Noname manuscript No.

(will be inserted by the editor)

Bianchi type-V bulk viscous cosmic string in f (R, T ) gravity

with time varying deceleration parameter
Bı̈naya K. Bishi · K. L. Mahanta

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract We study the Bianchi type-V string cosmo- describe this late inflation of the universe in two differ-
logical model with bulk viscosity in f (R, T ) theory of ent ways. Some by modifying the Einsteins theory of
gravity by considering a special form and linearly vary- gravity and other by introducing an exotic type of fluid
ing deceleration parameter. This is an extension of the like a cosmological constant or quintessential type of
earlier work of Naidu et al. (2013) where they have con- scalar field. But the use of cosmological constant is sur-
structed the model by considering a constant decelera- rounded with serious theoretical problems. Therefore
tion parameter. Here we find that the cosmic strings do various alternatives are used such as K-essence (Scher-
not survive in both the models. In addition we study rer, 2004), tachyon (Gibbons, 2002), Phantom (Elizalde
some physical and kinematical properties of both the et al., 2004)and quintom (Guo et al., 2006). While all
models. We observe that in one of our models these these alternatives have both positive and negative as-
properties are identical with the model obtained by pects a large number of researchers used a matter field
Naidu et al. (2013) and in the other model the behavior viz. chaplygin gas. In the second approach where gravi-
of these parameters are different. tational theory is modified researchers study the action
described by an arbitrary function of the scalar cur-
Keywords f (R, T ) gravity · Special form of decelera- vature R, which is called f (R) theory of gravity (No-
tion parameter · linear varying deceleration parameter · jiri & Odintsov, 2007; Capozziello & Francaviglia, 2008;
Bulk viscous model · String model Sotiriou & Faraoni, 2010). Carrol et al. (2004) pointed
PACS 98.80.-k · [Link] · [Link] out that the late time acceleration of the universe can
be explained by f (R) gravity. Sharif & Yousaf (2013)
analyzed the role of the electromagnetic field and a vi-
able f (R) model on the range of dynamical instabil-
1 Introduction ity. Sharif & Kausar (2011) obtained that f (R) with
constant scalar curvature plays the role of cosmological
Recent data obtained in observational cosmology (Perl-
constant and slows down the collapsing process. Sharif
mutter et al., 1999; Riess et al., 1998; Bennett et al.,
& Yousaf (2014) performed stability analysis of an adi-
2003; Spergel et al., 2003, 2007) indicate that currently
abatic anisotropic cylindrical collapsing system in met-
our universe is accelerating. Researchers are trying to
ric f (R) gravity. Sharif & Yousaf (2014a) studied the
Bı̈naya K. Bishi ( ) effects of polynomial f (R) model on the stability of ho-
Department of Mathematics, mogeneous energy density in self-gravitating spherical
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, stellar object and found that shear, pressure, dissipative
Nagpur-440010, India parameters and f(R) terms affect the existence of inho-
E-mail: binaybc@[Link]
mogeneous energy density. Sharif & Yousaf (2014b) ob-
K. L. Mahanta tained that in addition to other fluid variables higher or-
Department of Mathematics,
C.V. Raman College of Engineering, der f (R) corrections, relaxation processes and electro-
Bidya Nagar,Mahura, Janla, Bhubaneswar, India magnetic field affect the energy density in homogeneity
E-mail: mahantakamal@[Link] of spherical stars. Furthermore Sharif & Yousaf (2015)
2 Bı̈naya K. Bishi, K. L. Mahanta

explored the effects of the three-parametric f (R) model LRS Bianchi type-II massive string cosmological model
on the stability of the regular energy density of planar in general relativity. Five Dimensional Bianchi Type-I
fluid configurations with the Palatini f (R) formalism. String Cosmological Models in Lyra Manifold is anal-
There exist other interesting class of modified grav- ysed by Samanta & Debata (2012). Rikhvitsky & Saha
ity theories such as f (G) gravity, f (R, G) gravity, f (T ) (2013) discussed the Magnetic Bianchi type II string
gravity and f (R, T ) gravity. In f (R, T ) gravity the grav- cosmological model in loop quantum cosmology.
itational lagrangian is given by an arbitrary function of
Bulk viscosity is useful for the study of early stages
the Ricci scalar (R) and the trace (T ) of the stress en-
of evolution of the universe. Bulk viscosity driven in-
ergy tensor and also it depends on a source term repre-
flation is primarily due to the negative bulk viscous
senting the variation of the matter stress energy tensor
pressure giving rise to a total negative effective pres-
with respect to the metric. The source term expres-
sure which may overcome the pressure due to the usual
sion is obtained as a function matter lagrangian (Lm )
gravity of matter distribution in the universe and pro-
as a result for each choice of Lm , it would generate
vides an impetus for rapid expansion of the universe.
a specific set of field equations. The field equation of
Thus many researchers have shown interest to study
f (R, T ) gravity are obtained by Harko et al. (2011) from
bulk viscous string cosmological model in the context
Hilbert-Einstein type variational principle. The action
of Einstein theory or modified theories of gravity. Sev-
for this gravity is given by
eral authors (Roy & Tiwari, 1983; Barrow, 1986; Pavon
√
Z  
1 et al., 1991; Mohanty & Pattanaik, 1991; Mohanty &
S= −g f (R, T ) + Lm d4 x (1)
16πG Pradhan, 1992; Lima et al., 1993; Singh, 2005; Maartens
et al., 1995) studied bulk viscous cosmological models
where f (R, T ) is an arbitrary function of the Ricci scalar
in general relativity. Anisotropic bulk viscous cosmo-
(R) and trace (T ) of energy tensor of the matter Tij and
logical models with particle creation has been investi-
Lm represents matter Lagrangian density. They have
gated by Singh & Kale (2011). Rao & Sireesha (2012),
derived the field equations of f (R, T ) gravity by vary-
studied the Bianchi Types II, VIII and IX string cos-
ing the action S of the gravitational field with respect
mological models with bulk viscosity in Brans-Dicke
to the metric tensor components gij . For the choice of
theory of gravitation. Numerous researchers Samanta&
f (R, T ) = R + 2f (T ), the field equation takes the form
Dhal (2013); Chaubey & Shukla (2013); Adhav (2012);
Reddy et al. (2012) have studied cosmological model
Gij = [8π + 2f 0 (T )] Tij + [2pf 0 (T ) + f (T )] gij (2) of the universe in f (R, T ) theory of gravity in differ-
ent contexts. Recently Naidu et al. (2013), Kiran et al.
where the overhead prime indicates derivative with re- (2013) and Reddy et al. (2013) discussed the Bianchi
spect to the argument and Tij is given by type-V, Bianchi type-III, Kaluza-Klein space time with
Tij = (ρ + p)ui uj + pgij (3) cosmic strings and bulk viscosity in f (R, T ) gravity re-
spectively. Mahanta (2014) investigated the bulk vis-
where ρ and p stand for energy density and isotropic cous cosmological models in f (R, T ) theory of gravity.
pressure respectively.
Motivated by the above discussion, here we have
Studies of string cosmological models are crucial
constructed Bianchi-type-V bulk viscous string cosmo-
as it play an important role in structure formation of
logical model in f (R, T ) gravity with special form of
the early stages of evolution of the universe. Cosmic
deceleration parameter and linearly varying decelera-
strings are one dimensional topological defects, which
tion parameter. The main reason to explore the Bianchi
may formed during symmetry breaking phase transi-
type-V model is that the standard FLRW models are
tion in the early universe along with other defects like
contained as special cases of the Bianchi models. The
domain walls and monopoles. The density perturbation
Bianchi type-V model generlaizes the open (k = −1)
arising out of them play an important role in cosmology
Friedmann model and represents a model in which the
since they are considered as the route for galaxy forma-
fluid flow is not necessarily orthogonal to the three sur-
tion. After Stachel (1980) and Hendi et al. (1983) many
faces of homogeneity . At early stage of evolution, the
researchers (Letelier, 1990; Battacharjee & Baruah, 2001;
universe was not so smooth as it looks in present time
Reddy et al., 2013; Wang, 2006; Bali & Pradhan, 2007;
.Therefore anisotropic cosmological models have taken
Mohanty & Mahanta, 2007; Sahoo, 2008; Rao & Neel-
considerable interest of researchers.
ima, 2011; Venkateswarlu & Satish, 2014; Rao & Neel-
ima, 2013) have worked on string cosmological models In this work we investigate the role of variable de-
in the context of Einstein’s theory or modified theories celeration parameter in Bianchi type-V space-time with
of gravity. Pradhan & Parashuram (2011) studied the bulk viscous cosmic string and f (R, T ) gravity.
Bianchi type-V bulk viscous cosmic string in f (R, T ) gravity with time varying deceleration parameter 3

2 Metric and field equations 3 Solution of the field equations

The spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type- The field equations(8)-(12) reduce to the following in-
V space-time is given by dependent equations

ds2 = −dt2 + A2 dx2 + e2αx (B 2 dy 2 + C 2 dz 2 ) (4) B̈ Ä Ḃ Ċ ȦĊ

− + − = λ(8π + µ) (13)
B A BC AC
where α is a constant and A, B, C are functions of
cosmic time t only.
The energy momentum tensor for a bulk viscous fluid ȦḂ Ḃ Ċ ȦĊ 3α2
+ + − 2 = −ρ(8π + 7µ) − 5p̄µ + µλ (14)
containing one dimensional cosmic strings is considered AB BC AC A
as

Tij = (ρ + p̄)ui uj + p̄gij − λxi xj (5) B̈ C̈ ȦḂ ȦĊ

− + − =0 (15)
B C AB AC
and

p̄ = p − 3ξH (6) Ȧ Ḃ Ċ
2 − − =0 (16)
A B C
where ρ(t) is the rest energy density of the system, H
Here there are four equations involving six unknowns.
is the Hubble parameter, p is the pressure, ξ(t)is the
Since the field equations are highly non-linear for the
coefficient of bulk viscosity , λ(t) is the string tension
complete determinacy, we need extra conditions among
density, ui = (0, 0, 0, 1) is the four velocity vector of the
the variables. We consider these conditions in the form
fluid and xi is the direction of the string. Also ui and
SET-I and SET-II as defined below.
xi satisfy the relation
(i) The shear (σ) is proportional to the expansion (θ)
gij ui uj = xi xj = −1 and ui xj = 0 (7) (Thorne, 1967). Collins et al. (1980) pointed out
that for spatially homogeneous metric, the normal
The field equations (2) for the metric (4), with the help congruence to the homogeneous hyper surface sat-
of (5) along with f (T ) = µT , (µ is a constant quantity) isfies the condition [ σθ = Const.] which yields
is given as follow
B = Cm (17)
2
B̈ C̈ Ḃ Ċ α
+ + − = −p̄(8π +7µ)+λ(8π +3µ)+µρ (8) (ii) The combined effect of the proper pressure and
B C BC A2
the bulk viscous pressure for barotropic fluid (Naidu
et al., 2013)can be written as
C̈ Ä ȦĊ α2
+ + − 2 = −p̄(8π + 7µ) + (λ + µ)ρ (9) p̄ = p − 3ξH = (0 − γ)ρ, 0 ≤ 0 ≤ 1, p = 0 ρ
C A AC A
(18)

where 0 and γ are constants. The SET-I consists of

Ä B̈ ȦḂ α2 (i),(ii) and a special form of deceleration parameter
+ + − 2 = −p̄(8π + 7µ) + (λ + µ)ρ (10)
A B AB A (Singha & Debnath, 2011)

β
q = −1 + (19)
ȦḂ Ḃ Ċ ȦĊ 3α 2 1 + Rβ
+ + − 2 = −ρ(8π + 7µ) − 5p̄µ + µλ (11)
AB BC AC A where β(> 0) is a constant and R is scale factor of the
metric. The SET-II consists of (i),(ii) and a Linearly
varying deceleration parameter (Akarsu & Dereli, 2011)
Ȧ Ḃ Ċ
2 − − =0 (12)
A B C
q = −kt + n − 1 (20)
where an overhead dot denotes differentiation with re-
spect to t . where k(≥ 0) and n(≥ 0) are constants.
4 Bı̈naya K. Bishi, K. L. Mahanta

(A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12 )eA1 βt


3.1 Solution of the field equations along with 0
p=
conditions in SET-I 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2
2

3α
In this section , we have discussed the solution of the − 2 (30)
A βt
(e 1 − 1) β
field equations by considering the extra conditions as in
Ṙ
SET-I. The Hubble parameter H is defined as H = R
A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12

γ
and from equation (19) we obtained ξ=
3A1 [8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] (eA1 βt − 1)
Ṙ 3α2 e−A1 βt

H= = A1 (1 + R−β ) (21) − (31)
R 2
(eA1 βt − 1) β −1
where A1 is a constant of integration. Integrating (21)
Using (17),(24) and (26) in equation (15) we get
and using the initial conditions R = 0 at t = 0 we have
found
 !2 
C̈ Ċ Ȧ Ċ
1 (m − 1)  + + =0 (32)
R = (eA1 βt − 1) β (22) C C AC

The scale factor of the metric (4) is defined as

which provide m = 1 as
3
R = ABC (23) 
C̈
 2
Ċ ȦĊ

2A21 eA1 βt
+ + = ×
With the help of equations (16),(17) and (23) we have C C AC (m + 1)2 (eA1 βt − 1)2
 
found A1 βt
β(m + 1) − (m + 5)e 6= 0
1
A = (eA1 βt − 1) β (24)
Thus for m = 1 ,the expressions in (21)-(28) takes the
form
2m 1
B = (eA1 βt − 1) β(m+1) (25) A = B = C = (eA1 βt − 1) β (33)

2
C = (eA1 βt − 1) β(m+1) (26) λ=0 (34)
From equation (13), with the help of (24)-(26) we ob-
tained the string tension density (λ) as
" #
A11 eA1 βt (β − 3eA1 βt ) 3 A21 eA1 βt α2
λ=− (27) ρ= − 2
(eA1 βt − 1)2 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2 (eA1 βt − 1) β
A2 (m−1) (35)
where A11 = (m+1)(8π+2µ)1
. From equation (14),with
the help of (18) and (26), we obtained the rest energy
A21 eA1 βt

3(0 − γ)
density (ρ) as p̄ =
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2
(A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12 )eA1 βt

1
α2

ρ=
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) A βt
(e 1 − 1) 2 − 2 (36)
2
 (eA1 βt − 1) β
3α
− 2 (28)
(e A βt − 1) β
1
A21 eA1 βt

30
p =
where A12 =
2 2
2A1 (m +4m+1)
,A13 = µA11 . From equa- 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (e 1 βt − 1)2
A
(m+1)2
α2

tion (18) with the help of equation (28), we have ob- − (37)
2
tained the total pressure (p̄) ,proper pressure (p) and (eA1 βt − 1) β
the coefficient of bulk viscosity (ξ) as follows
A21

3γ
(A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12 )eA1 βt ξ =

0 − γ
p̄ = 3A1 [8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] (eA1 βt − 1)
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2
α2 e−A1 βt

3α2

− (38)
− 2 (29) 2
(eA1 βt − 1) β −1
(eA1 βt − 1) β
Bianchi type-V bulk viscous cosmic string in f (R, T ) gravity with time varying deceleration parameter 5

3.1.1 Some physical properties of the Model

  
2m 4m kt − n
Some physical properties of the model are given below B = (R1 ) m+1 exp arctanh (42)
,which are crucial in the discussion of cosmology: n(m + 1) n
1
– The Spatial Volume V = (eA1 βt − 1) β   
A1 βt 2 4 kt − n
– The Scalar of expansion θ = 3A1e
eA1 βt −1 C = (R1 ) m+1 exp arctanh (43)
A1 eA1 βt
n(m + 1) n
– The mean Hubble parameter H = eA1 βt −1
– The mean anisotropy parameter is defined as 3Ah = From equation(13), with the help of (41)-(43), we
P3 Hi −H 2


i=1 H and obtained as Ah = 0 found the string tension density (λ) as
– The The shear scalar σ 2 = 0
In this model, we observed that at initial epoch the 2(m − 1)(kt − n + 3)
λ= (44)
values of energy density(ρ) , Proper pressure(p), To- (m + 1)(4π + µ)t2 (2n − kt)2
tal pressure (p̄), Coefficient of bulk viscosity (ξ), Hub-
From equation (14) with the help of (18) and (44),
ble parameter (H) are very high and these values grad-
we found the rest energy density (ρ)
ually decrease with the evolution of time.i.e.ρ, p, p̄, ξ
H tend to zero as t → ∞. (see Fig. 1-Fig. 5) Spa- 
tial volume (V ) increases with the evolution of time 2 A14 A15
ρ= + 2
i.e.V → ∞ as t → ∞.(see Fig.6) This model is isotropic 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t(2n − kt)2 t (2n − kt)2
as the average anisotropy parameter is zero and it is also 3α2

shear [Link] this model cosmic string does not survive. −    (45)
2 4 kt−n
2R1 exp n arctanh n

kµ(1−m)
3.2 Solution of the field equations along with where A14 = (m+1)(4π+µ) and
conditions in SET-II (16π+µ+nµ)m2 +16(4π+µ)m+16π+7µ−nµ
A15 = (m+1)2 (4π+µ) . From equa-
In this section , we have discussed the solution of the tion (18) with the help of equation (45), we obtained
field equations by considering the conditions as in SET- the total pressure (p̄) ,proper pressure (p) and the co-
II. From equation (20) we have Akarsu & Dereli (2011) efficient of bulk viscosity (ξ) as follows

2(0 − γ) A14 A15
p̄ = 2
+ 2
 h  i 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t(2n − kt) t (2n − kt)2
2 kt−n
R1 exp √n2 −2c1 k arctanh √n2 −2c1 k , for k > 0 n ≥ 0 3α2
 

1 −    (46)
R = R2 (nt + c2 ) n , for k = 0 n > 02R2 exp 4 arctanh kt−n

R ec3 t ,
 1 n n
3 for k = 0 n = 0
(39) 20

A14 A15
p= 2
+ 2
where R1 ,R2 ,R3 ,c1 ,c2 and c3 are constants of inte- 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t(2n − kt) t (2n − kt)2
2

[Link] last two values of R give the constant de- 3α
−    (47)
celeration parameter . So we neglect these values of R
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−nn
as q = constant is studied by Naidu et al. (2013).Thus
we focus on the first value of scale [Link] scale fac- 
tor R can also be expressed as follows for k > 0 and γ A14 A15
ξ= +
n > 1 as(Akarsu & Dereli, 2011) 3[8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] 2n − kt t(2n − kt)
3α2 t(2n − kt)

−
  
2 kt − n    (48)
R = R1 exp arctanh (40)
n n 2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−nn

With the help of (16),(17) and (39) we have ob- Similar to that of equation (32), here also we get m = 1.
tained Thus for m = 1 ,the expressions in (41)-(48) take the
form
     
2 kt − n 2 kt − n
A = R1 exp arctanh (41) A = B = C = R1 exp arctanh (49)
n n n n
6 Bı̈naya K. Bishi, K. L. Mahanta

4 Graphical Results

λ=0 (50)


3 4
ρ=
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t2 (2n − kt)2
α2

−    (51)
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n


3(ε0 − γ) 4
p̄ =
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t2 (2n − kt)2
α2

−    (52)
Fig. 1 Density ρ verses time t for µ = 0.5, 0 = 1/3, γ = 1,
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6, k = 0.097.


30 4
p=
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t2 (2n − kt)2
α2

−    (53)
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n


γ 4
ξ=
2[8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] t(2n − kt)
α2 t(2n − kt)

−    (54)
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n

Fig. 2 Proper pressure p verses time t for µ = 0.5, 0 = 1/3,

3.2.1 Some physical properties of the Model γ = 1, β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6, k = 0.097.

Here some physical properties of the model are given

below :

– The Spatial Volume V = R1 exp n2 arctanh kt−n



n
6
– The Scalar of expansion θ = t(2n−kt)
2
– The mean Hubble parameter H = t(2n−kt)
– The mean anisotropy parameter Ah = 0
– The The shear scalar σ 2 = 0

In this model, the energy density(ρ) , Proper pressure(p),

Total pressure (p̄), Coefficient of bulk viscosity (ξ), Hub-
ble parameter (H) gradually decreases with the evolu-
tion of time but when t =∼ 33 ,all of them diverge.(see
Fig. 1-Fig. 5) Spatial volume (V ) increases with the
evolution of time up to t =∼ 33 ,after that it also di-
Fig. 3 Total pressure p̄ verses time t for µ = 0.5, 0 = 1/3,
verges.(see Fig.6) This model is isotropic as the average
γ = 1/4, β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6,
anisotropy parameter is zero and it is also shear free. k = 0.097.
In this model also cosmic string does not survive.
Bianchi type-V bulk viscous cosmic string in f (R, T ) gravity with time varying deceleration parameter 7

of gravity with variable deceleration parameters. This

work is an extension of the earlier work of Naidu et
al. (2013), in which they solve the field equations with
constant deceleration parameter along with two other
conditions. Here we found that in one of our models the
behavior of the physical and kinematical parameters
are same with that of Naidu et al. (2013) and these pa-
rameters in our other model behave differently. In both
the models cosmic strings do not survive. We observed
that the type of time variations of deceleration param-
eter considered here do not affect the non-existence of
cosmic string in this model. Hence the consideration of
Fig. 4 Coefficient of bulk viscosity ξ verses time t for µ = 0.5, variable deceleration parameter does not contribute to-
0 = 1/3, γ = 1/4, β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6,
wards the existence of cosmic strings in this theory for
k = 0.097.
Bianchi type-V space time. We have also investigated
the stability of our system by the use of speed of sound
in viscous fluid. The condition for the stability of the
dp̄
theory is Cs2 = dρ ≥ 0. In both of our models we ob-
2
tained that Cs = 0 − γ. Here the theory is stable if
0 − γ ≥ 0 i.e. 0 ≥ γ.

Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to the referee for

his valuable suggestions and comments which led the quality
of presentation of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

regarding the publication of this manuscript.
Fig. 5 Hubble parameter H verses time t for β = 1.5, A1 = 1,
n = 1.6, k = 0.097.

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