Noname manuscript No.

(will be inserted by the editor)

Bulk Viscous string Cosmological model in f (R, T ) gravity with

Special and Linearly varying Deceleration Parameter.
Bı̈naya K. Bishi · K. L. Mahanta

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract We study the Bianchi type-V string cosmo- recent scenario of the universe undergoing a late time
logical model with bulk viscosity in f (R, T ) theory of accelerated expansion (Perlmutter et al., 1999; Riess
gravity by considering a special form and linearly vary- et al., 1998; Bennett et al., 2003; Spergel et al., 2003,
ing deceleration parameter. This is an extension of the 2007), modified theory of gravitation gained popular-
earlier work of Naidu et al. (2013) where they have con- ity among the cosmologists. Cosmologists believe that
structed the model by considering a constant decelera- modified theory of gravitation may explain the late time
tion parameter. Here we find that the cosmic strings do acceleration of the universe in a better way. Researchers
not survive in both the models. In addition we study have made various modifications of Einstein’s theory to
some physical and kinematical properties of both the obtain a better modified theory of gravity. The recent
models. We observe that in one of our models these well known modified theory of gravitations are f (R)
properties are identical with the model obtained by gravity, f (G) gravity, f (R, G) gravity, f (T ) gravity and
Naidu et al. (2013) and in the other model the behavior f (R, T ) gravity. The f (R) theory of gravity (Akbar et
of these parameters are different. al., 2006; Carroll et al., 2004; Capozziello et al., 2006;
Nojiri et al., 2006; Hendi et al., 2011; Sharif & Arif,
Keywords f (R, T ) gravity · Special form of decelera-
2012) and f (R, T ) theory of gravity (Harko et al., 2011)
tion parameter · linear varying deceleration parameter ·
attract more attention during the last decade as these
Bulk viscous model · String model
theories are supposed to provide natural gravitational
PACS 98.80.-k · [Link] · [Link] alternatives to dark energy.
In f (R, T ) gravity the gravitational lagrangian is
given by an arbitrary function of the Ricci scalar (R)
1 Introduction and the trace (T ) of the stress energy tensor and also it
depends on a source term representing the variation of
It is well know that Einsteins general theory of relativ- the matter stress energy tensor with respect to the met-
ity is the most successful theory of gravitation, which ric. The source term expression is obtained as a func-
is the basic theory for constructing the cosmological tion matter lagrangian (Lm ) as a result for each choice
models of the universe. Due to the lack of compatibil- of Lm , it would generate a specific set of field equations.
ity of Einsteins theory with Machs principle and the The field equation of f (R, T ) gravity are obtained by
Bı̈naya K. Bishi Harko et al. (2011) from Hilbert-Einstein type varia-
Department of Mathematics, tional principle. The action for this gravity is given by
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
Nagpur-440010, India
√
Z  
E-mail: binaybc@[Link] 1
S= −g f (R, T ) + Lm d4 x (1)
K. L. Mahanta 16πG
Department of Mathematics,
C.V. Raman College of Engineering, where f (R, T ) is an arbitrary function of the Ricci scalar
Bidya Nagar,Mahura, Janla, Bhubaneswar, India (R) and trace (T ) of energy tensor of the matter Tij and
E-mail: mahantakamal@[Link] Lm represents matter Lagrangian density. They have
2 Bı̈naya K. Bishi, K. L. Mahanta

derived the field equations of f (R, T ) gravity (Harko et in general relativity. Anisotropic bulk viscous cosmo-
al., 2011) by varying the action S of the gravitational logical models with particle creation has been investi-
field with respect to the metric tensor components gij . gated by Singh & Kale (2011). Rao & Sireesha (2012),
For the choice of f (R, T ) = R + 2f (T ), the field equa- studied the Bianchi Types II, VIII and IX string cos-
tion takes the form mological models with bulk viscosity in Brans-Dicke
theory of gravitation. Numerous researchers Samanta&
Gij = [8π + 2f 0 (T )] Tij + [2pf 0 (T ) + f (T )] gij (2) Dhal (2013); Chaubey & Shukla (2013); Adhav (2012);
Reddy et al. (2012) have studied cosmological model
where the overhead prime indicates derivative with re- of the universe in f(R, T) theory of gravity in differ-
spect to the argument and Tij is given by ent contexts. Recently Naidu et al. (2013), Kiran et al.
(2013) and Reddy et al. (2013) discussed the Bianchi
Tij = (ρ + p)ui uj + pgij (3) type-V, Bianchi type-III, Kaluza-Klein space time with
cosmic strings and bulk viscosity in f (R, T ) gravity re-
where ρ and p stand for energy density and isotropic spectively. Mahanta (2011) investigated the bulk vis-
pressure respectively. cous cosmological models in f (R, T ) theory of gravity.
Studies of string cosmological models are crucial Motivated by the above discussion, here we have
as it play an important role in structure formation of constructed Bianchi-type-V bulk viscous string cosmo-
the early stages of evolution of the universe. Cosmic logical model in f (R, T ) gravity with special form of
strings are one dimensional topological defects, which deceleration parameter and linearly varying decelera-
may formed during symmetry breaking phase transi- tion parameter.
tion in the early universe along with other defects like
domain walls and monopoles. The density perturbation
2 Metric and field equations
arising out of them play an important role in cosmology
since they are considered as the route for galaxy forma-
The spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-
tion. After Stachel (1980) and Hendi et al. (1983) many
V space-time is given by
researchers (Letelier, 1990; Battacharjee & Baruah, 2001;
Reddy et al., 2013; Wang, 2006; Bali & Pradhan, 2007; ds2 = −dt2 + A2 dx2 + e2αx (B 2 dy 2 + C 2 dz 2 ) (4)
Mohanty & Mahanta, 2007; Sahoo, 2008; Rao & Neel-
ima, 2011; Venkateswarlu & Satish, 2014; Rao & Neel- where α is a constant and A, B, C are functions of
ima, 2013) have worked on string cosmological models cosmic time t only.
in the context of Einstein’s theory or modified theo- The energy momentum tensor for a bulk viscous fluid
ries of gravity. Very recently Pradhan & Parashuram containing one dimensional cosmic strings is considered
(2011) studied the LRS Bianchi type-II massive string as
cosmological model in general relativity. Five Dimen-
sional Bianchi Type-I String Cosmological Models in Tij = (ρ + p̄)ui uj + p̄gij − λxi xj (5)
Lyra Manifold is analysed by Samanta & Debata (2012).
and
Rikhvitsky & Saha (2013) discussed the Magnetic Bianchi
type II string cosmological model in loop quantum cos- p̄ = p − 3ξH (6)
mology.
Bulk viscosity is useful for the study of early stages where ρ(t) is the rest energy density of the system, H
of evolution of the universe. Bulk viscosity driven in- is the Hubble parameter, 3ξH is the bulk viscous pres-
flation is primarily due to the negative bulk viscous sure, ξ(t)is the coefficient of bulk viscosity , λ(t) is the
pressure giving rise to a total negative effective pres- string tension density, ui = (0, 0, 0, 1) is the four ve-
sure which may overcome the pressure due to the usual locity vector of the fluid and xi is the direction of the
gravity of matter distribution in the universe and pro- string. Also ui and xi satisfy the relation
vides an impetus for rapid expansion of the universe.
Thus many researchers have shown interest to study gij ui uj = xi xj = −1 and ui xj = 0 (7)
bulk viscous string cosmological model in the context
The field equations for the metric (4), with the help
of Einstein theory or modified theories of gravity. Sev-
of (2) and (5) along with f (T ) = µT , (µ is a constant
eral authors (Roy & Tiwari, 1983; Barrow, 1986; Pavon
quantity) is given as follow
et al., 1991; Mohanty & Pattanaik, 1991; Mohanthy &
Pradhan, 1992; Lima et al., 1993; Singh, 2005; Maartens B̈ C̈ Ḃ Ċ α2
et al., 1995) studied bulk viscous cosmological models + + − = −p̄(8π +7µ)+λ(8π +3µ)+µρ (8)
B C BC A2
B. V. S. Cosmological model in f (R, T ) gravity with Special and Linearly varying Deceleration Parameter. 3

where 0 and γ are constants. The SET-I consists of

(i),(ii) and a special form of deceleration parameter
C̈ Ä ȦĊ α2
+ + − 2 = −p̄(8π + 7µ) + (λ + µ)ρ (9) (Singha & Debnath, 2011)
C A AC A
β
q = −1 + (19)
Ä B̈ ȦḂ α 2 1 + Rβ
+ + − 2 = −p̄(8π + 7µ) + (λ + µ)ρ (10)
A B AB A where β(> 0) is a constant and R is scale factor of the
metric. The SET-II consists of (i),(ii) and a Linearly
ȦḂ Ḃ Ċ ȦĊ 3α2 varying deceleration parameter (Akarsu & Dereli, 2011)
+ + − 2 = −ρ(8π + 7µ) − 5p̄µ + µλ (11)
AB BC AC A
q = −kt + n − 1 (20)
Ȧ Ḃ Ċ
2 − − =0 (12) where k(≥ 0) and n(≥ 0) are constants.
A B C
where an overhead dot denotes differentiation with re-
spect to t .
3.1 Solution of the field equations along with
conditions in SET-I
3 Solution of the field equations
In this section , we have discussed the solution of the
The field equations(8)-(12) reduce to the following in- field equations by considering the extra conditions as in
Ṙ
dependent equations SET-I. The Hubble parameter H is defined as H = R
and from equation (19) we obtained
B̈ Ä Ḃ Ċ ȦĊ
− + − = λ(8π + µ) (13)
B A BC AC Ṙ
H= = A1 (1 + R−β ) (21)
R
ȦḂ Ḃ Ċ ȦĊ 3α2 where A1 is a constant of integration. Integrating (21)
+ + − 2 = −ρ(8π + 7µ) − 5p̄µ + µλ (14)
AB BC AC A and using the initial conditions R = 0 at t = 0 we have
found
B̈ C̈ ȦḂ ȦĊ R = (eA1 βt − 1) β
1
(22)
− + − =0 (15)
B C AB AC
The scale factor of the metric (4) is defined as
Ȧ Ḃ Ċ
2 − − =0 (16) R3 = ABC (23)
A B C
Here there are four equations involving six unknowns. With the help of equations (16),(17) and (23) we have
Since the field equations are highly non-linear for the found
complete determinacy, we need extra conditions among 1
the variables. We consider these conditions in the form A = (eA1 βt − 1) β (24)
SET-I and SET-II as defined below.
(i) The shear scalar σ 2 is proportional to the scalar
2m
expansion θ which yields (Naidu et al. (2013) and B = (eA1 βt − 1) β(m+1) (25)
reference there in)

B = Cm (17)
2

(ii) The combined effect of the proper pressure and C = (eA1 βt − 1) β(m+1) (26)
the bulk viscous pressure for barotropic fluid (Naidu
From equation (13), with the help of (24)-(26) we ob-
et al. (2013))can be written as
tained the string tension density (λ) as
p̄ = p − 3ξH = (0 − γ)ρ, 0 ≤ 0 ≤ 1, p = 0 ρ
A11 eA1 βt (β − 3eA1 βt )
(18) λ=− (27)
(eA1 βt − 1)2
4 Bı̈naya K. Bishi, K. L. Mahanta

A21 (m−1) A21 eA1 βt


where A11 = (m+1)(8π+2µ) . From equation (14),with 3(0 − γ)
p̄ =
the help of (18) and (26), we obtained the rest energy 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2
α2

density (ρ) as
− 2 (36)
1

(A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12 )eA1 βt (eA1 βt − 1) β
ρ=
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2
A21 eA1 βt

3α2
 30
− (28) p =
2 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (e 1 βt − 1)2
A
(eA1 βt − 1) β
α2

2 2
2A1 (m +4m+1) − 2 (37)
where A12 = (m+1)2 ,A13 = µA11 . From equa- (eA1 βt − 1) β
tion (18) with the help of equation (28), we have ob-
tained the total pressure (p̄) ,proper pressure (p) and 3γ

A21
the coefficient of bulk viscosity (ξ) as follows ξ =
3A1 [8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] (eA1 βt − 1)
A1 βt A1 βt
α2 e−A1 βt

0 − γ (A13 (β − 3e ) + A12 )e

p̄ = − (38)
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2 2
(eA1 βt − 1) β −1
3α2

− 2 (29)
(eA1 βt − 1) β 3.1.1 Some physical properties of the Model

(A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12 )eA1 βt Some physical properties of the model are given below

0
p=
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2 ,which are crucial in the discussion of cosmology:
2

3α A1 βt
− 1) β
1
− 2 (30) – The Spatial Volume V = (e A1 βt
(eA1 βt − 1) β – The Scalar of expansion θ = 3A 1e
eA1 βt −1
A1 βt
– The mean Hubble parameter H = eAA11eβt −1
A13 (β − 3eA1 βt ) + A12

γ
ξ= – The mean anisotropy parameter is defined as 3Ah =
3A1 [8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] (eA1 βt − 1) P3 Hi −H 2


2 −A1 βt
 i=1 H and obtained as Ah = 0
3α e – The The shear scalar σ2 = 0
− 2
−1
(31)
A βt
(e 1 − 1) β

In this model, we observed that at initial epoch the

Using (17),(24) and (26) in equation (15) we get values of energy density(ρ) , Proper pressure(p), To-
 !2  tal pressure (p̄), Coefficient of bulk viscosity (ξ), Hub-
C̈ Ċ Ȧ Ċ ble parameter (H) are very high and these values grad-
(m − 1)  + + =0 (32)
C C AC ually decrease with the evolution of time.i.e.ρ, p, p̄, ξ
H tend to zero as t → ∞. (see Fig. 1-Fig. 5) Spa-
which provide m = 1 as tial volume (V ) increases with the evolution of time

C̈
 2
Ċ ȦĊ
 2 A1 βt
2A1 e i.e.V → ∞ as t → ∞.(see Fig.6) This model is isotropic
+ + = 2 A βt 2
× as the average anisotropy parameter is zero and it is also
C C AC (m + 1) (e 1 − 1)
  shear [Link] this model cosmic string does not survive.
β(m + 1) − (m + 5)eA1 βt 6= 0

Thus for m = 1 ,the expressions in (21)-(28) takes the 3.2 Solution of the field equations along with
form conditions in SET-II
1
A = B = C = (eA1 βt − 1) β (33) In this section , we have discussed the solution of the
field equations by considering the conditions as in SET-
II. From equation (20) we have Akarsu & Dereli (2011)
λ=0 (34)
 h  i
 R1 exp √ 2 arctanh √ kt−n , for k > 0 n ≥ 0

 2
n −2c1 k 2
n −2c1 k
" # 1
3 A21 eA1 βt α2 R = R2 (nt + c2 ) n , for k = 0 n > 0
ρ= − 2

8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) (eA1 βt − 1)2 R ec3 t ,

(eA1 βt − 1) β 3 for k = 0 n = 0
(35) (39)
B. V. S. Cosmological model in f (R, T ) gravity with Special and Linearly varying Deceleration Parameter. 5

where R1 ,R2 ,R3 ,c1 ,c2 and c3 are constants of inte- 20 A14 A15
p= + 2
[Link] last two values of R give the constant de- 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t(2n − kt)2 t (2n − kt)2
celeration parameter . So we neglect these values of R 3α2

as q = constant is studied by Naidu et al. (2013).Thus −    (47)
we focus on the first value of scale [Link] scale fac- 2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n
tor R can also be expressed as follows for k > 0 and
n > 1 as(Akarsu & Dereli, 2011)

γ A14 A15
ξ= +
   3[8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] 2n − kt t(2n − kt)
2 kt − n
3α2 t(2n − kt)

R = R1 exp arctanh (40)
n n −    (48)
2 4 kt−n
2R1 exp n arctanh n
With the help of (16),(17) and (39) we have ob-
tained Similar to that of equation (32), here also we get m = 1.
Thus for m = 1 ,the expressions in (41)-(48) take the
   form
2 kt − n
A = R1 exp arctanh (41) 
2

kt − n

n n A = B = C = R1 exp arctanh (49)
n n

  
2m 4m kt − n
B = (R1 ) m+1 exp arctanh (42) λ=0 (50)
n(m + 1) n

3 4
ρ=
2

4

kt − n
 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t2 (2n − kt)2
C = (R1 ) m+1 exp arctanh (43) α2

n(m + 1) n −    (51)
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n
From equation(13), with the help of (41)-(43), we
found the string tension density (λ) as

3(ε0 − γ) 4
p̄ =
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t2 (2n − kt)2
2(m − 1)(kt − n + 3)
λ= (44) α2

(m + 1)(4π + µ)t2 (2n − kt)2 −    (52)
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n
From equation (14) with the help of (18) and (44),
we found the rest energy density (ρ)

30 4
p=
2

A14 A15 8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t2 (2n − kt)2
ρ= + 2
α2

8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t(2n − kt)2 t (2n − kt)2 −    (53)
3α2

−    (45) 2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n

γ 4
kµ(1−m) ξ=
where A14 = (m+1)(4π+µ) and 2[8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ)] t(2n − kt)
(16π+µ+nµ)m2 +16(4π+µ)m+16π+7µ−nµ α2 t(2n − kt)

A15 = . From equa-
(m+1)2 (4π+µ) −    (54)
tion (18) with the help of equation (45), we obtained
2R12 exp n4 arctanh kt−n
n
the total pressure (p̄) ,proper pressure (p) and the co-
efficient of bulk viscosity (ξ) as follows
 3.2.1 Some physical properties of the Model
2(0 − γ) A14 A15
p̄ = 2
+ 2
8π + µ(3 − 50 + 5γ) t(2n − kt) t (2n − kt)2 Here some physical properties of the model are given
3α2

below :
−    (46)
2 4 kt−n
2R1 exp n arctanh n
6 Bı̈naya K. Bishi, K. L. Mahanta

Spatial Volume V = R1 exp n2 arctanh kt−n



– The n
6
– The Scalar of expansion θ = t(2n−kt)
2
– The mean Hubble parameter H = t(2n−kt)
– The mean anisotropy parameter Ah = 0
– The The shear scalar σ 2 = 0

In this model, the energy density(ρ) , Proper pressure(p),

Total pressure (p̄), Coefficient of bulk viscosity (ξ), Hub-
ble parameter (H) gradually decreases with the evolu-
tion of time but when t =∼ 33 ,all of them diverge.(see
Fig. 1-Fig. 5) Spatial volume (V ) increases with the
evolution of time up to t =∼ 33 ,after that it also di-
Fig. 3 Total pressure p̄ verses time t for µ = 0.5, 0 = 1/3,
verges.(see Fig.6) This model is isotropic as the average γ = 1/4, β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6,
anisotropy parameter is zero and it is also shear free. k = 0.097.
In this model also cosmic string does not survive.

4 Graphical Results

Fig. 4 Coefficient of bulk viscosity ξ verses time t for µ = 0.5,

0 = 1/3, γ = 1/4, β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6,
k = 0.097.
Fig. 1 Density ρ verses time t for µ = 0.5, 0 = 1/3, γ = 1,
β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6, k = 0.097.

Fig. 2 Proper pressure p verses time t for µ = 0.5, 0 = 1/3, Fig. 5 Hubble parameter H verses time t for β = 1.5, A1 = 1,
γ = 1, β = 1.5, α = 0.1, A1 = 1, R1 = 1, n = 1.6, k = 0.097. n = 1.6, k = 0.097.
B. V. S. Cosmological model in f (R, T ) gravity with Special and Linearly varying Deceleration Parameter. 7

Carroll, S.M., Duvvuri, V., Trodden, M., Turner,

M.S.,2004. Phys. Rev. D 70,043528.
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Battacharjee, R., Baruah, K.K.,2001. Indian J. Pure
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Reddy,D. R. K., Rao,Ch. P., T. Vidyasagar, T. and
5 Concluding Remarks
Vijaya,R. B.,2013,Advances in High Energy Physics,
In this work we have studied the Bianchi type-V bulk Volume 2013, Article ID 609807, 5 pages.
viscous string cosmological model in f (R, T ) theory Wang, X.X.,2006. Chin. Phys. Lett. 23, 1702.
of gravity with variable deceleration parameters. This Bali, R., Pradhan, A.,2007. Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(2),
work is an extension of the earlier work of Naidu et 586.
al. (2013), in which they solve the field equations with Mohanty, G., Mahanta, K.L.,2007. Astrophys. Space
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conditions. Here we found that in one of our models the Sahoo, P.K.,2008. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 47, 3029. Sci.
behavior of the physical and kinematical parameters are 321, 247.
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of variable deceleration parameter does not contribute Physics 3, 180.
towards the existence of cosmic strings in this theory Rikhvitsky,V.,Saha,B.,2013. arXiv:1312.2385 [gr-qc].
for Bianchi type-V space time. We have also investi- Roy, S.R., Tiwari, O.P.,1983. Indian J. Pure Appl.
gated the stability of our system by the use of speed of Math. 14, 233.
sound in viscous fluid. The condition for the stability Barrow, J.D.: Phys. Lett. B 180, 335 (1986)
dp̄
of the theory is Cs2 = dρ ≥ 0. In both of our models we Pavon, D., Bafluy, J., Jou, D.,1991. Class. Quantum
2 Gravity 8, 347.
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Mohanty, G., Pattanaik, R.R.,1991. Int. J. Theor. Phys.
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Conflict of Interests
Lima, J.A.S., et al.,1993. Phys. Rev. D 53, 4287.
Singh, J.K.,2005. IL Nuovo Lim. 120B, 1251.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
Maartens, R., et al.,1995. Class. Quantum Gravity 12,
regarding the publication of this manuscript.
1455.
Singh, G.P., Kale, A.Y.,2011. Astrophys. Space Sci.
331, 207.
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