Electromagnetics I

Transmission Lines
(Impedance Matching)
d

Z0 ZL

Z0s
ls

1
 Impedance Matching

Impedance matching is very important to avoid reflected power, which

causes a loss of efficiency and interference.

Z L  Z0
L 
Zg Z L  Z0 L

Sinusoidal source +- Z0 ZL

z0

z
We will discuss two methods:
 Quarter-wave transformer
 Single-stub matching

2
 Quarter-Wave Transformer

Quarter-Wave Transformer: First consider a real load on a lossless line.

l /4

Z0 Z 0T Z L  RL

Z in

 Z L  jZ 0T tan   l    2   
Zin  Z 0T   tan   l   tan  l   tan    
Z
 0T  jZ L tan   l      2

2 2
Z 0T Z 0T
Z in  Hence Z in   real
ZL RL
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 Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

l /4

Z0 Z 0T Z L  RL

Z in

Set Zin  Z 0
Example:
Z 02T
Hence  Z0
RL Z 0  50   
Z L  100   

This gives us Z 0T  Z 0 RL Z 0T   50 100   70.71 

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 Quarter-Wave Transformer with Shunt Susceptance
Next, consider a general (complex) load impedance ZL.

l /4

Z0 Z 0T jBs YL  GL  jBL

Shunt (parallel) susceptance

Bs   BL
Goal: determine Bs, Z0T

New model: l /4

Z0 Z 0T Z LTOT  1 / GL real

5
Quarter-Wave Transformer with Shunt Susceptance (cont.)

Summary of quarter-wave transformer matching method

l /4

Z0 Z 0T YL  GL  jBL

Ys  jBs

Z 0 T  Z 0 / GL
Bs   BL

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Quarter-Wave Transformer with Shunt Susceptance (cont.)

Realization using a shorted stub:

(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)

l /4

Z0 Z 0T YL  GL  jBL

Z 0s
Yinstub   jBL
ls

Zinstub  jZ 0 s tan   sls  Yinstub   jY0 s cot   sls 

Hence we have: Y0 s cot   s ls   BL

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 Quarter-Wave Transformer with Line Extension
In this method we use a line extension “d” instead of a shunt susceptance.

l /4 d

Z0 Z 0T Z0 ZL

Zin  d 

Goal: determine d, Z0T

 We choose the length d to make the input impedance Zin (-d) real.
 We then use a quarter-wave transformer to change the impedance to Z0.

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Quarter-Wave Transformer with Line Extension (cont.)

Example

Z 0  50[]
Z L  50  j 75 []

l /4 d

Z0 Z 0T Z0 ZL

Zin  d 

Z LN  Z L / Z0  1  j(1.5)

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 Quarter-Wave Transformer with Line Extension (cont.)

0.176

Z LN  1  j(1.5)
Z LN
Wavelengths
towards generator

Z inN  d 
0 0.250

d  0.250  0.176 ZinN  d   4.3

d  0.074  Also, SWR  4.3

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Quarter-Wave Transformer with Line Extension (cont.)

l /4 d

Z 0  50[] Z 0T Z0 Z L  50  j 75 []

d  0.074
ZinN  215 []

ZinN  d   4.3  Zin  d   50  4.3  215 []

Z 0T   50  215

Z 0T  103.7[]
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Quarter-Wave Transformer with Line Extension (cont.)

Summary of Design

l /4 d  0.074

Z 0  50[] Z 0T  103.7[] Z0 Z L  50  j 75 []

Z in  50[]

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 Single-Stub Matching

A parallel (shunt) susceptance is added at a distance d from the load.

Y0  1 / Z 0 Y0 ZL

Ys  jBs
Goal: determine Bs, Z0T
Yin

1) We choose the distance d so that at this distance from the load

Yin  Y0  jBin i.e., G

in  Y0 , GinN   1 

2) We then choose the shunt susceptance so that

Bs   Bin
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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Y0 Ys  jBs ZL

Yin  Y0  jBin
Yin  Y0

Bs   Bin

The feeding transmission line on the left sees a perfect match!

Zin  Z0

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Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Realization using a shorted stub

(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)

Z0 ZL

Z 0s

ls
Goal: Find d and ls.

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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
We use the Smith chart as an admittance calculator to determine the
distance d.
d

Z0 ZL

Z 0s

ls

1) Convert the load impedance ZL to a load admittance YL.

2) Determine the distance d to make the normalized input conductance equal to 1.0.
3) Determine the required value of Bs to cancel Bin (Bs = - Bin).
4) Determine the stub length ls from the value of Bs.

Note: If desired, we can use the Smith chart to also find the stub length ls.
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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Example
Z0  50[]
Z L  100  j100 []
d

Z0 ZL

Z 0s Z LN  2  j 2
Assume Z 0 s  Z 0
ls
1
YLN   0.25  j  0.25 
2  j2

Z L  Z0 Z LN  1
L   N L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
Z L  Z0 Z L  1
L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Solution : Im  0.041  0.178  0.219
Add YsN  - j1.57 at d  0.219 0.041  0.322  0.363
or YsN   j1.57 at d  0.363
0.178
Use this one
1  j1.57

0.219

Re 
0.363
0.041

YLN
GinN  1
Gin  1

1  j1.57

Smith chart scale:

0.322
Wavelengths toward load
Wavelengths toward generator
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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Next, we find the length of the short-circuited stub: BsN  1.57

Rotate clockwise from S/C to desired Bs value. Note:

Here we have Z0s = Z0.
Im    z  Otherwise, we have to be
careful with the normalization
(see the note below).
0+j1
0+j0.5 0+j2
S/C
Yn  
0+j0
Re 

0-j0.5 0-j2

Note: In general, 0-j1 YsN  0  j1.57

BsN    BinN Y0  / Y0 s
 1.57 Y0 / Y0 s  Admittance chart

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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
From the Smith chart:

ls  0.340  0.250 Admittance chart

ls  0.09

Analytically:
0 S / C 0.250
Z s  jZ 0 s tan   ls  O/C

 Ys   jY0 s cot   ls 
 BsN   cot   ls  0.09
0  j1.57
Hence :
1.57   cot  ls 0.340
1
cot  ls  1.57; tan  ls   0.637
1.57
2
 ls 

ls  tan 1  0.637   0.567 [radians] ls  0.0903
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Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Final Design

Z in  50   

Z0 ZL

Z 0s

ls
d  0.219
ls  0.0903

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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Unmatched 1.62 1+  L  1.62
1.55

1.0
ZL  L  0.62 V  z / V 
0.78

0.38 1-  L  0.38
z
0
z
 z 0.292 0.219 0.042
0.178

0.042 (0.25  0.178)

Z LN
1.55
0
0.38
1.62 Crank Diagram
0.78

Recall: The stub is

0.219 located at d = 0.219 
0.397

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 Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
1.62 1+  L  1.62
Unmatched 1.55

1.0
V  z / V 
ZL 0.78

SWR  4.26 0.38 1-  L  0.38

z
0 z
0.292 0.219 0.042

Matched
1.62
1.55
jBs ZL SWR  1.0
0.78 0.78 V  z / V 

z
0.219 0

z
0.219 0.042
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