SCIENCE : GENES, DNA & RNA (Menurut Kisi2)
DNA & RNA Structure
DNA:
• Has Deoxyribose sugar
• Has a T nucleotide base
• Has a double helix
RNA:
• Has Ribose sugar
• Has a U nucleotide base
• Has a single helix
DNA Replication VS DNA Transcryption
Replication:
The process of copying 1 double-stranded DNA molecule into 2 identical DNA
molecule
1. DNA unzips with Helicase
2. There will be 2 strands, a 5' to 3'* and a 3' to 5
3. These strands will have a primer (like a starting point) made by primase
4. Then the DNA polymerase to replicate a connecting strand from the primer
5. Since DNA polymerase only moves from 5' -> 3', where it only connects to the
3' to 5’ prime, one strand (3' to 5' prime) will have the DNA polymerase keep
going until the DNA strand ends. This is called the leading strand
6. On the other hand, the 5'->3' strand can't have the DNA polymerase keep
going because it goes the other way (to the end of the DNA strand). Therefore
it has to keep going back to finish the strand. There will be multiple primers
and parts called Okazaki fragments. This strand is called the lagging strand.
7. Finally, ligase wil seal all the replication done and there will be 2 of the same
DNA. This is also called as semi-conservative replication, because it only uses
half of the real DNA and half of a replicated strand.
*X' = prime
Transcryption:
The process of replicating one single-strand RNA molecule that is complementary
to one strand of DNA (to make protein(?))
1. The RNA polymerase is signaled to attach to the double-helix DNA where it had
been
marked. (Initiation)
2. It moves long the strand, seperating the helixes and starts replicating the base
to
create an RNA based on the sequence of the DNA, becoming mRNA (Elongation)
3. Once the mRNA has reached the terminator area, it will stop and release the
completed mRNA, detaching the RNA polymerase from the DNA. (Termination)
4. The mRNA will be processed with the removal and addition of some parts of the
unused mRNA. (Splicing)**
**There is also alternative splicing where some of the same parts can be cut to be
used for some other proteins (?)
RNA Translation:
1. The will bind with ribosomes, where the mRNA will be read and translated by
amino acids brought by tRNA. (Insertion)
2. The mRNA will be read in a sequence of 3 bases at a time where the amino
acids will join together into one long chain, creating protein. (Elongation)
3. It ends with the signaling of a release factor (Termination)
Gene Mutation:
The change in a sequence of DNA that may disrupt the bodily
functions/appearance, usually happens during cell division (mitosis&meosis)
There are 2 types of gene mutations:
• Germline -> a change of gene in the parent's genes, effects their hereditary
• Somatic -> a change in gene after the embrio develops into a baby, causing
change in the baby's cells (in that specific area) except for their reproductive
system, effects aren't hereditary
NOTE:
Even though gene mutations sound dangerous, not all will cause diseases.
Sometimes enzymes fix our genes before it affects how our cell works or those
mutations may be beneficial to us, like how it may protect us from heart diseases
or diabetes even if our body is unhealthy.
Example of gene mutation diseases:
• cancer
• alzheimers
• down syndrome
• sickle cell disease
• cystic fibrosis
How to prevent:
• dont smoke
• use sunscreen
• avoid radiation/chem exposure
• eat healthy
Frameshift Mutation:
A gene mutation where a sequence of the bases in the RNA is shifted, causing the
sequence to be misread. If sequence is misread, might lead to broken protein
produced, hence body not working as well
May be caused by Insertion or Deletion of the bases (usually in pairs or single)
a. Insertion: The addition of bases into the DNA sequnce
b. Deletion: The removal of bases from the DNA sequence