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S - Block Elements

The document discusses the chemistry of s-block elements, specifically focusing on alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2). It covers their physical and chemical properties, trends in reactivity, and unique behaviors, particularly highlighting lithium's anomalous characteristics. The document also explains the formation of compounds, reactions with water, and the significance of ionization energies and electronegativity in determining their chemical behavior.

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6 views26 pages

S - Block Elements

The document discusses the chemistry of s-block elements, specifically focusing on alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2). It covers their physical and chemical properties, trends in reactivity, and unique behaviors, particularly highlighting lithium's anomalous characteristics. The document also explains the formation of compounds, reactions with water, and the significance of ionization energies and electronegativity in determining their chemical behavior.

Uploaded by

ssruti503
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ee — Sn ev Lae white me eg CHEMISTRY OF s AND P a BLOCK ELEMENTS“! = ist be thes valence [BLOCK ELEMENTS) nature, s-BLOCK ELEMENTS = 3.0 INTRODUCTION Pee es fice «sted into 8, ps &» f blocks on TS, ing of agate cents empties Se acm ubshell of their outermost shell are called s-block elements. AS s-OFbital Cae TL of ie lectrons, there are two groups in the s-block. The < block elements constitu Oeics a ; Configuration and group 2 or TA for ns" confi “jon, The elements of FUP cen) a , setae i wan 2. gp cal gin wr ae i.e., group 1 and 2 are present at left of the ROUP-1 ELEMENTS t 3.1 ALKALI METALS - G' mat a “ "The elements, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs ir belong to group on elements: b, Cs ents beeause each clement has one electron in its valence of group IA are called block elem eras since these elements form hydroxides with svmter which are strongly alkaline in nature. The word tr whi ae ich in sodium and potassium carbonates, Among these Canes Nt ant 3'8% and K = 2.6%) while the remaining elements are 3.1.1 Gradation in Physical Properties The important physical properties of alkali metals are given below (Table-3.1).. Table-3.1 : PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS Francium is radioactive in nature with a very small life period of about 21 ‘minutes, nstead of decreasiny f decreasing However, the density of K is less than that of Na. This #boor may be due to unusal y 0 unusal increase in utomic size in comparison to Na ‘5. Melting point and Boiling point : The alkali metals show low meiting n4 boiling poita, which go on decreasing, for Li to Cs. Alkali metals mpt Bpt (/C) Li 180 1336 Na 915 $3 Kk 623 1 Rb 355 700 cs 28.5 on electron (ns"), the binding Because of their large atomic sizes and presence of only one valency aon ne! energies of their atoms in the erystal lattice are quite weak. As a result, they = points. Their [Link] or [Link] decrease from Li to Cs because of increase in atomic size 6. Tonization enthalpies: The ionization enthalpies of alkali metals are very low 5 compared to the elements of other groups. The reason is that they have large size and the outermost electron loosely held which is easily removed. The ionization enthalpies decrease from lithium to caesium ag the new shells are added on moving down the group which facilitates the removal of electron by expending less energy. However, the second ionisation enthalpes of alkali metals are quite high. It is because after the removal of first electron, the atoms already acquire stable noble gas configuration and the removal “of second electron from these atoms requires very high energy. Therefore, second ionisation enthalpies of alkali metals are quite high. For example, Na’ is possible whereas Na‘ is not. 7. Electropositive character : Because of thei low ionization energy, they have a great tendency to lose electrons and that is why they are strongly electropositive or metallic in character. On moving ‘down the group as the ionization gain enthalpies decrease, the electropositive or metallic character increases. 8. Electronegativity and Electron Affinity : Because oftheir strong clectropositive character, the alkali metals have very low electronegativty and electron affinity values. 9. Oxidation state : The alkali metals form univalent positive ion by losing one e! ton the outermost s-orbital. The alkali metals cannot lose the fralat possi lone’ second electron and hence they do not form \46, Formation of fonic compounds : Since the alkali metals are highly el react readily with hi lectronegative elem pearaie ly electropositive, they Se aa ie forming ionic compounds due to transfer of theit 11. Combination with other substances : The alkali - forming compounds. The reactivity increases with incr coca aly with other element to caesium. For example, potassium is more reactive than sodium ve character from lithium alts ue of k Points Cuarren -3 : Cuesasriy Or 8 Ano » Buoce Eussaners-1 CS, the frequency of radiation emitted, maximum), it corresponds to the red region of. Example : Lithium — Crimson red, Sodium — Golden yellow. Potassium Lilee, Rubidium and Caesium-Violet Colour. 1& Photoelectric effect : Due o low ionisation energies, alkali metals exhibit photo electric cffect. Since the alkali metals emit electrons when visible radiation falls on them, they are used in Photoclectric cells. Potassium and caesium due to their low ionization energies ean release electrons casily and they are used in photoelectric cells. Li does not exhibit this effect due to is high LE. 15. Thermal and Electrical conductivity : Because of large size, the valence shell electron in alkali metals are loosely held by the nucleus. These electrons can move easily from one metal to the other in the lattice and thus, they act as good conductor of heat and electricity. Further, due to the presence of loosely bound electrons, the alkali metals show silvery lustre when freshly cut. 3.1.2 General Trends in Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals. Because of the low ionisation energies, alkali metals lose valency electrons more easily and. become highly reactive. The reactivity increases down the group due to decreas in ionization exergy. ‘Some of the important chemical Properties of alkali metals are listed below : (1) Reaction with Ai ‘The alkali metals show metallic lustre when freshly cut, but the surfaces get tarnished when exposed to air due to the formation of a layer of oxide, hydroxide and carbonate. For example, 4Na +0, ——> 2Na,0 Na, + H,O ——> 2NaOH 2NaOH +O, ——> Na,CO, + H,0 a ‘Therefore, alkali metals can not be placed in ar. They react with water violently. The reactivity increases from Li to Cs. Li reacts gently, Na or K melts on the surface of water and even catches fire. ‘Therefore, Na and K are kept in chemically inert solvent, such as Kerosene oil to protect them from air. . . ec Lithium isthe only alkali metal that forms nitride (Li,N) Itis due tothe diagonal relationship with magnesium, 6Li+N, ——> 2Li,N 4 : Rane wis Orpen Ala en cobs wi orp ma fe n ivity increases from Li to Cs. Lithium forms a normal oxide (Li,0), sodium forms AVERSTY CHmSTRY (Vou. 1 contain O i , cael re tals oe octtit > iocs and superoxide contain Qs ‘on cation and anion, I ‘upon (1) size of metal cation and ans is based on the fact that a small eation can stably thas seonge ee 2 strong ve field ne ve field around it and ths it combines with eld and thus combinr tm to form Li,O. Na* ion being bigger in sine he oda ines with O,* (peroxide ion) having weak —ve field “ons of this family are bigger in size and have still weak +y_ szound them and thus, they cannons weak -ve field aro he Lea tabilise by bigger size superoxide ion (O,") which has avait it. The Lewis dot structure of efferent oxides are given below y FOF CO—G7 pg ae Oxide ion Peroride ion GO=cO3 Oxide and peroxide ions hay tnd on the other hand, super oxide eonpsited electrons and thus these are diamagnetic innate lectron init and ths it pace jon = Aires electron bond structure and has one unpaired epee is a valuable compound which is used in space crafts and in a self contained breathing {o remove moisture and CO, liberating oxygen during the process. 2KO, (5) + H,0 (g) —> KOH ()+KOOHG)+0,(@) 4KO,(s) + 2CO, (g) —+ 2K,CO, (s) +30,g) ‘The normal oxides are basic in nature and form strong alkalies. Their basic nature increases from Li,O to Cs,0. Examples :M,O + H,0 —+ 2MOH ‘The peroxides and superoxides form hydroxides when dissolve in water. M,O, + 2H,0 —> 2MOH +H,0, 2MO, + 2H,O —+ 2MOH+H,0, +0, Peroxides and superoxides are strong oxidising agents. They react with acids giving hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, respectively. Na,O, + H,SO, —> Na,SO, + H,0, 4KO, +2H,SO, —> 2K,SO, +2H,0+30, G) Reaction with Water : Alkali metals, their oxides, peroxides and ‘super oxides dissolve in ‘water to form hydroxides which are known as alkalis. For example, 2Na+H,0 —> 2NaOH +H, Na,0, +2H,0 —> 2Na0H+H,0, 2KO, + 2H,0 —> 2KOH +H,6+0, The reaction of alkali metals with water are highly exothermic in nature and the hydrogen ‘gas evolved catches fire along with explosion. Thus, alkali metals are always kept away from water to avoid accident. Nature of Hydroxides : s ‘The nature of hydroxides whether basic or acidic depends upon the ionisation energy of the metal. M-O-H==M +0H, @esic) M-O0-H==M-0+H (Acidic) than Li*, has a weak +ve fi around it to form Na,O,, 7 solutio decrea ionisat jonise found which by duet hyd ofhe elect ares Poly BER 288 Uoarensry Cimsasr (yo. uy 10n of interaction of water ize of alkali metal ion, the peer hydrated than Na ion and soon the size of hydrated alkali mera) higher degree of ionic mobility wt lithium ion being largest in sie at 2 dont it Solution. Therefore, the ionic: conductance OF the Ne decreasing order. ¢ decreases fro conductance, other alkali 3.1.3 Anomalous Behaviour of Lithium It is one of the characteristics Shite Periodic table tha, the frst member of each group of ¢ 2d cl from stmt in Se up in many respects Le, i shows tae Teall ithium being the frst member of te ‘rou | elements shows the characteristic properte f alkali metals but it differs trom the Fence tte kali metals in many respect. The enoeaien behaviour of lithium is mainly due me following reasons. high polarising. power of Lion du to its small size (Fajans rule) exhibiting the covalem character ofits compounds, il) High ionisation enthalpy and low electropositive character as metals. (i) Absence of d-electrons in its valence shel () exhibit strong metalic bonds due to it's small Size as compared to the rest of the alkalimetals. ‘compared to the other alkali Curr e 1y Cina (Vox yy is soluble in organ (yon Ne ‘ONa Os LO OH excess eee cH (OL CHOsalieylaidenyae Cr - Oo Salicylaldehyde i i H oa anne OM of salicylaldety de donates electrons to the Na’ ion to frm such complex. Similar, tum derivatives of acetylacetone also form stable complex with water molecule CH, ‘OH, > OH, HeC ce Ni Soo Noe, cH The dilute solutions of alkali metal ions. But when con following steps. L _Tonisation of alkali metals MG) > MQ) +e Il, M+ e both are solvated by NH, forming (M(NH,),]" complex ion and [e(NH,),} M*+e-+ (x+y)NH, > [M(NH,),}"+ [e(NH,),} ‘The ammoniated electron is responsible for the blue colour while electrical conductivity ofthis solution is due to ammoniated cation [M(NH,),]", @ complex ion and as well as ammoniated electron “ seg metals also form complexes with cyclic ligands that have several donor atoms, These donor atoms surround or trap the cations and form complexes. Examples of such ligands att cyclic ethers commonly known as “Crown” ethers which donate electrons to the metals through their oxygen atoms. The second kind ofthis catagory of ligands are from the family of eryptands ot eryptates. These are even more effective as a cage with eight donor atoms surrounding a certral etl atom. The ability of a eryptand to trap alkali metal cation depends on the size of both the cage and the metal ion. Better the match between their sizes, the i ions can be trapped more effectively leading 10 stable complexes. A crown ether, a cryptand, a metal ion trapped in a eryptand are shows in igs ame, metals in liquid NH, are blue due to solvated electrons and solvated centration of NH, is above 3M, metal ion clusters are formed. It is due tp ‘example, sodide ion (Nar) form such type of complex with eryptand [2, 2, 2] SORE NCHOMADN > INNICHOCH)N Ne ™ Th by ely ‘Guerin 3: Cumasrey Or Avo » Buock Eussanee | 37 Cs" is the largest size alkali [3.22.2] while Lit beis a ‘wrap’ the metal ion completely and thus Protect them in coming with the {s another cause of the stability of complexes which are alee complexes, Some of the complexes of alkali metals are ionic ‘and some are covalent in nature. For example, the complexes of Lit, Na* with B-diketones are ionis wiiie with water these are covalent. This behaviour is quite helpful for their extraction by solvent, extraction method. 3.2 GROUP-2 ELEMENTS (ALKALINE EARTH METALS) {ik group TIA or 2 of the periodic table consists ofthe elements, beryliam (Mg), calei it Present in s-orbital (ns). ‘ding to alchemists, the substance which magnesia (MgO), et. [a6 [75 15s] pee oe ae ar fs 450 [4 60 [i= 106*19fs0~ 10fss 03 ee @) Ato eid metals, the cae te ica Ofte neal maar charge of the aa metals and their +1 jong an ine radi (of +2 ions) ae smaller than the corresponding, the ionic radii of the, ae es resets ETE on moving down the ‘roup, the atomic gs effect, it ber of energy shells and som 38 Uravensry Comasrey (Yo. Fe (3) Oxidation state : Alkaline " 5 earth metals Shell forming bivalent positive are heavily hydrated, ‘ons. Thus, these ae mene cerey ; Alkaline earth metals have low ionization energies. But their Sreater than that of the i metals. TI di tnuch higher than the frst ionsatng re Poms alkali metals. The second nization ens’ erent The ionization energy decreases on moving dows ig Soup, as the s-electrons of the outermost shell are Can readily lose two s-clectrons from the ly Ital show oxidation state of +2. The bial (6) Electronegativity and Electron Affinity : They have very low value of ivi Because of their small size and higher value of nuclear charge, the alkaline earth metals have bigs States than the alla meals, They have very low electron affinity or alsost se of electron affinity because of their fully filled s-orbitals (stable configurations), camp htr tendency to lose the valency electrons But thy ar les powerfileduieg epee Compared to alkali metals because of their higher ionization energy values, (@) Tonic compound formation and nature of metallic bonding : Alkaline carth metals ax highly electropositve in nature and they combine with highly-electronegative elemence forming ions osely packed structure, the alkaline earth metals are denser and harder and have higher melting points than alkali metals, (9) Characteristic flame colouration : The chlorides of alkaline earth metals impart istic colours tothe fame, However, beryllium and magnesium chlorides do not impart Splour to the flame because of their small size and very high ionization energy. The alos clectrons are highly held as compared to the other members ofthe group, Caleiure striven ad barium impart brick red, crimson and green colour, respectively, to the flame (10) Metallic character Alxaline earth metals have stronger metallic bonds in compart cre ena metal of the same period, I is because alkaline cath meas hve ale Su at ‘Possess more number of valence than alkali metals. For example, Mg is harder than sodium on hea 40 Ven. mM Anhydrous BoC, ex (vec) ene re 'm Polymeric form, (BEC), while in vapour state it exist as Moneme, Cl, ch cl Chy Chon ACh 0 / 7 Zs % Bel” Be Be-cl Now B No “cl Cl-Be. ot : (BeCl,), - Polymer Dimer (BeCl,), Bef, is soluble in water due to high hydration energy and forms (Be(H,O),?*. The halides og Thay etal are ionic solids. Except uordes, which are in pluble oer baldes af soluble in wate, ‘The insolubleness of metal Nuorides due to their high latice energy. With the increase in sizeof rey Hons solubility in water decreases. I is due to decrease in hydration energy The halides form hydrates, which are hygroscopic in nature, For this reason, CaCl, is widely \wsed for the prevention of ice even upto ~55°C: on the road in cold countries. a (5) Action with Nitrogen : Alkaline earth metals when burn with nitrogen form nitrides, 3M+N, M,N, ; the formation of nitrides, a lot of energy is required to convert N, molecules into N= (nitride) ions and this energy is made available from the very high lattice energy liberated during te formation of metal nitrides. However, the ease of formation of nitrides decreases from Be to Ba, BBe,N, is volatile because of covalent character while other nitrides are not as they are ionic solids. The nitrides are hydrolysed with water evolving ammonia gas. M\N, + 6H,0~» 3M (OH), + 2NH, (6) Action with Carbon : Other alkaline earth metals or their oxides except Be, on heating with C form carbides. M+2C-—>M( MO + 3C MC, +CO ‘These carbides “on hydrolysis evolve acetylene gas. 7 termton of Compe ees eee css formation 3 ions ofthis do not form but smaller for hee and Ma om comple wih several electron donor species, schas Er thor Ex. (Bef), pet [BEG ONP ee. tetrahedr ‘The complexes show ilabi o a OFF onatrangement because ofthe availability of 2s and 2p orbital cele Nanbertant complex formed by Mis chlorophyll in which Mg bonded tof Fin E i RERE ri — Ck I “pe Nad Be _ Tone : YOON (Polymeric structure of BeCt,) Inthe vapour state, the BeC, exists as adi A ee imer which on heating at about 1000K give a: ‘monome, Be - C1 100K, 1 _ ge (Monomer) cl Be N (Dimer) ©) Carbonates: Alkaline earth meal carbonates are thermally unstable and decomposes ge heating 1 give oxides with the liberation ofcarbonioxde gas andthe reaction is reversible reege C1009) S& ca0(s)+co, ie thermal stability of metal carbonates increases from BECO, to BaCO,, The reason is tt Peay of metal carbonates depends upon the sabes of metal exides. From the late nae Boint of view, BeO is sid to be more stable while BuO is least stable. The latice energy of the wae decreases from BeO to BaO, ducto increase of size of cation. Therefore, the thermal stability incrase from BeCO, to BaCO,, ‘The solubility of carbonates in water decreases down the group, ie, BECO, is more soluble water while BaCO, is least soluble, leo oO wien! =r elm 21,0+4N0, + ©, 2Mg(NO), -*> 2mg0 + 4NO, +0, cs Like magnesium, it hardly reacts with bromine, LiCl like MgC, is deliquescent, a ‘Both LiOH and Mg(OH), are weak bases. A L0+H,0 Mg(OH), > MgO +H,0 Other alkali metals do not decompose on heating ), are soluble in water. 3.2.9 Diagonal relationship of Be with Al Due to diagonal relationship, Be and Al show similarities in their Properties. These are enlistet below, pth Be and Al have strong tendency to form, covalent compounds. (@ue to same polarisig r Power) ‘The chloride of Be and Al are soluble in organic solvents. "¢» and [AIF,)* in solution. ids and acts as catalyst in Fridelcrafts reaction. behaves Along enietion potential ofthese cements are nearly loo tan we 30 Unvinarry Cast (Vg Tonic or salt like hydrides These hydrides tive than hy Th are formed when hydrogen combines with metals which are more es are ionic in nature, are formed by the transfer of electron from metal to H-atom. These pret ig Examples: 2Na+H, “00°C, yy Sodium hydride CatH, 20°C, oy, ‘Calcium hydride Properties : 1 ‘These are white crystalline solids having ionic lattices. 2 They behave like salts and possess high melting points, 3. They conduct electricity on fused state. Uses = 1. As reducing agent 2. _ As solid fuels. Molecular or covalent hydrides : ‘These hydrides are covalent in nature. Examples of such hydrides are B,H, BH AIH, Gall, CH, Sill, NH, HS, ee, 1 These are gral fered by Be and Mg of group ILA, some elements of group IIA to VIA 2 ‘The hydrides formed by Be and Mg form bridge type polymeric structure. 3. ‘The hydrides formed by the elements of group IILAto VIIA are in 4. The hydrides formed by group TIIA elements 5S. ‘The hydrides VIIA are acidic in nature. ‘Uses : ze beams pn | 52 Univexsrr Comer Li and Mg are respect. Placed in dierent groups 1 and, but they resemble each eter, Ans. It is because both Li and a it dis Mg have nearly same atomic radii and other periodic proper 9, Stnibit diagonal relationship with each other an . Wit Super oxides of alkali metas are coloured ? ‘Ans. It is because super orde contain a thre electrons bond which makes it colour 10. Pept as and alain earth metals can note obtained y chemical ren meg Explain, Ans. It is ‘because alkali and alkaline earth metals are st obtained by chemical reduction methods. Arrange the following as stated : Increasing order of basic character : MgO, SrO, K,O, NiO, Cs,0. ‘Ans. In the periodic table basic character of oxides decreases along a period and increases down y ‘group. Therefore, the basic character of given oxides in the question may be arranged inte increasing order of basic character as NiO < MgO

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