Class X Session 2025-26

Subject - Social Science

Sample Question Paper - 03

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

1. There are 38 questions in the Question paper. All questions are compulsory.

2. The question paper has Four Sections - A-History, B-Geography C-Political Science, and D-Economics.

3. Each Section is of 20 Marks and has MCQs, VSA, SA, LAs and CBQ.

4. Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSA), carry 2 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 40

words.

5. Short Answer Type Questions (SA), carry 3 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 60 words.

6. Long answer type questions (LA), carry 5 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 120 words.
7. There are case based questions (CBQ) with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each. Answers to each question

should not exceed 100 words.

8. The map-based questions, carry 5 marks with two parts- Q9. In Section A-History (2 marks) and Q19. In Section

B -Geography (3 marks)

9. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions must be attempted.

Section A
1. Match the following: [1]

Attribute Significance

(a) Broken chains (i) Symbol of the German empire - strength

(b) Breastplate with eagle (ii) Heroism

(c) Crown of oak leaves (iii) Being freed

(d) Sword (iv) Readiness to fight

a) (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv) b) (a) - (i), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)

c) (a) - (i), (b) - (iv), (c) - (iii), (d) - (ii) d) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
2. Study the picture and answer the question that follows: [1]

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 The above page is taken from which book?

a) Bible b) Gita Govinda

c) Diamond Sutra d) Rigveda

3. Who among the following led the peasant movement in Bardoli in 1928? [1]

a) Vallabhbhai Patel b) Jawaharlal Nehru

c) Baba Ramchandra d) Subhash Chandra Bose

4. Arrange the following events related to the formation of nation-state of Britain in chronological order: [1]
I. Act of Union between England and Scotland.
II. English Parliament seized power from Monarchy.
III. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
IV. Catholic revolt against British dominance.
Options:

a) I - II - III - IV b) II - I - IV - III

c) IV - I - II - III d) III - I - II - IV
5. Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. What [2]
did it mean for the middle class in France? Explain.
OR
How did Britain come into existence as a nation-state? Explain.
6. How did new forms of popular literature appear in print targeting a new audience in the 18th century? Explain [3]
with examples.
OR
Why did James Augustus Hickey claim that the Bengal Gazette was 'a commercial paper open to all but influenced
by none'? Explain.
7. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. Evaluate the statement. [5]

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 OR
"Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary
principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient". Analyse the statement with arguments.
8. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-
controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the
non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power - something that usually only
Brahmans had access to. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign
goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign
cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore. In many places,
merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement
spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, the production of Indian
textile mills and handlooms went up.
i. Explain the meaning of picketing liquor shops. (1)
ii. When did the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement begin? (1)
iii. Why did the movement in the cities gradually slow down? (2)
9. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct [2]
names on the lines marked on the map.
a. The place where the session of INC was held in September 1920.
b. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke Salt Law.

Section B
10. In which of the following States Tungabhadra Dam is located? [1]

a) Tamil Nadu b) Karnataka

c) Kerala d) Andhra Pradesh

11. The teacher is asking questions regarding the viewpoints of Gandhiji on resource conservation. She gave [1]

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 students the following clues. She told the students to identify the incorrect clues. The following are the clues:
i. Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation.
ii. He said, "There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.”
iii. He placed greedy and selfish individuals and the exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause
for resource depletion at the global level.
iv. He was against production by the masses and wanted to replace it with mass production.
Identify the incorrect clue.

a) Clue iv b) Clue iii and iv

c) Clue i d) Clue ii and iii

12. Read the following data and select the appropriate option from the following: [1]

Production of Manganese in 2016–17 Percentage

Andhra Pradesh 10

Madhya Pradesh 27

Karnataka 11

Odisha 25

Maharashtra 25

Choose the ODD one out in the context of share manganese production.

a) Maharashtra b) Andhra Pradesh

c) Odisha d) Madhya Pradesh

13. Which of the following options represents the correct share in the context of the distribution of forests? [1]
i. North-eastern states have three-fourths of their forests as unclassed forests.
ii. Forest Department has declared almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest.
iii. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, constituting 75 per cent of its total forest area.
iv. More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.

a) Statement i and ii are correct. b) Statement ii is correct.

c) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct. d) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
14. Which one of the following is a rabi crop? [1]

a) Gram b) Cotton

c) Millets d) Rice
15. Which of the following options represents the steps that the government has undertaken in favour of the [1]
farmers?
i. Encouraging speculators and middlemen for price determination.
ii. Introducing Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.
iii. Announcing minimum support price.
iv. Introducing special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes.

a) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct. b) Statement i and ii are correct.

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 c) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct. d) Statement ii is correct.
16. How is resource planning a complex process? Explain. [2]
17. Energy saved is energy produced. Asses the statement. [5]
OR
Minerals generally occur in different rocks. Examine the statement.
18. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) shows the way
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment
Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment
and resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through:
Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose
vehicles for afforestation.
Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid
waste management.
Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
i. Define the term sustainable development. (1)
ii. What is the idea behind ISO certification? (1)
iii. Examine the proactive approach of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). Write a short note on
NTPC. (2)
19. On the same outline map of India locate and label the following with suitable symbols: [3]
I. Any one of the following:
i. An iron and Steel Plant in Jharkhand named after Jamshedji Tata.
ii. Thermal Power Plant in Andhra Pradesh named after Dr. NT Rao.
II. Any two of the following:
iii. Ahmedabad - Cotton Textile Centre
iv. Noida - Software Technology Park
v. Kochi - Sea-port
Section C
20. Which of the following statements will be considered as a glitch about the self-declaration affidavit of the [1]
candidate contesting the elections?
Statement i: This system has made a lot of information available to the public.
Statement ii: It has reduced the influence of the rich and criminals.
Statement iii: There is no system to check if the information given by the candidates is true.
Statement iv: The affidavit submitted by the candidates is validated before being accepted.

a) Statement iii is right. b) Statement i and ii are right.

c) Only statement iv is right. d) Statement i, ii and iii are right.

21. Which of the following options best signifies this cartoon? [1]

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 a) Poverty and Hunger in India b) Sharing of Powers between State and Union
Government

c) Power sharing as per Dynastic Succession. d) The States Plead for More Powers
22. Which of the following outcomes of democracy will be negated if someone is barred from being in the majority [1]
on the basis of birth?
Statement i: Accountable, responsive and legitimate government.
Statement ii: Reduction of inequality and poverty.
Statement iii: Accommodation of social diversity.
Statement iv: Dignity and freedom of the citizens.

a) Statement iii is right. b) Only statement iv is right.

c) Statement i and ii are right. d) Statement i, ii and iii are right.

23. Assertion (A): Women in different parts of the World organized themselves and agitated for equal rights. [1]
Reason (R): Women's movement aimed at equality in personal and family life as well.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

24. What is Majoritarianism? [2]
25. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government? [2]
26. "Democratic government is legitimate government" Support the statement with arguments. [3]
27. Names of five States are given below. Write the name of any one regional political party of each State with [5]
election symbol.
i. Jammu & Kashmir
ii. Tamil Nadu
iii. Maharashtra
iv. Assam
v. Uttar Pradesh
OR
Caste can take various forms in Politics. Explain with examples.
28. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
The exact balance of power between the central and the state government varies from one federation to another.
This balance depends mainly on the historical context in which the federation was formed. There are two kinds
of routes through which federations have been formed. The first route involves independent States coming
together on their own to form a bigger unit so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can
increase their security. This type of coming together federations include the USA, Switzerland, and Australia.
In this first category of federations, all the constituent States usually have equal power and are strong vis-a-vis
the federal government. The second route is where a large country decides to divide its power between the

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 constituent States and the national government. India, Spain, and Belgium are examples of this kind of holding
together federations. In this second category, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the
States. Very often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted
special powers.
i. What determines the balance of power in a federation? (1)
ii. In "holding together" federations, which level of government tends to be more powerful in relation to the
states? (1)
iii. Provide examples of federations from each of the two routes and briefly explain the power dynamics in each
type of federation. (2)
Section D
29. The Indian government, after Independence, imposed trade barriers to protect ________ from foreign [1]
competition.

a) Investors b) Producers

c) Consumers d) Exporters
30. Read the information given below and select the correct option [1]
Amrita is a government teacher and belongs to a rich urban household whereas Rani - A Dalit, works as a helper
on a construction site and comes from a poor rural household. Both have a crisis at home and wish to take a
loan. Amrita got the loan from easily as compared to Rani. Why is Rani not able to get the loan? Tick the most
appropriate reason.

a) Because Rani is poor. b) Because Rani is from an untouchable caste,

Dalits.

c) Because Rani is uneducated. d) Because Rani is engaged in informal sector.

31. Fill in the blank: [1]

GDP SHARE CAUSE

Tertiary Sector Increased ?

Primary Sector Decreased People began to work in factories

a) Alternative opportunities for work b) Employment of highly skilled and educated

workers

c) Development of the secondary sector d) Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector

32. Which of the following are developmental goals of a prosperous farmer? [1]
Choose the correct from the given options.
I. Better wages
II. Higher support prices for crops
III. Assured high family income
IV. More days for work

a) Only I and II are correct. b) Only I and IV are correct.

c) Only II and IV are correct. d) Only II and III are correct.

33. Match the following: [1]

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 (a) Bank (i) The business of banks totally depends

(b) Founder of Grameen

(ii) Crop production
Bank

(iii) An institution that gives loan and advances to the borrowers and charges
(c) Deposits
interest

(d) Farmers take a loan for (iv) Prof. Muhammad Yunus

a) (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iv) b) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)

c) (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii) d) (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)
34. Read the information given below and select the correct option [1]
Kamal is a daily wage labourer in a nearby grocery shop. He goes to the shop at 7:30 in the morning and works
till 8:00 p.m. in the evening. He gets no other allowances apart from his wages. He is not paid for the days he
does not work. He has, therefore, no leave or paid holidays. Nor was he given any formal letter saying that he
has been employed in the shop. He can be asked to leave anytime with his employer. In which sector Kamal is
engaged? Tick the most appropriate option.

a) Organised Sector b) Public Sector

c) Unorganised Sector d) Primary Sector

35. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you [3]
think should the developing countries demand in return?
36. Explain the three important terms of Credit. [3]
37. "For development, people look at a mix of goals". Support the statement with three suitable examples. [3]
38. Explain the differences between the organised and unorganised sector of economic activities. [5]
OR
The declining share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.) is a matter of serious concern in India.
Support the statement with any five reasons.

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 Solution

Section A

1. (a) (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv)

Explanation:
a. Broken chains - Being freed
b. Breastplate with eagle - Symbol of the German empire – strength
c. Crown of oak leaves - Heroism
d. Sword - Readiness to fight
2. (a) Bible
Explanation:
Pages of Gutenberg’s Bible, the first printed book in Europe
3. (a) Vallabhbhai Patel
Explanation:
Vallabhbhai Patel
4.
(b) II - I - IV - III
Explanation:
II - I - IV - III

5. Ideology of liberalism in France:

i. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
ii. Politically it emphasized the right to vote, government by consent and universal suffrage.
iii. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
iv. Asked for constitution and representative government through parliament.
OR
In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-
out process:
i. Before the eighteenth century, there were different ethnic identities- English, Welsh, Scot, and Irish.
ii. These groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
iii. English nation grew steadily in wealth, importance and power to influence over the other nation of the islands.
iv. The English parliament seized the power from monarchy (1688) was instrumental for the establishment of nation state.
v. The act of Union (1707) between English & Scotland resulted in the formation of U.K.
6. New forms of popular literature like almanacs, newspapers, and journals, appeared in print targeting new audiences in the
eighteenth century in the following ways:
i. Books could reach a wider population. Even those who disagreed with existing customers could express themselves through
print.
ii. Novels carried themes related to women’s lives and emotions. Such journals were often written and edited by women
themselves.
iii. With the expansion of compulsory education, children became important readers. A children’s press was devoted to children
literature alone. It published old fairy tales and folk tales along with new works. Grimm Brothers spent years compiling folk
tales. All that was considered unsuitable was not included.
iv. Fictional narratives, poetic, autobiographies, anthologies, and romantic plays were preferred by new readers.
OR
From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine that described Itself as a commercial
paper open to all. but influenced by none.
i. It was a private English weekly magazine in India, independent of colonial influence.

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 ii. Hickey not only published a lot of advertisement including the import and sale of slaves but also published lots of gossip
about the Company's senior officials in India.
iii. Enraged by this, Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged the publication of officially
sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.
7. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
The Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution
proclaimed that it was the people who would hence forth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying
equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were
composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the
nation.
The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of
Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
OR
Napoleon became the ruler of France on 2nd December 1804. He established a monarchical political system. He was worried by
the democratic forces unleashed by the revolution. But at the same time, he did not want to ignore them entirely. So he introduced
some reform in the administrative system. He tried to make the whole system more rational and efficient. To achieve this goal, he
took some important steps.
These were as follows:
i. The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, established equality
before the law and gave the right to property.
ii. The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany, Switzerland, simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
iii. Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and capital from
one region to another.
iv. Moreover, guild restrictions were removed, transport and communications systems were improved. By these new policies
peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were benefitted and started to enjoy new-found freedom.
Thus, it can be concluded that Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had
incorporated revolutionary principles.
8. i. Picketing is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory, or office.
ii. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
iii. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons: Khadi being expensive was unaffordable was poor
people, lack of alternative Indian institutions posed a problem in boycotting British institutions.
9. A. Calcutta B. Dandi
Section B
10.
(b) Karnataka
Explanation:
Karnataka

11. (a) Clue iv

Explanation:
He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
12.
(b) Andhra Pradesh
Explanation: The other three are more or less equal contributors.
13.
(d) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.

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 Explanation:
All Northeastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests managed by local
communities.

14. (a) Gram

Explanation:
RABI CROPS :
Crops which are grown during the winter season(October-March) are calledRabi crops.
Seeds of these crops are sown in the beginning of the winter season. After maturation of crops, they are harvested at the end of
the winter season (April- May). For Example : Gram

KHARIF CROPS:
The kharif cropping season is from July –October during the south-west monsoon.
Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water.
Millet is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
15.
(c) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
Explanation:
Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.

16. Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

i. Identification and inventory of resources. This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement.
ii. Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and institutional setup for implementing resource
development plans.
iii. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
iv. Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
v. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
17. Conservation of energy is essential because it protects our environment from green-house gas emission and also saves valuable
resources from getting depleted. If we save energy then only more energy can be produced. It is essential to use non- conventional
sources of energy.
Following are some measures to conserve energy resources:
i. We should try to use more and more public transport system instead of private vehicles.
ii. Electronic devices must be switched off when not in use.
iii. It is necessary to use more and more power-saving devices.
iv. Reduce consumption of non-renewable sources of energy.
v. If possible solar power should be used to generate electricity.
vi. Minimum use of high power-consuming electrical gadgets, i.e., air conditioner, room heaters, etc.
vii. Recycling of goods and commodities can also help to conserve energy.
OR
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are
called veins and the larger are called lodes.
In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been framed because of the affidavit,
amassing, and fixation in even strata. Coal and a few types of iron metal are found in it.
Different gatherings of Sedimentary minerals, for example, gypsum, potash salt, and sodium salt are framed with the
assistance of vanishing particularly in dry locales.
Another method of arrangement includes the decay of surface rocks, and the evacuation of solvent constituents, leaving a
lingering mass of endured material containing metals. Bauxite is framed thusly.
A few minerals happen as alluvial stores in the sands of valley floors and the base of slopes. These stores contain minerals
that are not disintegrated by water, for instance, gold, silver, tin, and platinum.

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 Ocean waters contain immense amounts of minerals. Basic salts, magnesium, and bromine are obtained from seawater.
The sea beds, as well, are wealthy in manganese knobs.
18. i. Sustainable development means 'development' should take place without damaging the environment and developing in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
ii. ISO certification is a mark of quality and credibility for nay company.
iii. a. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
b. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
NTPC Limited, formerly known as National Thermal Power Corporation, is an Indian central Public Sector Undertaking under
the ownership of the Ministry of Power, Government of India which is engaged in generation of electricity and allied
activities.
19. i. Jamshedpur - Iron and Steel Plant
ii. Vijayawada - Thermal Power Plant

Section C
20. (a) Statement iii is right.
Explanation:
It is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases
pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there is no system to check if
the information given by the candidates is true.
21.
(d) The States Plead for More Powers
Explanation:
This cartoon is about the States Pleading for More Powers.

22. (a) Statement iii is right.

Explanation:
If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, then the democratic rule ceases to be accommodative for that
person or group.
23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
24. Majoritarianism is a concept which signifies a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever
way it wants. In this type of rule they disregard the wishes and needs of the minority.
A. Majoritarianism is a political philosophy which asserts that a majority of the population has the right to take the decisions
affecting the society.
B. It means submission of the majority group for all the decisions affecting their lives.

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 C. It often results in preferential policies being followed, favoring the majority group in university positions and government jobs
and other opportunities and interests, thus denying the minority equal rights and opportunities.
25. Accountable government In democracy: People have the right to choose their representatives. These elected representatives
from the government and participate in the decision-making process on behalf of the people. If these elected representatives do
not work in a proper way, people have a chance to not elect them in the next election. In this way, the democratic government is
accountable to the people.
Responsive government: As a democratic government is elected by the people, it is people’s own government and it is
responsible to full fill the needs of the people. It promotes the formation of public opinion and takes care of the needs and
expectations of the people.
Legitimate government: Further, the democratic government is a legitimate government because regular election after a fixed
time is conducted and everything is done by a procedure. It may be slow, less efficient but it is the people’s own legitimate
government.
26. i. A democratic government is called a legitimate government because it is the people's own government.
ii. It may be slow, less efficient and not very responsive and clean, but it is people's government.
iii. There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People of South Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
India, Pakistan and Nepal have no doubt about the suitability of democracy for their own country.
iv. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Democracy's ability to generate its own support makes it more
legitimate.

27. State Name of Political Party Symbol of Political Party

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Chidiya (Bird)

Tamil Nadu DMK AIADMK Rising Sun Two Leaf

Maharashtra Shiv Sena Dhanush Bann

Assam Assam United Democratic Front Tala Chabi (Key Lock)

Uttar Pradesh Rashtriya Lok Dal Hand Pump

OR
Caste in politics-
i. When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate
candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
ii. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place
in it.
iii. Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support.
iv. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
v. Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of
mobilising and securing political support. It brings consciousness among the people who were treated as inferior and low.
28. i. The balance of power in a federation is determined by the historical context in which it was formed.
ii. The central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states in "holding together" federations.
iii. In federations formed through the first route, such as the USA, Switzerland, and Australia, the constituent states usually have
equal power and are strong compared to the federal government. In federations formed through the second route, like India,
Spain, and Belgium, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states and some constituent units may
have unequal powers.
Section D
29.
(b) Producers
Explanation:
The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered
necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.

30.
(d) Because Rani is engaged in informal sector.

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 Explanation:
Rani will not be successfully to get the loan from a formal source because Rani is engaged in informal sector.
Amrita, a government employee who belongs to a rich urban household would be successful in getting a loan from a formal
source as compared to Rani who comes from a poor household and works as a helper on a construction site. This is because
there are certain terms of credit which need to be fulfilled in the formal sector.

31.
(d) Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector
Explanation:
Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector

32.
(d) Only II and III are correct.
Explanation:
Only II and III are correct.

33.
(c) (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
Explanation:
(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)

34.
(c)
Unorganised Sector

Explanation:
Kamal works in the unorganised sector. The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely
outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and
often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure.
People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be
asked to leave.

35. Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because the MNCs belonging to the
developed countries can then set-up their manufacturing centres in less-expensive developing nations lowering their
manufacturing costs. This will increase their profits.
In my opinion, the developing countries should demand, in return, some manner of protection of domestic producers against
competition from imports from the developed countries which are subsidised by them. Also, some additional charges should be
levied on MNCs looking to set up base in developing nations.
36. Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment together comprise what is called the terms of
credit. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature of
the lender and the borrower.
Interest rates: The interest rate is the rate elicited when borrowing and lending loans the interest rate is stated in the
document.
Collateral: It is an asset that the borrower owns, such as a house, shop, or property. It is used to borrow money. It is a
guarantee to a lender that the loan will be repaid.
Documentation required: Before lending money, lenders review all documents related to the borrower's employment
history and income.
Mode of Payment: It is the time frame for repaying the loan. Long-term loans can be repaid in 12 months, 6 months, or
monthly instalments via cash, check, or other means.
37. It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals. Income is not only an important factor leading to the country's
development. The other factors like freedom, respect, peace, harmony are as important as income. We can understand this with the
following example.

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 i. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So in this case other than the income
from the job, dignity is an important goal.
ii. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and greater
acceptance of women working outside.
iii. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other
than income. Hence, the development goal is not only for better income but for other important things in life like an increase
in human value.

38. ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR

1. Terms of employment are regular and secure. 1. Employment is not regular and secure.

2. They are registered and follow govt. rules and regulations e.g. 2. They are outside the control of government and not
Factory Act, Minimum wage Act, PF, Gratuity etc. registered. They do not follow govt. rules and regulations.

3. Their job is secure and work for a fixed number of hours. 3. Their job is insecure and work for a longer number of
Paid extra for overtime. hours.

4. They get several benefits from their employer. e.g. medical 4. They do not get any benefits and facilities from their
benefits, paid leaves, gratuity, provident fund etc. employer.

5. They also get facilities like safe drinking water, working

5. They do not get any facility at all.
environment etc.
OR
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy through its share in the Gross Domestic Product has registered a
declining trend (from 1951 onwards). In 1950-51 the share of agriculture in GDP was 52% but in 2013-14 it was only 18%.
However, its share in employment is not declining and in 2010-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by the farm
sector which makes more than half of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture for sustenance.
The declining share of agriculture in the GDP is a matter of serious concern because any decline and stagnation in agriculture will
lead to a decline in other spheres of the economy having wider implications for society. Following points will make it more clear.
i. If the produce in agriculture reduces, then it means that there is not much work for rural farmers. There is more
unemployment.
ii. There are many industries that process crops/foods from the agricultural sector. They will be out of business too. So, the
economy goes down.
iii. The stock exchange indices also go down. That leads also the devaluation of the currency. People in the nation go hungry due
to lack of sufficient produce.
iv. Grains and seeds need to be imported. Hence, the government and people have to spend money on import and pay extra too.
v. That also means self-sufficiency suffers. This could topple even governments.

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