to the fi eld of Psychology r Psychology it will be better to talk ™sconceptions people hold about Psychology. that Psychology and common ser t psychologists are face readers, Some others an even read mind. Some people think that with mentally ill people only. iatry and Psychology are same subjects. Due 's people often feel uncomfortable to talk with from psychology. This is why even students of psychology to get subjects (or participants) for their research or e above mentioned concepts in mind, you bout what the psychologist does or what So, let us make the concept of psyThey focus more on psycho nd use psychological techniques to epal, people who have completed mas ology can treat mental illness. However, e M. Phil. in clinical psychology for intensive d hiatrists are the ones who have completed their \. as major subject. They focus on the biological f ct ess and primarily use medicine to treat mental chologists and psychiatrists these days work in allian treat mental illness. of Psychology ure of psychology has been the cause of great cont ughout the centuries, ever since humanity began to be inte jes of the mind, human nature, behavior, psyche and sif (Ardila, 2007). Different arguments were posed psychology in different periods of time which ussed in previous section d as scientific study of beha sychology can be thus explaine Currently pMan as well as animal which we refer as behavior. ts focus on both normal and abnormal behavior. r Psychology not only Nn private experiences principles, psycho| logists are also trying to develop principles that can describe beh aviors specific to particular culture. Psychology is both basi@i&nd applied in nature Psychology has both basic and applied part. As will be discussed later on in detail, basic scope concerns itself with developing theories while applied scope is more concerned with using those theories to solve problems of human being. ychology'canypredict behavior?Based on present relationship between variables, psychologists can accurately forecast possible behavior in future. They do so by conducting researches. Psychology is concerned with modifying behaviors: One of the important goals of psychology is to modify behaviors of huma being. It uses different psychological techniques to do so. sychology can be used in other fields: Psychology can con a lot in other fields also. For example psychology ‘ in defense services to recruit appropriate Care, in business to promote busines: where use of psycholoranches. The word psychology Wi / and ‘logos’ literal meaning of whig sroadly be traced into four periods: Ancient Gree 0 n period, modern period and current status, (Greek) Period: Greek philosophers had contribute for the development of psychology. ee of th contributors were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The re interested in study of soul and later mind. Soul or ming was considered as the representation of individltalt Plato’ contribution was very important in expanding Socrates’ concept _ in philosophy about life and soul. Plato suggested that brain j seat of mental processes. According to him, god created soi before body and gave it precedence both in time and value a made it dominating and controlling partner. Aristotle develope basic principles of memory that have been restated many times psychology and are still fundamental to contemporary theories He wrote first book in ES: ser _ psychology called Para Psyche: About the mind soul. In the book, he : basic Psychology law_ Pre-modern period: Psychology established as an indey peody enbetter work of Wilhelm Wundt during 1800's Wor s : 'Y Conscious experiences in laboratory by using introspection method. It was the work of Wilhelm Wundt and William James that contributed much in the field of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt established first Psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany and studied different conscious experiences. | Wundt defined psychology as a science of consciousness or conscious experience. He proposed the idea of structuralism; the school of psychology that tries to identify the basic elements of experience and describe the rules and circumstances. under which these elements combine to form mental structures. Structuralism thus sought to analyze the adult mind (defined as the sum total of experience from birth to the present) in ten the simplest definable components and then to find the which these components fit together in complex forms. | Titchener, broadened the structuralism approach to a the nature of concepts and thinking in general. Wil rather than trying to study the components of me studied how our mind helps us function or His approach was called a Purpose of consciousness heavily influenced by | Figure: Wilhelm Wundtwere criticized soon sts like J.B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. They d that psychology should the visible behavior which an be objectively felt and seen. psychology is science it Should not focus on things that Cannot be studied scientifically ie. mind or consciousness. These psychologists defined psychology as the science of behavior. They ©onsidered abstract concepts Figure: J.B. like mind and consciousness as unnecessary to study. Meanwhile Sigmund Fre Psychoanalysis which focused on unconscio dl ged the notion of behaviorism. Both ® challenged by humanistic psyc hologists, BY proposed by behaviorists had a ‘only focused on behaviors and ignored hy es. Thus, definition of psychology wasas an Empirical ience ical science is thecal Se ‘ rimentation, observation and foots e that ©xperiment and obse, wledge. Empirical sciences di Nn empirical science becaus, . evidences gathered from direct that felis oq SE sciences riences, vation should be le © Not believe On logics, Tae mie 3IMs to gather empi t observation and mi 4 By rical evidence easurement, Mt can s like mental capacity, attitudes etc. Science #elationship, (accurately conclude that on e thing is causing another) between different variables, The results drawn through scientific investigation are objective (or free from biasedness), and verifiable {that is possibility to test whether or not certain observations are a true). Finally, the ultimate goal of science is to generalize finding i.e, formulate universally acceptable principles, developed§ mind andiipoes psychology possess features of science? i Il as animal in a zy studies behavior of human as wel s J Son ‘Of anti 8 a procedure through ial p Researches carried are not done haphazardly. V imitations. MB ce vation carrie one in this chapter different steps psychologists oditied, t researches. Thoush a: y ” be possible, many psydl cogs ae lier, the itudes and personality characteris ods ttitudes ores ha psychology. Psycho! i i to measure such variable |ciples and theories in p n (Verifiable). The ultimate goal al principles about behaviors. Q possible in social sciences, still psycholo te universal principles by studying the simi ices across cultures. As we have seen psychology p < sence it can be considered as a scien ond part of definition says that psychology studies b of human and animals. The term behavior refers to a e activities of organism, either alone or in group. may be vivid (for example voluntary movement) or subtle changes. The third part of definition focuses on mental processes or CO processes./ Cognition is the study of mental process attention, memory, perception problem solving and thinking, in ess that takes place between input and our reaction. your teacher says “why are you studying psychology” Affe this statement you will say something. But before _ process the question in mind. This Processing is call a] F IS, Cognition is processing of information in our mind e term mental process and cogni 1 rchangeably. These are all Bite i care ‘ae eive any stimulus from environment. cae In oth er €s OF Cognitive processes are internal s va nsation, thought and emotion that onal : | Mental processes take place between inca aa esponse to it. Often psychologists use ehavior and ‘covert behavior’ for me becau: Qoe, Thousl ompl chology atte! eople had already Pt » similarities ying that “Agulta le hitkayake ology possess his is verified in one Principle ys. a science, onditioning (Which we wil] di studies behavio om ers to all extern group. Behavio t subtle physica as refinement, Corrections and ited in Hewstone, Fincham & Foster, 200 COMMON sense” sense and science try to explore similar phe ese tis, same goal of understanding and modifying behatiend They and common sense try to formulate laws that can describe behavior among the globe. i ) claimed thar n adaptations u ‘A Sciences ase sses or Cognitive cesses such as ‘action. Suppose Should we then conclude that y". After hearing sense in different words? Before making amateur conclusion, let us look whethe be any demarcation separating science and common, though focus of psychology and common sense is on psychology studies those things in systematic ma with common sense is that we invoke it after we This hindsight bias (the I-knew-ital-along phenome People overconfident about the validity of the Predictions (Mayers, 1999). Psychologists in 'N systematic manner and then conclude. Pi 'S More accurate than common characteristic that differentiates | Psychology is obehavior: The first goal of P' . Description involves naming & class pal psychologists are concerned with find ;, feel and act in specific situation. This de , systematic procedure in contrast to hap 0 ons sense. Description is very important about the phenomena under study. Only after jor or phenomenon clearly we can move to tf tand or explain behavior: The second, es explaining the behavior or phenome: step psychologists try to find out why and - They take help of existing theories and ky derstand behaviors. In some cases, if 4 , ches that can explain such behavio ments (hypotheses) and try a a ——S eR SS state! + the behavior: Another impo, future. By carefully analy ent variables, Psycholog; ation in future between» avior. It is fag, Cilitate— Controlling the Concerned nat working | with 413 three goat, m ychologists who study childrens 88 by ta ny ay be interested in describing the aetession, Some, os classroom. They are interested pe lerents ABBressive ould students in certain. grade show ane ABBreSsive beh, inst terested in. explaining yy Boal), Oth atching violent Tage teen ne more ay ea be terested in predicting how aggressine om one, based on his aggressiveness in na inally, applied psychologists would auenet ones (Third goal), gressive behaviors (Fourth goal), The rita ‘ hi children’s s mentioned earlier is betterment of humankind aed 9 Psychology niversal principles, and formulation of erspectives in Psychology perspective is an approach that involves certain assumptions egarding human behavior. There may be several theories within single perspective. For example in behavioral perspective there ay be theories like classical conditioning and operant conditioning ‘See chapter VI). Each perspective has different view regarding what fluences behavior, what aspect of behavior should be worthy to tudy and what research methods are appropriate to study behaviors. ven though psychologists have common agreement that psychology hould study behaviors, they are divided in what influences behavior. hus, each perspective has somewhat different view regarelng ™ ubject matter of psychology. Such differences give uh advances in our ability, to ain and nervous system: Tools w researchers to look at the b Scientists can now look at the effe d nd oo" in ways that were simply not po: sible ntl y search for the role of brain and other ch getting.im and blame him that he was _ ae . jan (Socio-Cultural) perspective: Major ofthis perspective are Janet Hyde and David Matsumoto, nective focuses on social and cultural factors that can behaviors ie. this perspective believe that behavior is the of socio cultural factors. It explains how our personality, belief, itude, skill and values are shaped by our culture, ethnicity, gender, religion and other important socio-cultural factors) This perspective focuses on the differences in behavior and thinking across cultures. This perspective may also focus on how the behavior of particular individual influences the behavior of other social member. Example: Ha man acts aggressively, this approach may try to relate aggression to the masculine role his culture provides or expects. Humanistic perspective: The major contributors of this perspective are Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow. These psychologists rejected the deterministic view (idea that behavior is determined b ject! e forces) of psychodynamic and behavioral perspective is Y a human behavior cannot be determined by ie aaa ae that reinforcement and punishment. These Psychologists th forces and view that people have free will, the freedom to aes held the destiny (Ciccarelli & Meyer, 2006). These psychologists, their own ‘human beings are positive being and have enormous ¢. argue that ‘ growth. According to them, human behaviors sot for for self growth. They believe that, we all ne tne mont (need to be what we stra ined to how we behave. These psych, e to be)re: DOM, Buss is the key contributor of ctive emphasizes on the ro! evolution ; i avior. This perspective behaves Rat our mind d in stone age to meet challenges of that time and d over time. The focus of this perspective is on how es (Heredity), variation within and among species selection might influence particular behavior. Variation ices within and among species in different respects. different color, shape and size because of the variation species. Inheritance refers to the transfer of characteristics ts to their children. Evolutionary psychologists believe of the variations can be passed from one generation to xt, Those variations that help us survive are usually passed to t generation. Selection refers to the fact that nature always selects » who are best in adaptation. Those who are unable to adapt d decrease, According to this perspective differences in is the result of these factors. This perspective is to a large ed by the work of Charles Darwin. This perspective attention these days. Now psychologists have come s that many of our behaviors are shaped by evolution. erspectives in modern psychology provide researchers and rd way to approach different problems and find new ways to in and predict human behavior as well as develop new treatment — | aaches for problem behaviors. We should use eclectic al | in describing behavior and in providing psychological help to others ! Psychologists who follow eclectic approach don’t hold rigidly any of single perspective mentioned above. They combine approaches to explain and modify behaviors.ch. It is dedicated to de chology. The theories and 1 not have direct practical ¢ area is to answer many psych ge gained through basic research is 0 work to solve problems of of ory, learning, reasoning, prejudice, r of basic area. The following are of psychology: nental pee Developmenta € mature and change from mi nother words itis the branch that ue pan. Developmental psychologists g a changes and stability in the ph ‘ hosocial domains in different stages provides knowledge about th a ind problems faced by india “J velopmental psycholo, -& counseling, pelindividual influenc defined social psychology 7 is i sto understand and eohie nt of individuals are influen how resence of other human ae like prejudice, attraction, leaden tis discing = cultures are similar and how then ine pa sociology and social pave are different i The difference between then. psychology unit of study Bees is on group is the unit of study for ae By. Abnormal Psychology; th. fteea| from normal. This means Soren Meaning of abnormal is a abnormal behaviors of individual recon is dedicated to mies concerned with study of abnormality a branch of psychology simple terms abnormal psychology ig the be 4 that studies Causes, symptoms and types of oa of psychology Abnormal psychology is concerned with studyi ge pais illnesses like neurosis, psychosi Te ee $15, psychosis, mental retardation, and mood disorders. The theories generated in abnormal psychology are often used to treat mentally ill people. Thus, abnormal psychology and clinical psychology are often overlapping concepts. Y. For 50cial lual j i IN social setting while Experimental Psychology: This is the branch of psychology that studies different mental processes by conducting laboratory ‘or universal psychological processes) psychological processes like sensation, perception, learning a memory. The ultimate goal of experimental psychology i the laws that govern various mental ee enei i tho abe this as an independent branch, t to describe and m almost all areas use experimen experiments. It studies basic (ders. It has very broad ire dedicated in this area. The u ent, treat and rehabilitate p oblems like mental illness, juvenile deli quer iors, drug addiction, mental retardation, problems and other adjustment problems. chological tests and treatment procedure apy) to achieve their goal. 8 Psychology: This is the branch of d with applying psychological Principles to their problems & make decisions. Clinical p Ing psychology seem very similar to each other. een them lies in the depth of problem they hand the people who have minor other hand are . They treat all forms of men counseling may range from skill develop '8 800d interpersonal relat BY: This by ' ae ranch ofinly focuses on chr mainly Causes & correlates of Use of Provide awareness, stan promote physical health by a ay has been used to healthy attitudes of the Population, nd understanding rotor, mental health programs, basic hy ealthy health and a with behavior and behavioral Problems we . oe that health psychology focuses on, Health ora is light on different tensions, frustrations Rapin? a 7 hips affecting the hi Conca nd hard! ips 8 the healthy growth of hy al ' 4 of the human being ft ‘cuses ON disease prevention by exercising different techniques to reduce health hazards, such as relaxation, diet, rest, sleep, etc. Even spiritualism and religion are important parts of health psychology. Industrial/ Organizational psychology: This is the branch of psychology that studies the behavior of individual in work setting, It is concerned with seeking application of the psychological ke principles, theories & techniques for the study & improvement of (known 2800 human behavior in work setting, This branch is very important in organizational setting to promote productivity, to select suitable employee, to foster positive job attitude in employee & to train and ‘ y yeologm™ handle the psychological issues in work setting. These psychologists I vidual play vital role from selection of employee to conflict resolution and Mies retirement. In total, it concerns with the psychology of the work ifference place. UNSeloy ir Is. Often Educational Psychology: Educational roca Se » Rather of psychology that applies psychological pips Stresses techniques to help children and youns Pn ro fe with ed only of learning and behavior. In this sense ne Fess is es The enhancing teaching leaning sae helping educd ping in developing student friendly ¢ environment. The applied eating foster good teaching learning revolutionized of this branch of psychology Ie Te ministerspsychology. Is. consumer and issues such as what decide to purchase a pa e the value of a service, and igazine advertisements can convince st for the first time. The goal of this branch ct and influence consumer behavior, It deals ould be supplied in market, how they c Sport psychology refers to the appli chological techniques designed to enhance perfo © get the most benefit out of their chosen s; BY Professionals are intereste: and physical activity may enha ltbeing throughout the life span. Sport psycholo Sin working with aj ivation. Success in sport d Olved in assisting coache eiping improve athletes! moti the winning spirit and ot her Psychological factors, ists do find such factors & help players ance,these lied areas. Psychology tonown ee are comprised of role of culture in grou NB Of sociology in P dynami ; rows the studies regarding aie behavior. Simi stn larly, “s behavior to explain many soctologeat Of Pychological acne, example of antisocial gang to lustrate the Pape Let us jology and psychology. Both sociologists a ionship between rested in studying the antisocial Bang. The fay holosists are comes the social and economic causes of Bee Sociol ing with law & order etc. However, the oi a i roe of on understanding the individual nature in gins, cones ng havior and impact of gang behavior on Particular culture. nthropology is the study of the physical, social, & cultural origi development of the human race. It mostly deals with inte and tribal people. It is particularly concerned with the Rae tradition, Manners, Customs, & rituals of such people. Psychology draws relevant data from anthropology regarding the evolution of particular group of people. Anthropologists take information about abnormality and nature of human beings through the studies of psychology. Psychology is however, not only concerned with study of tribal people. The most obvious relation among these three disciplines is that all of these disciplines are concerned with study of behavior. Integral information gained through these three disciplines gives complete picture about human beings and their behavior. Methods of Psychology Methods are the way we collect information. All methods to collect information. However, sc «re different from the common sense methods in ‘ystematic & objective procedures. Scientific Principles and proced or the "volving the recognitio OF data through {Nd testing ofsystematic procedures may use haphazard procedures, e is lack of objectivity in non- scientific € non-scientific methods rely on intuition rather entific methods are explorative while non-scientific met are confirmative. * Prediction is more accurate in scientific methods and Beneralization of findings is possible. i Qualitative Vs Quantitative jethods of Psycholog: Ormation, but rather of narrative Or textual information, often in natural setting (Beins & McCarthy, 2012). These methods are often employed to answer why and how certain behaviors occur. These methods are more exploratory in nature. Qualitative research is useful to find Out in depth information — ‘ative method in other hand is ical data that are analy; “Explaining phenomena by collecting ising mathematically based methods’ (Aliaga & Gunderson, 200Statistics ig not i IMpor- tant to draw coh ettsh sions | Difica == ifficult to generalize ta differ signi findings because it is ecatia Beneralize findings subjective in Nature ability a a and carried out in few sample It is helpful in under- standing and interpret. ing social interaction Focused group discus- sion & case history are good examples of qualitative methods Itis useful to test hypothesis, look at cause and effect, and make predictions Survey & correlation methods are two examples of quantitative methods ‘Even though these methods differ in Many respects psychologists =r of nay ‘these days use both methods simultaneously. eps in scientific methods 4 q Bic methods follow different steps. Ciccarelli & Meyer (2008) ve listed following steps in scientific methods in scienti isto 1. Perceiving the question: The first step in a ae perceive the question. In this step inves ae li ae the problem of investigation. aul te perceiving and formulating prob! ee. oe e based on individual experiences ‘ i investigation t oop holes of previous studies. ae an Rage t problem should be stated clearly. aH investigator, based asible findings of the study. The yet to be tested. Hypotheses are set to e investigation. However, hypotheses are e exploratory studies do not require hypoth; stated should be very clear and testable. In above investigator has set hypothesis that students valley hav : high level of examination anxiety. Next st, entific method is to test those tentative assumptions. in is. In both i ein favo because in both condition meme Ieee becomes happy existing researches, nwilladd new knowledge to 5, Reporting results: Final i ientif; result. Investigator will write Bros yaaa iathod is to re ent in conferences so that he Would ei geal j what he have accomplished or failed to maaite! will let other researchers to Rinheripo pip S| Wat Psychological re ed &Searche. methods useq i S to ¢, 4g) Psychoy, logicalobserves the effect of that Manipulati a lor : yen ™anipulates ind off Pendent vari ent or Condition which can have ‘ities able as it can take any value beginning, Variable is the Variabl ‘i from One). Ind le that experi i periment. Dependent Variable i te sa ae eae Manipulation of independent variable is observed "a Sheers Variables the effects of other variables that may affect he aa Ha Variable (called extraneous variable) are held Constant. This is = P essary Condition for success of an experiment. ad ore) vari, S) and ON another Variable, pendent Variables a - Variable Tefers to nt values (Eg. Age is a In experimental method general ly research participants (subjects) are ivided into two groups ie. control group and experimental group. ‘For success of an experiment the rani \dom assignment (i.e. each of the rticipants has an equal chance to be assigned to either experimental Oup or control group) of subjects is employed while categorizing lem in to two group. The participants in experimental nanipulated and its effect is observed in dependent variable) while ontrol group works as a comparison group sho ae ot exposed to “experimental conglen: Bi oy ce as ref r Comparing the result of mani ic oe dependent variable. If there is oo ie in id experimental group,.the indepe pact on dependent variable._#ependent variable. If there is difference in memory leye) of experimental and Control group hunger is said to be or of memory © can accurately say through experiment that one (or more) variable(s) is Causing. his is possible because we have control over different variables. ‘ In experimental method the experimenter has contro] over his experiment. He can manipulate variable(s) the way he wants and can make some variable constant. : Replication of result (Obtaining same result again and again) under similar condition is possible in experimental method. ethod is very useful in generalizing the outcomes, g, "i i = ‘ecause can get same result again and again through experimental d we can accurately say that the results drawn through nts can be drawn in other situations also. disadvantages: : control is there, absolute control over Variables ia use we are conducting experiments on human we can not control personal differences Which variables. j Fhe 1© Mal gi eralized weytation rime, Cll t0 the 5 *tificiay : le te. and ent behavior in laboraty atid The ine al Y ot ~ etimes xPeriment E et c x = cample if the ex a BSNess ma Cris biased :” Mect the resul, On those sun” oat some ay Pr hances arethesand ; S Variables are mini Minimized, 4 ; he extraneous Variables jn i hod ig h th ough there are some advai ‘antage: imitati tr very much used to find ¢, ame wi ‘USE and eff; this ffect and to ge Hs eNeralize the atic. study of behavi t lor _in- natural Setting. In setting is not disturbes and riables are not erver only Carefully bse observes. od is most often used for describii ior logy), However, this method can also be used Ad out the cause and effect relatior hip. After making a number Dservations, the psychologist can, using certain logic, try to infer auses of behavior being studied. Example of Observation: in ‘er (1977) (as cited in Wade and Tarvis, 1990) t son a pe who drink in bars coon mote they are in groups than when they are one a ; in a middle-sized city, ordering beers, an be ce lapkins and pieces of newspaper ie d drink. He found that drinkers in o- ; oie duals who were alone ood pe 5 oup. Thus it can be said ation. This methcé é ceremony while stud N group it is an example of Partici, icipatory observation: In non-participatory observation er is not engaged in the activities of subjects under study, just observes behavior from a distance, Advantages + This method studies behavior i in detail & is very useful describing the behavior. As observation is carried out without disturbing natural setting there is little or no artificiality. Natural setting is one of the Mos important features of observation method. * To some extent with careful observation we can find cause and effect of behavior through observation, + In observation method Spontaneous behaviors are more likely to happen. Participants are not aware that they are being observed, So, they will show natural behavior, * Itis often only suitable method to study children and animals, Many behaviors of child ren and animals like their j it becomes only suitable method for studying ay be there. Sometimes, the observer Is simply because he thi inks such detailssometimes observatio, sf example, it will be unethical yt Berenice the subjects under study Observe ay, the fact of being observe, ce change the, on Nn i This method can describe Overt beh; avi . i or pesrite these eae Obes Ricn "5 Only, ethod in psychological researcheg "Mod is v les, ery widely Used ase studies: Case study is a Fesearch _ investigation of a single individ il oF a ae eelnvohing a deaied nat case study, the researcher obtains much sles ON. z one oF possible about particular case including infomation 3 sf) experiences, & social relationship. In this m 5 explore all areas of individual: Thus, i ‘ethod investigator tries to - it can examine thi aad of a particular entity, phenomenon or person, For ee 7 ‘suppose you want to take case study of a person who is suffering from stress. In that case you will collect information like personal history 2 i family relationship, sexual history, and educatio i This ; method is very Tih used ia Cala tree a da psychologically distressed individuals. That is why this methods often named as case history method. Case study is however, a broad term in which we may include case history. Many theories of psychology are based on case study method. For example, entire theory of Freud was based on his case studies of his patients. Advantages It can study particular case i understand particular case. / * We can use other methods like observation, conducting case study. That is why this very flexible method. * This method is very spect ized * This method is very ¥ : diagnosis and tr in detail and is thus very Usshi is not always possible because the idual are ever changing. t ; gathers is applied to specific case only. , bjective biasedness of investigator might affect the result, investigator may ignore some important details because thinks it to be very trivial. Survey: Survey is the research methods in which standard questions are asked to a large number of participants. In survey, | amount of information is usually gathered from a large popula in short period of time. Polling is one example of survey, This method is very usefulinh ding out the attitudes;-values et people toward something. Survey may be carried out either throug use of interview or written questi i investigator administers the q (or multiple choice questions) or open ended questions (in whic! Participants have freedom to respond) are used during intervie questionnaire method a set of questionnaire is given to respond and ask to respond to it. easily and quickly. This method is ver in the sense we this method. + This method is Useful in findi i lade Si ce nding out the changes in behavio long ti i ee: ce ime. We can record attitudes 8 this method over time and can an,ke different policies, 0 to administer, Becay: asy ; Se qu 4 is d for trained inyec {@stions i wre is no nee rained nVestigator, ate Fixed ig ‘hy. tage 2 oiaole ny reluctant to adm; parrassing things about themselves admit uy oe ond truthfully. People May not be oe fjormatiOn about their undesirable behaviors 0 give ith) re sample of study may NOt always be repre, q respondents may sometime Not re: jonestly. For example, the businessman may not regarding their income or may give false information, oe _ Only surface information can be revealed from this method. . [questions are not Clearly stated, the Tesponses may be affected, Why should you study psychology? study of psychology has multifold benefits, H the benefits of psychology in three headings, > the informay, ly. ation ct the result Is b Presentati PECAUSE fhe spond of a Standard set In Survey, large re Population survey method, 5-values etc, of either through ‘w method the closed ended s (in which the g interview, In o respondents lere, we have divided Benefit for you Psychology is one of the important subjects that can be used for betterment of your life. With the help of psychology you can understand yourself. You can also modify your behaviors and tackle ‘hy to day problems effectively after studying psychology. From study of psychology you will be able to know all basic cho Processes like memory, emotion, motivation & a CaN-Use such knowledge to help yourself. For instance, of information increase your hod is flexible Memorization techniques (see chapter VI!) to He: Bes le conducting PoWer and reduce forgetting. Through ee jon and Mill aso be able to know how to handle be q n behavionai gl ‘dy it later). Psychology self help books es an zi ‘amination, communicate eff ly, : can 'ationsh: 7 Al anal bag Si attract others & so on. TUS I ly large 5 '° yourself if you are ket Out problet "belpin olicy make "oy Sudfi aviors can be modifie th problems. For instance, yoy to deal with delinquents and people y su can use this knowledge to help your dear ¢ , Bg psychology as a major subject you must be ay the scope or career in psychology. The scope of psycho lready been discussed in earlier section. In developed and so | eloping countries psychology is one of the top rank Professig In Nepal also, it is becoming one of the good paying profession the days. Itsimportance has even more increased since recent earthqu (25th April2015). In this section, we will focus our attention only 9 the professions you can choose in Nepal. We can broadly categori the probable career in five categories: In Clinical setting: Demand of psychology has been increa in clinical setting in here in Nepal. Many medical colleges hospitals are recruiting clinical psychologists. There is provi that at least one psychologist must be recruited in order to rut rehabilitation center. There is provision of establishing psycholo Psychologists as part of int Psychological disorders is clinical Psychologist is inc establish own Private clini areas as your career, egrated caring. Because the incidenc increasing day by day, need for t teasing. This opens up your horizo ic. You can choose one of such Counseling: The fi “Ys many schoo} &xcellence, Varios E Provide care t Beet Career, and ield of Counseling is rapidly growing in Ne Is and colleges are hiring counselor for 2 Us Counseling institutes have also been ‘0 needy people. Thus, you can Central Department of P Social studies college, NIon psychosocial hi inst a Some of the Noo" Nee al fe solely focusingson psychosocisy Psycholo, f psychology, Psychology Nepal cae studies college, Psychosocial Mule National Institute of Psychology, Tpo, A PsyCoReC, Psytec, hese and other organizations who Res cee & CMC Nepal the Children, ICRC & UNICEF will be probable crea et you, Unseling Psych iment services, NPa n O8Y and social Research and trainings: Nepal is an unexplored land for the researches in the area of psychology. Very few researches have been conducted so far in large population. Thus, you can choose career as a researcher. Also various training packages like psychological skill development, positive attitude development, stress management & effective study habit techniques can be developed to any or group. This is one of the good sources of income for many persor in psychology these days. i t paid professions Teaching: Teaching psychology is oh i ete a n in Nepal. The subject matter of a Need almost all academic areas ranging fr otal igni J management. 17" chology: fashion designing & hote pre ee peaing a5 inp as a career which is one that the One should remember the fact ( increasing very rapidly & ye limited. This had create one who can be dedica choice for you. Next field in which