1)What is E-R model?
A logical representation of the data for an organization or for a business area is called E-R
Model. It is also called has Entity-Relationship Model.
Ex: A university database contains entities such as “Student” and “College”.
2)Define Attributes?
An attribute is a property that describes an entity. All attributes have values.
Ex: a student entity may have name, class, age as attributes.
3)Define Entity?
An entity is an object that exists and which is distinguishable from other objects.
Ex: In a school database, student, teachers, class and course offered can be considered as
entities.
4)What is Entity Set?
It is a collection or set of all the entities of a particular entity type at any point of time.
Ex:Student_ID Name Age Department
101 Balaji 21 CSE
102 Meena 22 ECE
103 Raj 20 AIML
5)what is super key?
An attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies an entity.
Ex:
Student_ID Name Email Phone
101 Balaji balaji@[Link] 9876543210
102 Meena meena@[Link] 9876501234
103 Raj raj@[Link] 9876598765
6)what is candidate key?
Minimal super key is called candidate key that is, supers keys for which no proper subset are
a superkey.
Ex:
Student_ID Email Phone Name
101 balaji@[Link] 9876543210 Balaji
102 meena@[Link] 9876501234 Meena
103 raj@[Link] 9876598765 Raj
7)what is primary key?
This is one of the candidate key chosen by the database designer to uniquely identify the
entity set.
Ex: A student table contain student_id,course,Dob,[Link] student_id is the
primary key.
8)what is relationship?
The association among entities is called relationship.
Ex: employee entity has relation works_at with department.
9)Explain the types of key constraints?
Superkey: an attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies an entity.
Composite key: a key requiring more than one attribute.
Candidate key: a superkey such that no proper subset of its attributes is also a superkey
(minimal superkey – has no unnecessary attributes)
Primary key: the candidate key chosen to be used for identifying entities and accessing
records. Unless otherwise noted "key" means "primary key".
Alternate key: a candidate key not used for primary key.
Secondary key: attribute or set of attributes commonly used for accessing records, but not
necessarily unique.
Foreign key: term used in relational databases (but not in the E-R model) for an attribute
that is the primary key of another table and is used to establish a relationship with that table
where it appears as an attribute also.
10)What is mapping cardinality? Explain its types?
Cardinality defines the number of entities in one entity set which can be Associated to the
number of entities of other set via relationship set.
Types
One-to-one: one entity from entity set A can be associated with at most One entity of entity
set B and vice versa.
One-to-many: One entity from entity set A can be associated with more Than one entities of
entity set B but from entity set B one entity can be Associated with at most one entity.
Many-to-one: More than one entities from entity set A can be associated With at most one
entity of entity set B but one entity from entity set B can Be associated with more than one
entity from entity set A.
Many-to-many: one entity from A can be associated with more than one Entity from B and
vice versa.
11) Explain Different Notations used in E-R diagram ?
12)Explain different types of Entities And types of attributes?
Strong Entities are independently from other entity types. They always possess one or more
attributes that uniquely(primary key) distinguish each occurrence of the entity. For example
Student is an entity.
Weak Entities depend on another entity. Weak entity doesn’t have key attribute of their
own. Double rectangle represents weak entity.
Types of attributes:
Simple attribute: Simple attributes are atomic values, which cannot be divided further. For
example, student's phone-number is an atomic value of 10 digits.
Composite attribute: Composite attributes are made of more than one simple attribute. For
example, a student's name may have Firstname and Lastname.
Derived attribute: Derived attributes are attributes, which do not exist physical in the
database, but there values are derived from other attributes presented in the database. For
another example, Age can be derived from DOB.
Stored attribute: An attribute whose value cannot be derived from the values of other
attributes is called a stored attribute. For example, DOB
Single-valued attribute: Single valued attributes contain on single value. For example:
SocialSecurityNumber.
Multi-value attribute: Multi-value attribute may contain more than one values. For example,
a person can have more than one phone number,Email_id etc..
13)Write a note on indexing?