ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS & PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

Module for Math Analysis II

Techniques of Integration:
By Parts and By Partial Fractions

This prepared module is a helping tool for evaluating indefinite integrals by utilizing
integration by parts and integration by partial fractions.

This module provides detailed explanation and examples that are easy to comprehend.
Many problems are also presented to facilitate an active participation in the learning
process which will enable the reader to solve and practice new thoughts obtained, solve
problems confidently and master the lesson accordingly.

The reader is expected to finish this module gaining the different conceptualization and
application about rules of integration involved. He/ she is also expected to clear all the
problems presented in this entire module.

Hard work and perseverance…let these values play their role in your learning.
 MODULE 5: Techniques of Integration:
By parts and By Partial Fraction Decomposition

This module presents the concept and utilization of integration by parts and
integration by partial fraction decomposition.

Objectives: After reading this module, the learners should be able to:
1. Evaluate integrals by utilizing integration by parts technique.
2. Evaluate integrals by utilizing partial fraction decomposition.

Integration by Parts

Integration by parts is based on the formula for derivative of a product.

Recall that given 𝑢 and 𝑣 which are differentiable function of 𝑥, we have
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
If and 𝑑𝑥 are continuous, then we’ll have
𝑑𝑥

𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Rewriting this equation, we can derive the formula for integration by parts.
Integration by Parts Technique

Theorem: If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and have continuous derivatives, then

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

This technique can be applied in many cases particularly with integrals

involving product of algebraic and transcendental functions. However, it is
recommended to utilize this formula after exhausting basic integration rules.
As we notice, the formula helps on expressing the original integral in
terms of another “solvable” integral.
The major challenge for this technique is determining which is 𝑢 and which is 𝑑𝑣.
Although you may use trial -and-error approach in determining the 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣, we
may consider following guidelines:
1. Try letting 𝑑𝑣 be the most complicated portion of the integrand that fits a basic
integration rule. Then 𝑢 will be the remaining factor/s of the integrand
2. Try letting 𝑢 be the portion of integrand whose derivative is a function simpler than 𝑢.
Then 𝑑𝑣 will be the remaining factor/s of the integrand.

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 1

3. The “L-I-A-T-E” RULE. Choose 𝑢 which comes first in the list. This may not work all
the time but generally useful.
L- Logarithmic function
I-Inverse trigonometric function
A-Algebraic function
T-Trigonometric function
E-Exponential function
Note that 𝑑𝑣 includes 𝑑𝑥 of the original integrand.

To apply integration by parts, we may follow the following steps.

Step 1. Determine 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣
Step 2. Determine 𝑑𝑢 from 𝑢, and determine 𝑣 from 𝑑𝑣.
Step 3. Utilize the formula by solving 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Step 4. Simplify.
Example 1:
 Determining integrals utilizing integration by parts.
 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
To determine 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣, observe
∫ (𝑥)
⏟⏟ (𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) , ∫ (𝑒
⏟ 𝑥 ) (𝑥𝑑𝑥)
⏟ , ∫ (1)
⏟⏟ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) , ⏟ 𝑥 ) (𝑑𝑥)
∫ (𝑥𝑒 ⏟,
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Using our guideline,1. 𝑒 𝑥 is the most complicated factor; 2. Derivative of x which is a
constant 1 is simpler; and 3. A comes first before E. Any guideline implies or suggest we
choose
∫ (𝑥)
⏟ (𝑒⏟ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Hence,
𝑢=𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Solving for the integral using integration by parts formula, we have

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration by parts
= (𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 )
− (𝑒 + 𝑐) 𝑥
Exponential formula
= 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 Simplify.

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 2

  ∫(𝑥 4 + 1) ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥 4 + 1) ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ln
⏟ (𝑥 4 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑥⏟ Following the guideline
𝑢 𝑑𝑣
1
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 Derivative
5
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = (𝑥 4 + 1)𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫(𝑥 4 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑥
5 Basic Integration
Hence we have
𝑥5 𝑥5 1
∫ ln 𝑥 (𝑥 4 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥) ( + 𝑥) − ∫ ( + 𝑥) ( ) 𝑑𝑥
5 5 𝑥 Integration by parts
𝑥5 𝑥4
= (ln 𝑥) ( + 𝑥) − ∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
5 5 Simplify Integrand
𝑥5 1
= (ln 𝑥) ( + 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 5 Property of Integral
𝑥 5 𝑥5
= (ln 𝑥) ( + 𝑥) − ( + 𝑐1 ) − (𝑥 + 𝑐2 )
5 25 Basic Integration rules
𝑥5 ln 𝑥 𝑥5
= + 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − −𝑥+𝐶
5 25 Simplify

 ∫ cot −1 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ cot−1 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ⏟
cot−1 4𝜃 𝑑⏟𝜃 Following the guideline
𝑢 𝑑𝑣
4
𝑢 = cot −1 4𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑑𝜃
1 + 16𝜃 2 Derivative
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝜃 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃
Basic Integration
Hence we have
4
∫ cot−1 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (cot−1 4𝜃)(𝜃) − ∫ 𝜃 (− ) 𝑑𝜃
1 + 16𝜃2 Integration by parts
4𝜃
= (cot−1 4𝜃)(𝜃) + ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
1 + 16𝜃2 Property of Integral
4𝜃
= (cot−1 4𝜃)(𝜃) + ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃
1 + 16𝜃2 Simplify Integrand
1 2 Integration resulting to
= (cot−1 4𝜃)(𝜃) + ( ln (1 + 16𝜃 ) + 𝑐)
8 Logarithm
1 2
= 𝜃cot−1 4𝜃 + ln (1 + 16𝜃 ) + 𝐶
8 Simplify

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 3

  Determining integral with repeated use of integration by parts.
 ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Following the
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
⏟2 ⏟
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 guideline
𝑢=𝑥 2
⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 Derivative
𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥
Basic Integration
Hence we have
Integration by
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥2 )(− cos 𝑥) − ∫(− cos 𝑥)2𝑥𝑑𝑥
parts
Property of
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥2 )(− cos 𝑥) + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integral
This is the first use of integration by parts. We then apply
integration by parts on the integral ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Following the
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥2 )(− cos 𝑥) + 2 ∫ ⏟
𝑥⏟cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 guideline
𝑢=𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 Derivative
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Basic Integration
Hence we have
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥2 )(− cos 𝑥) + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= (𝑥 2 )(− cos 𝑥) + 2 [(𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥] Integration by

parts
= (𝑥 2 )(− cos 𝑥) + 2[(𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − (− cos 𝑥 + 𝑐)] Trigonometric
Formula
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
Simplify

 Determining integral with repeated use of integration by parts and

additional manipulation.
 ∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Following the
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ⏟
sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⏟
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 guideline
cos(ln 𝑥) Derivative
𝑢 = sin(ln 𝑥) ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
Basic Integration

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 4

Hence we have
cos(ln 𝑥) Integration by
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 parts
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − ∫ cos(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Simplify
Integrand
This is the first use of integration by parts. We then apply
integration by parts on the integral ∫ cos(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Following the
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − ∫ cos(ln
⏟ 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⏟
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 guideline
− sin(ln 𝑥)
𝑢 = cos(ln 𝑥) ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 Derivative
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
Basic Integration
Hence we have
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − ∫ cos(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
− sin(ln 𝑥) Integration by
= (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − [(cos(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥 parts
= (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − [(cos(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − ∫ − sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] Simplify
Integrand
= (sin(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) − [(cos(ln 𝑥))(𝑥) + ∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] Property of
Integral
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin(ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 cos(ln 𝑥) − ∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Simplify
Basic Algebra
2 ∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin(ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 cos(ln 𝑥) + 𝐶
Thus,
𝑥 sin(ln 𝑥) − 𝑥 cos(ln 𝑥)
∫ sin(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
Answer.
2

SAQ1: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals by utilizing integration
by parts technique. Show your complete and neat solutions.

∫ 𝑥 4 √𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

∫ tan−1 (5𝑡)𝑑𝑡
.
∫ 𝑒 3𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 5

Integration by Partial Fraction
Partial fraction decomposition basically deals with proper fractions in
𝑃(𝑥)
variable 𝑥 or rational expression 𝑄(𝑥) wherein the degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is less than the
𝑁(𝑥)
degree of 𝑄(𝑥). If we have improper fraction where the degree of 𝑁(𝑥) is
𝐷(𝑥)
greater than or equal to the degree of 𝐷(𝑥), apply division of polynomial to obtain
𝑁(𝑥) 𝑃1 (𝑥)
= (𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙) +
𝐷(𝑥) 𝑄1 (𝑥)
𝑃 (𝑥)
wherein 𝑄1 (𝑥) is a proper fration.
1

Partial fraction decomposition helps in rewriting rational expressions into

sum of simpler quotients which we call partial fraction. Thus by ‘integration by
parts’, we mean rewriting integrals by using partial fraction decomposition.
We will be needing our knowledge in solving system of equation and factoring
in solving integrals in this section
 Distinct Linear Factors

This is the case for distinct/non-repeating linear factors in the denominator of

𝑃(𝑥)
the proper fraction 𝑄(𝑥).

Case I: Distinct Linear Factors

To each linear factor ax  b occurring once in the denominator, there

A
corresponds a single partial fraction of the form , where A is constant
ax  b
and to be determined.

Example 1:
 Integral of proper fraction with distinct linear factor
𝑥
∎∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4

Factors of 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 are (𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 − 4) which are distinct and linear.

Hence, we have
𝑥 𝐴1 𝐴2
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 4)

Solving for constants 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 , given the equation, we’ll have

1 4
𝑥 = 𝐴1 (𝑥 − 4) + 𝐴2 (𝑥 + 1) ⟹ 𝐴1 =
; 𝐴2 =
5 5
We may obtain these values either by system of equations or by first letting 𝑥 = 4
to solve 𝐴2 then letting 𝑥 = 1 to solve for 𝐴1 .
Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 6
Thus,
𝑥 1 4 Partial Fraction
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 4 5(𝑥 + 1) 5(𝑥 − 4) Decomposition
1 1 4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥+1 5 𝑥−4 Property of Integral
1 4 Integration resulting to
= (ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐1 ) + (ln(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑐2 )
5 5 logarithm
1 4
= ln(𝑥 + 1) + ln(𝑥 − 4) + 𝐶
5 5 Simplify.

SAQ 2: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals by utilizing integration by
partial fraction technique. Show your complete and neat solutions.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 4
2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1)

 Repeated Linear Factors

This is the case for repeated linear factors in denominator of the proper
𝑃(𝑥)
fraction 𝑄(𝑥) .

Case II: Repeated Linear Factors

To each linear factor ax  b occurring n times in the denominator,
there corresponds a sum of partial fraction of the form
A1 A2 A3 An
   ...  , where Ai 's is constants and to be
ax  b ax  b  ax  b 
2 3
ax  bn
determined.

Example 2:
 Integral of proper fraction with repeating linear factor
3𝑥 2 + 7
∎∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 7

Factors of 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 are (3𝑥 − 2), (𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 + 1) . The factor (𝑥 + 1)
occurs twice meaning, it is a repeated linear factor. Hence, we have
3𝑥 2 + 7 3𝑥 2 + 7 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
3 2
= 2
= + +
3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2

Solving for constants 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 and 𝐴3 , given the equation, we’ll have

3𝑥 2 + 7 = 𝐴1 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐴2 (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐴3 (3𝑥 − 2)

⟹ 𝐴1 = 3 ; 𝐴2 = 0; A3 = −2
Thus,
3𝑥 2 + 7 3 2 Partial Fraction
∫ = ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑥
3 2
3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 (3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1) 2 Decomposition
1 1
= 3∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1)2 Property of Integral
1
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 = 𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝟏 Change of variable
= 3 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑢 − 𝟐 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑤
𝑢 3 𝑤 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 2; 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 1
1 Rewrite
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝑤 −2 𝑑𝑤
𝑢
= (ln 𝑢 + 𝑐1 ) − 2(−𝑤 −1 + 𝑐2 ) Integration resulting to
logarithm and GPF
Since 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 2; 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 1, we have

2
= ln(3𝑥 − 2) + +𝐶
𝑥+1 Answer in terms of 𝑥.

SAQ 3: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals by utilizing integration
by partial fraction technique. Show your complete and neat solutions.
3𝑥 − 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 + 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 4𝑥2 + 4𝑥

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 8

 Irreducible Quadratic Factors

This is the case for non-repeating irreducible quadratic factors in

𝑃(𝑥)
denominator of the proper fraction 𝑄(𝑥) .

Case III: Distinct Quadratic Factors

To each irreducible quadratic factor ax 2  bx  c occurring once in the

denominator of a proper fraction, there corresponds a single partial fraction
𝐴𝑥+𝐵
of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐, where A & B is constants and to be determined.

Example 3:
 Integral of proper fraction with distinct irreducible quadratic factor
2𝑥3 − 4𝑥 − 8
∎∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥2 − 𝑥)(𝑥2 + 4)

Factors of the denominator are 𝑥, (𝑥 − 1) and (𝑥 2 + 4) which clearly has a

distinct quadratic factor. Hence, we have
2𝑥3 − 4𝑥 − 8 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝑥 + 𝐵
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥2 + 4) 𝑥 𝑥−1 (𝑥2 + 4)

Solving for constants 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , and 𝐵 given the equation, we’ll have

2𝑥3 − 4𝑥 − 8 = 𝐴1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥2 + 4) + 𝐴2 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐴3 𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1)

⟹ 𝐴1 = 2 ; 𝐴2 = −2; 𝐴3 = 2 ; 𝐵 = 4

Thus, by Partial Fraction Decomposition

2𝑥3 − 4𝑥 − 8 2 2 2𝑥 + 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − + ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥2 − 𝑥)(𝑥2 + 4) 𝑥 𝑥−1 (𝑥2 + 4)
2 2 2𝑥 4
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥2 + 4 Property of Integral
𝑥 Integration resulting to
= 2 ln(𝑥) − 2 ln(𝑥 − 1) + ln(𝑥 2 + 4) + 2 tan−1 + 𝐶
2 logarithm and Inv. Trig

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 9

 SAQ 4: Test yourself.
Evaluate the following integrals by utilizing integration
by partial fraction technique. Show your complete and neat solutions.
𝑥2 − 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥3 + 2𝑥
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
16𝑥4 − 1

 Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors

This is the case for repeating irreducible quadratic factors in denominator of

𝑃(𝑥)
the proper fraction 𝑄(𝑥) .

Case IV: Repeated Quadratic Factors

To each irreducible quadratic factor ax 2  bx  c occurring n times in

the denominator of a proper fraction, there corresponds a sum of partial
fraction of the form

𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝐴3 𝑥 + 𝐵3 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑛
2
+ 2 2
+ 2 3
+ ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛

, where Ai 's & Bi 's are constants and to be determined.

Example 4:
 Integral of proper fraction with repeating irreducible quadratic factor
8𝑥3 + 13𝑥
∎∫ 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥2 + 2 ) 2

Factors of the denominator are (𝑥2 + 2) and (𝑥2 + 2) which clearly imply
repeated quadratic factor. Hence, we have
8𝑥3 + 13𝑥 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +
( 𝑥2 + 2) 2 ( 𝑥2 + 2) ( 𝑥 2 + 2) 2

Solving for constants 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐵1, and 𝐵_2 given the equation, we’ll have

8𝑥3 + 13𝑥 = (𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 )(𝑥2 + 2) + 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2

⟹ 𝐴1 = 8 ; 𝐴2 = 0; 𝐴3 = −3 ; 𝐵 = 0

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 10

Thus, by Partial Fraction Decomposition
8𝑥3 + 13𝑥 8𝑥 −3𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥2 + 2) 2 ( 𝑥2 + 2) ( 𝑥2 + 2) 2
𝑥 𝑥
= 8∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥2 + 2) ( 𝑥2 + 2) 2 Property of Integral
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 Change of variable
= 8 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑢 − 3 ∫ 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 2 𝑢 2 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 2
1 3 1 Property of Integral
= 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 2 𝑢
1 3 Rewrite
= 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 2
3 𝑢−1 Integral resulting to
= 4(ln 𝑢 + 𝑐1 ) − ( + 𝑐2 ) logarithm and GPF
2 −1
3
= 4ln 𝑢 + +𝐶
2𝑢 Simplify
Since 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2, we have
8𝑥3 + 13𝑥 2
3
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4ln(𝑥 + 2) + +𝐶 Answer in terms of 𝑥
( 𝑥 + 2) 2 2𝑥 2 + 4

SAQ 5: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals by utilizing integration
by partial fraction technique. Show your complete and neat solutions.
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 9
∫ 𝑑𝑥
16𝑥4 − 1

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 11

 That ends our Module 5: Techniques of Integration: By Parts and By Partial
Fractions. We hope that you did analyzed and internalized the discussions, and
accomplished all SAQs. To further check your learning, try answering the
following assessment.

“Success is stumbling from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm.”

― Winston S. Churchill

Integration Techniques: By Parts and By Partial Fractions Page | 12