📘 Solutions Formula Sheet – Class 12
Chemistry
🔹 1. Concentration Terms
🟦 Molarity (M):
📌 Formula → M = nB / VL
● nB = moles of solute
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● VL = volume of solution (L)
● Temperature dependent
🟩 Molality (m):
📌 Formula → m = nB / WA
● nB = moles of solute
● WA = mass of solvent (kg)
● ❄ Temperature independent
🟨 Mole Fraction (χ):
📌 Formula → χA = nA / (nA + nB), χB = nB / (nA + nB)
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● χA + χB = 1
● Unitless quantity
Mass-Based Concentration Terms
🟦 Mass Percentage (% w/w):
📌 Formula → (Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution) × 100
🟩 Volume Percentage (% v/v):
📌 Formula → (Volume of Solute / Volume of Solution) × 100
🟨 Mass by Volume % (w/v):
📌 Formula → (Mass of Solute / Volume of Solution) × 100
👉 Mass in grams, Volume in mL
🟧 Parts Per Million (ppm):
📌 Formula → (Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution) × 10⁶
👉 Used for very dilute solutions (pollution, water analysis).
🔹 2. Vapour Pressure & Laws
🟧 Henry’s Law:
📌 Formula → p = KH χ
● p = partial pressure of gas
● KH = Henry’s constant
● χ = mole fraction of gas
🟦 Raoult’s Law (volatile solutes):
📌 Formula → PA = PA° χA , PB = PB° χB
📌 Total → PTotal = PA° χA + PB° χB
🟩 Raoult’s Law (non-volatile solute):
📌 Formula → PSolution = PSolvent° χSolvent
🔹 3. Colligative Properties
🟦 Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure:
📌 Formula → (PA° – PA) / PA° = χB
🟧 Elevation in Boiling Point:
📌 Formula → ΔTb = i Kb m
● Kb = ebullioscopic constant
🟨 Depression in Freezing Point:
📌 Formula → ΔTf = i Kf m
● Kf = cryoscopic constant
🟩 Osmotic Pressure:
📌 Formula → π = i C R T
● C = n / VL (molarity)
● R = 0.0821 L·atm·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹
🔹 4. van ’t Hoff Factor (i)
📌 Formula → i = Observed colligative property / Normal colligative property
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● Dissociation → i > 1
● Association → i < 1
● ➡ Non-electrolyte → i = 1