ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS & PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

Module for Math Analysis II

Indefinite Integrals Involving Inverse

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

This prepared module is a helping tool for understanding indefinite integral involving
inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. It emphasizes the properties and rules of
integration involving the mentioned functions.

This module provides detailed explanation and examples that are easy to comprehend.
Many problems are also presented to facilitate an active participation in the learning
process which will enable the reader to solve and practice new thoughts obtained, solve
problems confidently and master the lesson accordingly.

The reader is expected to finish this module gaining the different conceptualization and
application about rules of integration involved. He/ she is also expected to clear all the
problems presented in this entire module.

Hard work and perseverance…let these values play their role in your learning.
 MODULE 4: Indefinite Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric
and Hyperbolic Functions

This module presents the concept of Integration involving inverse

trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions.

Objectives: After reading this module, the learners should be able to:
1. Enumerate the integration rules resulting to inverse trigonometric
functions and hyperbolic function.
2. Evaluate indefinite integrals applying inverse trigonometric formula.
3. Evaluate indefinite integrals applying hyperbolic formula.

Integration Resulting to Inverse Trigonometric Function

Considering the entire domain of

trigonometric functions, their corresponding
inverse function do not exist. A function 𝑓 has
an inverse function if and only if every
horizontal line intersects the graph of 𝑓 at most
once. For instance, 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 has no inverse
since it intersects the x-axis(which is a
horizontal line) whenever 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 is an
integer. However, by redefining the domain of
trigonometric functions like the sine function
on the right, their corresponding inverse function may exist.
The following are notations of trigonometric function with their corresponding
inverse function.
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = cos −1 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = arccos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = sec −1 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsec 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = cscc 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = cscc −1 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = arccsc 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = cot 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = arccot 𝑥

Warning: Unless specified, the −1 used in inverse function notation does

not mean power or exponent. For instance;

𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥 ≠ (sin 𝑥)−1

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 1

We have the following graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Recall that their corresponding derivative are given by the following formulas
given 𝑢 as a differentiable function of 𝑥.

𝑑 𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
(arcsin ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
(arccos ) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑑 𝑢 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
(arc tan ) = 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
(arc sec ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
(arc csc ) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
(arc cot ) = − 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

With this, we can clearly generate the corresponding set of integration formulas
resulting to inverse trigonometric function.

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 2

 Integration Resulting to Inverse Trigonometric Function

1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = sin−1 +𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎

1 1 −1
𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = tan +𝐶
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = sec −1 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 a 𝑎

Notice that if 𝑎 = 1, we simply have

1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = sin−1 𝑢 + 𝐶
√1 − 𝑢2
1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑢 + 𝐶
1+𝑢
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −1

To use the formula, we must apply change of variable approach to generate the
forms
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 , ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑢 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎 +𝑢 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2
Note that 𝑎 is a constant while 𝑢 is a function. We always need to determine the
𝑎2 so that we can solve for 𝑎, and 𝑢2 to determine 𝑢.
For instance;

 If we have √9 − 𝑥 2 , then we may have

𝑎2 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎=3 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑢=𝑥
 If we have √5 − 4𝑥 4 , then we may have
𝑎2 = 5 ⟹ 𝑎 = √5 𝑢2 = 4𝑥 4 = (2𝑥 2 )2 ⟹ 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2
 2
If we have 𝑡 + 4𝑡 + 6, we may have
(𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + __) + 6 − __
(𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4) + 6 − 4
(𝑡 + 2)2 + 2
𝑎2 = 2 ⟹ 𝑎 = √2 𝑢2 = (𝑡 + 2)2 ⟹ 𝑢 =𝑡+2

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 3

  If we have 𝑒 sin𝑥 √𝑒 2sin𝑥 − 27, then
2
𝑎2 = 27 ⟹ 𝑎 = √27 𝑜𝑟 3√3 𝑢2 = (𝑒 sin𝑥 ) ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑒 sin𝑥

Example 1:
 Determining integrals resulting to inverse trigonometric functions.
1
 ∫ √9−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Notice that
𝑎2 = 9 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2
𝑎=3 𝑢=𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Hence,
1 Change of variable
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√32 − 𝑢2 By letting 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑢 Integration resulting
= sin−1 + 𝐶
3 sin−1
Since 𝑢 = 𝑥, we have
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9 − 𝑥 2 Answer in terms of 𝑥.

𝑥
 ∫ √5−4𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
Notice that
𝑎2 = 5 𝑢2 = 4𝑥 4
𝑎 = √5 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4
Hence,
𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
√5 − 4𝑥 4 √5 − 4𝑥 4

1 1 Change of variable
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑢
2 4 By letting 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2
√(√5) − 𝑢2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
4 2 Property of Integral
√(√5) − 𝑢2
𝑢
= sin−1 +𝐶
√5 Integration resulting sin−1
√5𝑢 Avoid √ in the denominator
= sin−1 +𝐶
5
Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 4
Since 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 , we have
𝑥 −1
2√5 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin +𝐶 Answer in terms of 𝑥.
√5 − 4𝑥 4 5

1
 ∫ 𝑡 2 +4𝑡+6 𝑑𝑡
Notice that
𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 6 = (𝑡 + 2)2 + 2 Completing the square on
the denominator
𝑎2 = 2 𝑢2 = (𝑡 + 2)2
𝑎 = √2 𝑢 =𝑡+2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡
Hence,
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 6 (𝑡 + 2)2 + 2

1 Change of variable
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
(√2) + 𝑢2 By letting 𝑢 = 𝑡 + 2
1 𝑢
= tan−1 +𝐶
√2 √2 Integration resulting tan−1
√2 √2 𝑢 Avoid √ in the denominator
= tan−1 +𝐶
2 2
Since 𝑢 = 𝑡 + 2, we have
1 √2 √2 (𝑡 + 2)
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = tan−1 +𝐶
𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 6 2 2 Answer in terms of 𝑡.

cos 𝑥
 ∫√ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2sin𝑥 −27
Notice that
𝑎2 = 27 𝑢2 = 𝑒 2sin𝑥
𝑎 = 3√3 𝑢 = 𝑒 sin𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 sin𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hence,
cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1: =
√𝑒 2sin𝑥 − 27 𝑒 sin𝑥 √𝑒 2sin𝑥 − 27 𝑒 sin𝑥

1 Change of variable
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 By letting 𝑢 = 𝑒 sin𝑥
𝑢√𝑢2 − (3√3)

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 5

 1 𝑢
= sec −1 +𝐶
3√3 3√3 Integration resulting sec −1
√3 √3𝑢 Avoid √ in the denominator
= sec −1 +𝐶
9 9
Since 𝑢 = 𝑒 sin𝑥 , we have
cos 𝑥 √3 √3 𝑒 sin𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 +𝐶
√𝑒 2sin𝑥 − 27 9 9 Answer in terms of 𝑥.

SAQ1: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals Show your complete and neat
solutions.
. 𝑒 3𝑚
∫ 𝑑𝑚
√16 − 𝑒 6𝑚
7
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 10
2
∫ 𝑑𝑤
𝑤√9𝑤 4 − 4

Integration of Hyperbolic Function

Hyperbolic function is a special class of exponential function. We define

hyper functions in the following manner.

Definition of Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1
sinh 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 = , 𝑥≠0
2 sinh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1
cosh 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 =
2 cosh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 1
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 = , 𝑥≠0
cosh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

The notation sinh 𝑥 is read as “the hyperbolic sine of 𝑥, cosh 𝑥 as “the hyperbolic
cosine of 𝑥” and so on…

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 6

We have the following graphs of hyperbolic functions.

When dealing with operations involving hyperbolic functions, it would be

helpful to know hyperbolic identities. Just like the how trigonometric functions
have sets of identity equations, hyperbolic functions do have their own set of
identities.

Hyperbolic Identities

cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1 sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

tanh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥 = 1 sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
coth2 𝑥 − csch2 𝑥 = 1 cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
−1 + cosh 2𝑥 1 + cosh 2𝑥
sinh2 𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 =
2 2
sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 2𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
2

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 7

Recall that their corresponding derivative are given by the following formulas
given 𝑢 as a differentiable function of 𝑥.

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(coth 𝑢) = − csch2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

With these, we can clearly generate the corresponding set of basic integration
formulas for hyperbolic function.

Hyperbolic Formula of Integration

∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶 ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −sech 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶 ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶 ∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝐶

Usually, we let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥 for the change of variable

approach. Again, to use the formula, we have to generate thee following
patterns:
∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 , ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 , ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢,

∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 , ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑜𝑟 ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 8

 Note: Operations involving hyperbolic functions is very much similar with
trigonometric functions. Meaning the approach in determining integral is also
similar. However, although similar, the two functions are not the same. Be wary of the
sign either positive or negative, and identities you use.

Example 2:
 Determining integral using trigonometric formula
 ∫ sinh(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
4
1
sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
∫ sinh(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ⏞ ⏞
sinh(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 Change of variable
= ∫ sinh 𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
4 By letting 𝑢 = 4𝑥
1
= ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 Property of Integral
1 Hyperbolic formula
= (cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐)
4
1
= cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶
4 Simplify
Since 𝑢 = 4𝑥we have
1
∫ sinh(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 Answer in terms of 𝑥.

sech2(ln cos 𝑥)
 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = ln cos 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ −𝑑𝑢 = cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . Hence,

sech2 (ln cos 𝑥) 1 Rewrite

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sech2 (ln cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥

−𝑑𝑢
sech2 𝑢
1 ⏞1
∫ sech2 (ln cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ⏞
sech2 (ln cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥
Change of variable
= ∫ sech2 𝑢 (−1)𝑑𝑢
By letting 𝑢 = ln cos 𝑥
= − ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Property of Integral

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 9

 = −(tanh 𝑢 + 𝑐) Trigonometric formula
= − tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶 Simplify
Since 𝑢 = ln cos 𝑥, we have
sech2 (ln cos 𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − tanh(ln cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
cot 𝑥 Answer in terms of 𝑥.

 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑤 csch 𝑒 2𝑤 coth 𝑒 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑤
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤 . Hence,
2
1
csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
∫ 𝑒 2𝑤 csch 𝑒 2𝑤 coth 𝑒 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤 = ∫ ⏞
csch 𝑒 2𝑤 coth 𝑒 2𝑤 ⏞
𝑒 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤
1 Change of variable
= ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
2 By letting 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑤
1
= ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 Property of Integral
1
= (− csch 𝑢 + 𝑐)
2 Hyperbolic formula
1
= − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 Simplify
Since 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑤
, we have
1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑤 csch 𝑒 2𝑤 coth 𝑒 2𝑤 𝑑𝑤 = − csch 𝑒 2𝑤 + 𝐶
2 Answer in terms of 𝑤.

SAQ2: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals Show your complete and neat
solutions.
.
∫ 𝑥 2 cosh(2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
csch2 (ln sin 2𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 2𝑥
sech(tan−1 3𝑥) tanh(tan−1 3𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑤
1 + 9𝑥 2

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 10

 Additional Formula
The following are not included in the hyperbolic formula

Integral of other Hyperbolic Function

∫ tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(cosh 𝑢) + 𝐶

∫ coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶

∫ sech 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 tan−1 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 = tan−1 (sinh 𝑢) + 𝐶

∫ csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|coth 𝑢 − csch 𝑢| + 𝐶

SAQ3: Test yourself.

Verify whether the formulas above (Integral of other hyperbolic
function) are true or false. Use know integration rules. Show complete
solution.
Hint: 1. Use the definition of hyperbolic function
2. For integral of hyperbolic secant function, use a convenient forms of 1.
𝑒𝑥 cosh 𝑥
1 = : 𝑥 or
𝑒 cosh 𝑥
3. For integral of hyperbolic cosecant function, use a convenient form of 1.
coth 𝑢 − csch 𝑢
1 =:
coth 𝑢 − csch 𝑢

Example 3:
 Determining integral using the additional formula.
2
 ∫ tanh (3 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
Let 𝑢 = 3 𝜃
2 3
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝜃. Hence,
2
tan 𝑢 3
𝑑𝑢
⏞ 2
2 2
⏞
∫ tanh ( 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ tanh ( 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
3 3

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 11

 3 Change of variable
= ∫ tanh 𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 2
2 By letting 𝑢 = 3 𝜃
3
= ∫ tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 Property of Integral
3 Integral of hyperbolic
= (ln(cosh 𝑢) + 𝑐 )
2 tangent function
3
= ln(cosh 𝑢) + 𝐶
2 Simplify
2
Since 𝑢 = 3 𝜃, we have
2 3 2
∫ tanh ( 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ln (cosh 𝜃) + 𝐶
3 2 3 Answer in terms of 𝜃.

 ∫ 4 cosh 𝑥 csch(sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Notice,
∫ 4 cosh 𝑥 csch(sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ cosh 𝑥 csch(sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Property of Integral
Now, let 𝑢 = sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Hence,
csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 ∫ cosh 𝑥 csch(sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ ⏞
csch(sinh 𝑥) ⏞
cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Change of variable
= 4 ∫ csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
By letting 𝑢 = sinh 𝑥
= 4(ln|coth 𝑢 − csch 𝑢| + 𝑐) Integral of hyperbolic
cosecant function.
= 4 ln|coth 𝑢 − csch 𝑢| + 𝐶 Simplify
Since 𝑢 = sinh 𝑥, we have
∫ 4 cosh 𝑥 csch(sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Answer in terms of 𝑥.
= 4 ln|coth(sinh 𝑥) − csch(sinh 𝑥)| + 𝐶

SAQ4: Test yourself.

Solve for the following integrals. Show your complete solution.

∫(6𝑥 − 𝑒) coth(3𝑥 2 − 𝑒)𝑑𝑥

∫ cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 sech(𝑒 sin 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 12

 That ends our Module 4: Indefinite Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric
Functions and Hyperbolic Functions. We hope that you did analyzed and
internalized the discussions, and accomplished all SAQs. To further check your
learning, try answering the following assessment.

“Success is stumbling from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm.”

― Winston S. Churchill

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Page | 13