts-T)
h As (Ts T)
The heat lrapser Co-etcien
has the unils m 2 K',
Tq Tat o heat 1ow T
hea Ux
General heat Conduction £quation
a solid a Control
Consider heat low lhough -the olem eni on
Solid An energy balance Tequires Iha
volu me 0
Cheat conduced tn)- C heat conducted out)
t(hect Qeneraked
volume.
witbin ) = increau in -lbermal oneraY O contr ol
tAy AmAz O - k dT d
Ay A
V2lzAcn Ay
heat otd
nlers ihrough Hhu
ete
I b e X Component o 1hetbi vate ,JoAy Az and
and leavs
element at
x- ace o the at he TaBe l+A% Ay
Az
Hhsougb he face
at ta
ol the heat Wow enders 1he y- kace at the
The y-Component at
Ond leaves through he ioce at y+ Ay
ae ly A az
AMAZ
be Tale u a
thsough he a e at ihe
vake
The-componeni
enters
ay, and leaves throvghhe Ay ZtAz
ace
a he Take q7lzt Az ANAy
Conduction oh heat ino the element is
The nu Tale o
nl-alasan) AyaZ +
y -
yyay) AMAZ
+(qle olzaz) A Ay.
-
i n o u , Vqonerade yaccumulation
acc um ulad ion =: O (steacdy state)
0 (un sAeody- state)
St heat isgenerced in the maleriad at the sak o Per
onil volum he rode. o heai geneyadicn
in he lement 9Axt
Constond pressure, the r a t o inrease o
at
toy hea low is
he thesmal oneray Condhaupy) oeloment
K
PCo Cm)
|R
dHAOM
dt
AyAz = fpcm)An Ay Az Co nd cehien
T
(dgo+dq +
da:+qfCpem dt 4,-
(AT
qu hermol dilusivy
8-he &olid in motion ín he direction oh motion , the derms
'sate inand a oul' include heat ux due o bulk moion
Recongular Co-ordinades
Cytindrical Co-ordinales
fop+ +e +v
doutH
(9)
T, O,Ø)
pherical coovdinates
Vo OT
8ine
-- dC9Sin)
Sine 6 Sine
What i he veloxi lesm i absent VoVy, Vz =0
No heat ganerat HG0
84 No heaB accumulated o 0
t
(sleady-statt).
Slecdy-stale of heat conduction in solid
-At the steady siaBe dT -o i.e. no acumulaton of hea
For Unidireclional Conduction, lets he -axis.
No hea ganeralfon in the plate.
The plate % at 6iadionaru so the velocity components are zevo.
The èqualion
fce+ ++V - +t H
eTe cluces Ho da0 .
dx
T3 Ty
Conductivt
T Ta
AT
AnaA KA dn= RK.
Wabr
T) (Te)
LANj Rx.
C1
Commective -
TE 7T]
Ah
Convective
ConvecH ve w- w- Te
T T2 T Ty
Concucti ve
dT
9 A. t K,A+ A
Ah
Aa
At+ Aha
KaA
0912202
Lows oRad?otivt heat raner
across a syslem boUndry by mean
The r anser oonem
mechanis muhich is Solel bya lemn
em
o an eeiromaqne
dienCe. mediom.
ronsler. doesnot require any
Radaion heak in våcUum.
ocor in ekkectively
Radialion exchong iradialion deíned a Ihe.
redialion also called
When inciqen on a surocerom al oirelion
per
radialion in w/
Holal inciden
and per
unii area o Surade oxpressed
6Tee being happe,
unit ime on a suráe,
and denoled by' impings is lrans miHecd,
Temainder
a pari Hody
a part is Telject bock he
characteristics obe
upon
ii absorede "dopengling
Kirchhoft's Low 8-
blacK bocy o6 &Urae
Consider a lorge Tadialing
Let us
area AM 1he body at he
on th unil 8vrlace ok
LeE h e enargyall he sfall body
by
uill be Qahsorbed
Tate Eb of his energy
.
smatl body is 1 A 1Eh in
absorbed By ihe
ha nerH
which i is the absorptivity oHhe Body absotbeod
absorbed
dHoined -he energy
equilibriom
Wlhen thermal Jo ihe energy
e i t e c t E1
the body 1 mus be equal
by area
pr unit sutlace
.
Thus at equilibvium
A1 E1 - EA 1A1Eb - - 1 )
A2E x2A2Eb -
-(u)
INow, Temove Bodyt1) 0 seplace ít by Body t2 having ahsovptí
[Link] sadiativitq Todiative ënerqy
Vity ímpinging on he
UTace of his Body is gain
.Ehnce ot thermal equilibrium.
1)
Aa Ea = aAg Eb
E
de sinitien oemissviy E,¬
As per
At -hermal quilibvium,
¬ =.
slades hat thesmal equilibaium at a givenemprev,
dep
*Kirchhoffs low
emissiviHy and absorptivity
ave equal or ny Solid kuYoce.
'nibos
*Slean's Boltzmann Law
Tbe law Stas hat the emissive. powex Holal onerqy emitted p
uni area por unit time o a black body i diedky pr opostionot
40 tht ovrih power of its absolute lempielure.
E- T
Emisiiy [e]
Sadiation mited by a seal ol tompseture T
eUsace
sadialion emited by a hlockbody at the Same lemp eBure T
Radiation ina non black bodyH1
GAelan's equalion/8telon's lowi
Rade o heat lcuo's 'q S¬AT
here - elelan's consiant 5.64X 10 °Nm-2K4
A Area
T 'Temprelure on absolute etate.
Planck's distribulion low
Planck's distribution lao slaes that monoch romatic emissive Dtder
sdaes -lo the wavelangth and ihe absolute lempsetuse.
E 2TChx*5 nc3h
(E
exp
(E: monochsomatic omiscive power oo blacx bodu
c
velody of ighi in vacoum.
h planks ConsBont 6.625Xto"s
A wavelength T abgolule lemprulue. K.
B o H zm ann's constant 1 3805xIU3 ,J/ K
Wtns dieplacemanB low
0slablished Talalionship betwen he lempoekore oh a
Wien a
the naximum vadue
and lhe toavelenglb ad wbich
blacx bocdy
occurs.
monochiomalic emigstve pöuwer
Amax T C3
Constant a 0 98 91 Cm °K.
G 1202
9 131
* |Lambests Cosine law
amissîon power toom 0 Tadotina
This law slades that h Hotal
. D to
proporHiona) he Cosine
the Crine
in
plane 8urace ony
diroclion is disecdly
ogrmicsianm islhe angle
o the amt of Submission. The angle
eublended by the nor mal ta the fodiofina., uskace and heHoiat diredon
vector [Link] +he tecieving wroe. stE 4h
tds
omissive poudor ohe Tadialingetr|ace in/ the drection o
hosmal tben.
Ee En Coc