bdkbZ 3 çcksèku*

:ijs[kk

3-0 mís';

3-1 ifjp;
3-2 bl dky esa gksus okyh çeq[k ?kVuk;sa

3-3 çcksèku dky dh laL—fr vkSj n'kZu ds vk;ke

3-4 çcksèku dky ds egku O;fDr

3-5 ik'pkR; n'kZu ds fy, çcksèku dk egRo

3-6 lkjka'k

3-7 dqath 'kCn

3-8 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

3-9 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

3-0 mís';
bl bdkbZ dk eq[; mís'; çcksèku dk flagkoyksdu vkSj blds ik'pkR; n'kZu ds fodkl
ij iM+s çHkko dks crkuk gSA tSlk fd çk;% gksrk gS fdlh le; dk n'kZu ml le; dh
laL—fr ls fudV dk lEcUèk j[krkA blfy;s ;fn gesa 'vkèkqfud ik'pkR; n'kZu' dks le>uk
gS] rks ;g vko';d gS fd ge çcksèku dky dh çHkkoh laL—fr ls ifjfpr gksAa bl laL—fr

*
M‚- dhFk fM*lwt+k] lsa- ih;l egkfo|ky;] eqEcbZA ¼;g bdkbZ chihokbZ&008 dh Þçcksèkuß bdkbZ
dk la'kksfèkr laLdj.k gS½A vuqokn& vkuUn jfo] QjhnkcknA

52
dk mPp fcUnq 18oha 'krh FkkA ysfdu ge bl bdkbZ esa çcksèkudky ds míxe dks
lekosf'kr djrs gq, vkxs c<+x
sa s vkSj bl çdkj vius vè;;u dks 1600&1800 rd ds le;
rd foLrkfjr djsx
a sA ¼;kn djks fd blds igys dh bdkbZ esa fpf=r iqutkZxj.k dky ;wjksi
dh psruk ij ljljs rkSj ij 1400&1600 rd çHkkoh Fkk] fdUrq geus vius vè;;u dks
ogka Hkh 1300&1600 rd foLr`r fd;k Fkk½A

bl bdkbZ dh lekfIr ij Nk= dks bu rF;ksa ls ifjfpr gks tkuk pkfg;s %

 çcksèku dk vkèkkjHkwr Kku

 bl dky dh cM+h ?kVuk;sa vkSj mudk egRo
 bl dky dh [Link] nk'kZfud ifj;kstuk,a
 çeq[k fopkjd vkSj O;fDrRo rFkk mudk ;ksxnku
 vkèkqfud ik'pkR; n'kZu ds fy, bl dky dk egRo

3-1 ifjp;
17oha 'krkCnh ¼nsdkrZ vkSj Ýkafll csdu dk ;qx½ dks lkekU; :i ls cqf) ;k foosd dk
dky dgk tkrk gSA tc fd 'çcksèku' çk;% 18oha 'krh rd lhfer gSaA fdUrq] nksuksa ds eè;
okLro esa dksbZ Li"V foHkktu ugha gSA blfy, tc ge 'çcksèku' dh ppkZ djsaxs] ge mu
?kVukvksa dh Hkh ppkZ djsx
a s tks ;wjksi esa 16oha&18oha 'krkCnh esa gqbZA nk'kZfud] oSKkfud vkSj
jktuSfrd leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, cqf) dks eq[; lÙkk ds :i esa Lohdkj djus dh
ço`fÙk 'çcksèku' dky dh çèkku fo'ks"krk FkhA thou ds fy, cqf) vkèkkfjr –f"Vdks.k us
iqutkZxj.k dky dks lekIr dj fn;kA ,slk blfy, gqvk D;ksfa d ik'pkR; eu bfrgkl- ds
,d u;s pj.k esa ços'k dj dj x;k FkkA vc fdlh dks vius fl)kar dks IysVks] vjLrw ;k
igys ds fdlh vkSj çHkkoh fopkjd ds }kjk çfrikfnr fl)kar ls fl) ugha djuk FkkA
çR;sd O;fDr fujh{k.k] ç;ksx vkSj fu"d"kZ ds lkèkuksa ls ekuo Kku ds HkaMkj esa ;ksxnku

53
djus ds fy;s LorU= FkkA oSKkfud eu% fLFkfr ds lkFk ,d uohu ;qx dh mRifÙk gks pqdh
FkhA

'çcksèku' ds yxHkx leLr vk;ke n'kZu ds bl vkèkkjHkwr ifjorZu ls tqM+ x;s FksA ;g
ifjorZu okLro esa vYi:i ls iqutkZxj.k dky esa gh çkjEHk gks x;k FkkA ysfdu çcksèku
fo'ks"k :i esa ;wjksi dk tkxj.k Fkk] tksfd baXyS.M esa çkjEHk gqvk FkkA ;g og le; Fkk
tc nk'kZfud fopkj] lkèkkj.k O;fDr ds fnu çfrfnu ds thou dks ifjofrZr djus esa
Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxs FksA iwoZorÊ lkaL—frd ifjorZuksa
tSls fd iqutkZxj.k] ls fHkUu çcksèku fo'ks"k lkekftd vkvks fopkj djsa &I

oxZ rd lhfer ugha Fkk cfYd lkekU; turk dks Ýkal esa jkt'kkgh ds [k+kRek us
fdl rjg çcksèku esa ;ksxnku
foKku] f'k{kk vkSj] yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa }kjk lhèks&lhèks fn;k\
çHkkfor dj jgk FkkA tgk¡ Hkh yksxksa dh uohu
vkadk{kk;sa ckfèkr Fkh] ogha ij fojksèk gqvk vkSj mlus vk'pk;Z tud ?kVukvks]a tSls fd
vejhdh Lora=rk dk ;q) vkSj Ýkalhlh ØkfUr dks tUe fn;kA baXyS.M Ýkal vkSj teZuh
çcksèku }kjk çHkkfor gksus okys lcls çeq[k ns'k FksA bXyS.M ls çkjEHk djrs gq, ge ns[krs
gSa fd 17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh foKku ds vuojr fodkl ls çHkkfor FkhA foKku n'kZu ls
loZFkk i`Fkd gks x;k FkkA foKku ds fodkl ds [Link] Lo:i bXyS.M esa vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr
gqbZ ftlds }kjk rduhd us bXyS.M dk eq[kM+k ifjofrZr dj fn;kA blds lkFk gh] fczfV'k
mifuosf'kd lkezkT; ¼Hkkjr o"kZ esa fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd lkezkT;½ vuojr o`f) dj jgk FkkA
dSIVu dqd }kjk vkLVªsfy;k dh [kkst gqbZA bu mifuos'kksa ls O;kikj us bXyS.M dks lEiUu
cuk;k vkSj vkS|ksfxd ØkafUr esa bZaèku dk dk;Z fd;kA

nwljh vkSj Ýkal] ckjcu jktifjokj dh çfr"Bk ls çHkkfor gks jgk FkkA egku lezkV yqbZl
XIV ds le; esa Ýkal ;wjksi dk lkaL—frd dsUæ cu x;k vkSj vU; lHkh ;wjksih; jk"Vª
Ýkal ds jhfrfjoktksa dh udy djus dk ç;kl djus yxsA çR;sd dyk vkSj foKku lezkV
vkSj jktnjckj dh vko';drkvksa ls çHkkfor FkkA ysfdu 18oha 'krh ls Ýkal ds lkekU;
yksx lezkV ds çfr lEeku [kksus yxs vkSj bldh txg os yksx okYVs;j vkSj vU;
54
ØkfUrdkjh fopkjdksa ds ys[kksa ls çHkkfor gksus yxsA [Link] Lo:i] lezkV yqbl XIV dks
xíh ls mrkj fn;k x;k vkSj [Link]= LFkkfir gks x;kA

rhl o"kZ ds ;q) ds [Link] Lo:i teZuh NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa foHkDr gks x;k FkkA
vkfLVª;k vkSj iflZ;k çHkko'kkyh Fks ysfdu muesa ls dksbZ Hkh bl dky esa [Link] teZuh dks
la;qDr djus ds ;ksX; ugha Fkk vkSj teZuh dks Ýkal ls [krjk cuk jgk FkkA fQj Hkh] teZu
n'kZu Qyk&Qwyk vkSj çcksèku dky ds dqN egku nk'kZfudks]a tSls fd beSuqvy dk.V] dks
tUe fn;kA lkekU; :i ls] çksVsLVsaV jkT;ksa us dSFksfyd jk"Vªksa dh vis{kk çcksèku dks vfèkd
rsth ls Lohdkj fd;k] ;|fi iqrZxky ¼dSFksfyd½ çcksèku n'kZu ij vkèkkfjr fu;eksa dks
turk d le{k ykus okyk çFke jk"Vª FkkA Ýkal esa] çcksèku Ýkalhlh Økafr esa vius pje ij
igq¡pk] tcfd teZuh esa n'kZu vius mPpre fcUnq ij dk.V ds 'vuqHkokrhr çR;;okn' vkSj
gsxsy ds 'ije çR;;okn' ds le; esa igq¡pkA

çcksèku ds vUr esa vkèkqfud ;qx dk ckSf)d okrkoj.k vius LFkku ij LFkkfir gks x;k FkkA
f'k{kk foLr`r :i ls ;wjksi ds çR;sd jk"Vª esa çlkfjr gks x;h FkkA vkS|ksfxd Økafr baXyS.M
esa vkjEHk gqbZA ysfdu vU; jk"Vªksa }kjk Hkh viuk yh x;h FkhA vrr%] Lora=rk vkSj
yksdra=] vkèkqfud ;qx ds f'k[kj fpà] us Lo;a dks baXyS.M] vejhdk] Ýkal vkSj èkhjs èkhjs
vU; ;wjksfi;u jk"Vªksa esa vkn'kZ :i esa LFkkfir dj fy;kA

3-2 bl dky esa gksus okyh çeq[k ?kVuk;sa

1600 baXyS.M esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

1609 dsiyj us vius igys nks fu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr n U;w ,LVªksukeh dks çdkf'kr fd;kA

1610 xSfyfy;ks us n LVkjh eslUs tj dks çdkf'kr fd;k ftlesa mudh nwjchu dh [kkst
dh tkudkjh vkSj c`gLifr ds pUæekvksa vkSj 'kqØ dh voLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh FkhA

1618&1648 teZuh dSFkksfyd vkSj çkVsLVsUV~l ds eè; rhl o"kZ dk ;q)A

55
1620 Ýkafll csdu ds uksoe vkjxuu us vusd [Link] }kjk vkxeu i)fr ij
vkèkkfjr rdZ'kkL= dh ,d uohu i)fr çLrqr dhA

1628 fofy;e gkoZs us jDr lapkj dk fooj.k çdkf'kr fd;kA

1632 xSfyfy;ks xSfyyh us viuh iqLrd Mk;ykx vku n Vw phQ flLVe v‚Q n oYMZ
esa d‚ijfudl ds fl)kar ds i{k esa rdZ çLrqr fd;sA bl iqLrd us mUgsa ppZ &
ds lkFk fookn esa yk fn;kA

1641 nsdkrZ ds esfMVs'ku dk çdk'kuA

1642&1714 Ýkal ds 'lw;Z lezkV' yqbl XIV dk 'kklu dkyA Ýkal ;wjksfi;u laL—fr dk
dsUæ cu x;kA

1645 Cyst ikLdy }kjk igyh [Link] djus okys e'khu dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA

1649 lkr o"kZ ds jktuSfrd ;q) ds mijkUr baXyS.M ds lezkV pkYlZ çFke dk flj
dye dj fn;k x;kA laln us jk"Vª dh lÙkk ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kA

1651 Fk‚el g‚Cl us ysfo;kFku çdkf'kr fd;k tks jktuhfrd n'kZu ij ,d dk;Z FkkA

1687 lj vkbtd U;wVu ls fçalfi;k eSFkesfVdk çdkf'kr fd;kA

1688&89 bXyS.M esa LVwvVZ jktoa'k dks mrkj Qsadk x;k vkSj vksjst
a ds fofy;e
¼uhnjyS.M ls½ dks lezkV cuus ds fy, vkefU=r fd;k x;kA 'vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"[Link]'
ds }kjk laoSèkkfud ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

1690 t‚u y‚d dh Vw fVªVht vku flfoy xouZesaV çdk'k esa vkbZA

1705 Fk‚el U;wdksesu }kjk ok"i iai dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA

1721 j‚cVZ okYiksy baXyS.M ds çFke çèkkuea=h cusA

56
1740&87 egku ÝsMfjd f}rh; iflZ;k dk çcq) 'kkld vkSj okyVs;j ds fe= dk dkyA

1744 vkSj ckn esa Hkkjr esa çHkqRo ds fy, vkaXy&Ýkalhlh la?k"kZA

1751 fMMjkV dh ,ulkbDyksfiMh;k ¼[Link] fopkjdksa }kjk çcksèku ds vkn'kksZa dks

çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,d cgqxzUFkh O;k[;k½ çdkf'kr gksus yxhA

1756&63 lkr o"kZ dk ;q)( Ýkal us Hkkjr vkSj dukMk ij viuk çHkko [kks fn;kA

1757 Iyklh dk ;q) % fczfV'k caxky ds [Link]% 'kkld cu x;sA

1758 okyVs;j us dSuMkbM [Link] fd;kA

1762 :lks dk n lksf'k;y dkUVªsDV çdkf'kr gqvkA

1764 cDlj dk ;q)% eqxy ckn'kkg dks ijkftr dj czfV'k ljdkj dk is'a ku Hkksxh cuk
fn;k x;kA ejkBk Hkkjr esa 'kh"kZ 'kfDr cu x;sA

1768 dSIVu dqd us ,afMoj ij viuh leqæ ;k=k çkjEHk dhA

1769 tsElokV us mUur ok"i batu dks vfèk—r fd;kA

1775&83 vesjhdh Lora=rk dk ;q)A

1781 beSuqvy dk.V us , fØfVd v‚Q I;ksj jhtu çdkf'kr fd;kA vkfLVª;k ds lezkV
tkslsQ us tehunkjksa dks Lora= dj fn;kA

1798 Ýkalhlh Økafr gqbZA

1799 uSiksfy;u Ýkal dk çFke lHkkln ¼ckn esa 1804 esa lezkV½ cukA

cksèk ç'u 1

[Link] %

57
d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A

1½ 'çcksèku' 'kCn ls lkekU;r;k D;k le>k tkrk gS\

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2½ çcksèku dky ds dqN ifjHkkf"kr djus okys {k.k dkSu ls Fks\

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3-3 çcksèku dky dh laL—fr vkSj n'kZu ds vk;ke

3-3-1 oSKkfud laL—fr

çkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu le; esa foKku 'fuxeu fofèk*] ls çHkkfor FkkA ;g lkekU;r% Loh—
r fu"d"kksZa ¼lkaL—frd vkSj èkkfeZd :i ls lR; ds :i esa Lohdk;Z½ ls çkjEHk gksdj dsoy
fo'ks"k fujh{k.k djus ;ksX; ç[Link] esa ç;qDr gksrk gSA iqutkZxj.k ds i'pkr vkSj fo'ks"k :i
ls çcksèku dky esa] bl fuxeu fofèk us 'vkxeu fofèk' dk ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA vkxeu
fujh{[Link] ij vkèkkfjr gSA blds vkèkkj ij uohu fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSaA blus u;s

58
vkfo"dkjksa dks tUe fn;k vkSj 'vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr' ds fy, ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA bl oSKkfud
çn'kZu vkSj Kku ds Lo:i us lkekU; turk esa vfèk d çfr"Bk çkIr djuk çkjEHk dj
fn;k vkSj oSKkfud] tSls vkbtsd U;qVu vkSj ,Me.M gSyh oSls gh vius le; esa eq[; gks
x;s tSls fd ekbdy ,sUtyks vkSj fy;ksuknkZs iqutkZxj.k dky esa FksA oSKkfud vkfo"dkjks]a
tSls ok"i batu] dk ç—fr dh 'kfDr;ksa dks fu;af=r djus esa ç;ksx c<+us yxkA ;k=k esa
mUufr us lalkj dks NksVk djuk çkjEHk dj fn;k vkSj foLr`r fczfV'k vkSj :lh lkezkT;
dk fodkl fd;kA ;g uohu Kku Ýkal ds fo'o Kkudks'k jpf;rkvksa }kjk ladfyr fd;k
x;kA

;|fi] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g ;qx xSfyfy;ksa ds lkFk gh çkjEHk gks x;k Fkk fdUrq
bl le; ds lcls vfèkd çfl) oSKkfud Fks lj vkbtsd U;wVuA ,d fczfV'k oSKkfud
ftlus xq:Rokd"kZ.k ds lkoZHkkSfed fu;eksa dh [kkst dh vkSj fn[kk;k fd fdl çdkj
czãk.M esa çR;sd oLrq ,d nwljs ls lEcfUèkr gSaA jlk;u 'kkfL=;ksa us foLr`r :i ls pkj
rRoksa dh çkphu èkkj.k dks udkj fn;k] tcfd tho oSKkfudksa us ;g fn[kkus dk ç;kl
fd;k fd euq";&eè;dky ds yksxksa ds fo'okl ds fo:)&fuEudksfV ds çkf.k;ksa ls dbZ
<axksa ls vfuok;Z :i ls leku gSA ;|fi] euq"; dh 'fuEurk' dks] udkjkRed :i esa u ysdj
,d pqukSrh ds :i esa ns[kk x;k( ;Fkk foKku vkSj rduhd ds }kjk ç—fr ij fu;U=.k
djds ekuo lekt vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa dk lq[k dSls çkIr dj ldrk gSA

3-3-2 ,d uohu n'kZu dk çkjEHk

nsdkrZ us lHkh çdkj ds iwoZ n'kZuksa dks fujLr djds çcksèku dk çkjEHk fd;kA mUgksua s ;g
?kks"[Link] djds fd og bl rF; ds lEcUèk esa 'eSa lksprk gw¡ blfy;s eSa gw¡' ¼d‚ftVks vjxks le½
[Link]% fuf'pr gS ,d u;s fuf'pr vkèkkj ls çkjEHk fd;kA mudh ;g i)fr vR;fèkd
lQy Fkh vkSj bl çdkj og ml uohu vkUnksyu dk tud cu x;k ftldk mís';
Ýkalhlh vkSj teZu cqf)okn] vaxzsth vuqHkookn vkSj vUrr% teZu vkn'kZokn ds ekè;e ls
,d oSèk Kkuehekalk dks LFkkfir djuk FkkA bl çdkj] ,d uohu ;qx 'vkèkqfud n'kZu' dk

59
lw=ikr gqvkA vkèkqfud n'kZu us vR;fèkd çHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa tSls IysVks vkSj vjLrw ij
vfèkd fuHkZj u gksdj mudk dsoy mnkgj.k ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;kA oLrqr%] vc Kku dk
eq[; lzksr 'ç—fr dh o`gn iqLrd' Lo;a Fkh] vkSj ;g iqLrd vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij 'i<+h' x;hA
D;ksfa d fofHkUu yksxksa dk vuqHko fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS vc% lgu'khyrk vkSj cgqyrk esa o`f)
gqbZA Qyr%] oSpkfjd ,oa èkkfeZd LorU=rk dh ekax mBus yxhA lUnsgoknh;ksa us ;g fn[kkus
dk ç;kl] fd;k fd fuf'pr Kku vlEHko gSA vUrr%] ,sls jktuhfrd nk'kZfud Hkh Fks tks
;g ekurs Fks fd iqjkuh O;oLFkk 'kks"k.k] d"V ,oa nklRo dk lzksr Fkh vkSj bls uohu i)fr
}kjk LFkkUrfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3-3-3 tu vfèkdkj dk mn;

bl dky esa gksus okyk vkpZtud [Link] lkaL—frd ifjorZu ,d ,sls LFkku dk mn; Fkk
ftlesa O;fDr bdës gksdj ,d lkekU; turk ds :i esa vk ldrs FksA bu lkekU; o`Ùkksa esa
dkQh gkml] i<+us okyk lekt bR;kfn lfEefyr FksA vUrjkZ"Vªh; iqLrd O;kikj esa o`f)
vkSj vfèkd la[;k esa y?kq iqLrdksa vkSj lekpkj i=ksa ds mn; ls] lalkj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
yksx vfèkd ls vèkfd leku ?kVukvks]a O;fDr;ksa vkSj fopkjksa dks i<+ jgs Fks vkSj ppkZ dj
jgs FksA mnkgj.k Lo:i] ,Me fLeFk ds vuqlkj] 1776 esa vdsys fczVsu esa çfrfnu rSfrl
gtkj lekpkj i= fcdrs FksA lkr o"kZ esa okYVs;j dh iqLrd dh 1]500]000 çfr;k¡ fcdhaA
çsl ds fodkl dh bl ?kVuk us] ftls beSuqvy dk.V us "cqf) dk U;k;ky;" dgk] dh
LFkkiuk dhA ;g ,d ,slk vukSipkfjd U;k;ky; Fkk ftlesa yksx vkSj muds fopkjksa dks ;k
rks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk Fkk ;k mudh HkzRluk dh tkrh FkhA ;g ml le; dh jktuhfr ds
fy;s [Link] FkkA lkFk gh blus n'kZu vkSj èkeZ ij Hkh O;kid çHkko NksMk+ A

vc] fHkUu çdkj dh iqLrdsa i<+h tkus yxh FkhA tgk¡ igys iqLrdksa dk vè;;u vkfRed
fodkl ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk] ogk¡ vc fo}ku ckSf)d mRç[Link] ds ¼tSlk fd oS Kkfud
lkfgR; ds çdj.k esa gksrk gS½ vkSj ,slh lwpukvksa ds] tks ç;ksx esa ykbZ tk lds ¼tSlk fd
jktuhfrd lkfgR; ds çdj.k esa gksrk gS½] fy, budk vè;;u djus yxsA

60
3-3-4 yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa dk foLrkj

17oha 'krkCnh esa vusd jktkvksa us 'lezkV ds nSoh; vfèkdkj' lEcafèk fl)kar dks LFkkfir djus
dk ç;kl fd;kA 18oha 'krkCnh esa ;g lEHko ugha jgkA fnokfy;k jktkvksa dks foèkkuHkouksa
vkSj lalnksa ls viuh ;kstukvksa dks [Link] djus ds fy;s vko';d èku nsus ds fy, vkxzg
djuk iM+kA bldk [Link] ;g gqvk fd lezkV dh 'kfDr dks lhfer djuk fofHkUu lqnk;ksa
ds yksxksa dks viuk vfèkdkj çrhr gksus yxkA

bXyS.M esa ;g vfèkdkj ^x`g ;q)' ¼1640½ vkSj 'egku Økafr' ¼1688½ ds }kjk 17oha 'krkCnh esa
gh çkIr dj fy;k x;kA 'kfDr lezkV ls çèkkuea=h dh vksj tkuk vkjEHk gks x;hA ;|fi]
Ýkalhlh jktkvksa us 18oha 'krkCnh esa çfr"Bk x¡okus ds mijkUr Hkh 'kfDr dks R;kxuk Lohdkj
ugha fd;kA blds [Link] Lo:i] okYVs;j vkSj :lks tSls nk'kZfudksa ds ys[kdksa us çflf)
vftZr dhA muds fopkjksa us ;g fopkj çlkfjr fd;k fd leLr yksxksa ds ikl Lora=rk
vkSj lekurk dk vfèkdkj gSA vUrr%] vejhfd;ksa }kjk Ýkalhlh lgk;rk ls½ Lo;a dks
[Link]=h; Lo:i dh ljdkj nsus ds ckn] lfn;ksa ls nfer Ýkal dh lkekU; turk tkx
mBh vkSj lezkV ds fo:) Økafr djds vius jk"Vª vkSj fofèk dk iqufuZek.k Lora=rk]
lekurk vkSj caèkqRo ds fl)kar ij fd;kA

cksèk ç'u 2

[Link] %

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A

1½ çcksèku dky us fdl çdkj 'vkèkqfud' ekufldrk dks tUe fn;k\

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61
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2½ çcksèku vkSj iqutkZxj.k ds çkjfEHkd dky esa D;k lekurk,a vkSj fofHkUurk,a Fkha\
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3-4 çcksèku dky ds egku O;fDrRo

xSfyfy;ks xSfyfy ¼1564&1642½ bVyh ds [kxksyfon~ vkSj [Link] FksA os o`gLifr ds
pUæekvksa dks [kkstus ds dkj.k çfl) gq,A mUgksua s crk;k fd i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerh
gSA tc mlus vius bu –f"[Link] dks ,d iqLrd ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk Mk;ykx v‚u n Vw
phQ flLVe v‚Q n oYMZ esa çdkf'kr fd;k rks mls Hkkjh fojksèk vkSj n.M] fo'ks"kdj
èkekZfèkdkfj;ksa ls] dk lkeuk djuk iMkA 1633 esa mu ij ckbfcy dk fojksèk djus ds fy;s
vfHk;ksx pyk;k x;k vkSj [Link] fd;k x;kA oLrqr% muds thou us dêjiaFkh èkkfeZd
fo'okl vkSj oSKkfud fodkl ds eè; fojksèk dh nq?kZVuk dks çLrqr fd;kA

jsus nsdkrZ ¼1596&1650½ ,d Ýkalhlh nk'kZfud Fks os O;kid :i esa 'vkèkqfud n'kZu ds
tud' ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus vius thou dk;Z dk çkjEHk ,d lSfud ds :i esa
fd;kA mlus vius foJke ds {[Link] dks nk'kZfud leL;kvksa ij fpUrj djus esa yxk;kA
vfuf'prrk ds dky esa] mUgksaus LdkfyfLVd i)fr dks udkjrs gq, fpUrue; fo"k;h dh
fuf'pr ;qfDr ls çkjEHk fd;kA blls mUgksua s viuk ¼vkRek dk½ vfLrRo fl) fd;kA bl
çdkj mUgksau]s vius [Link] n'kZu dks [Link]; <ax ls fufeZr fd;kA ¼og ,d vPNs [Link]
Fks vkSj funZs'kkad T;kferh; esa mUgksaus [Link] ;ksxnku fn;k Fkk½ mUgksua s viuh nk'kZfud

62
çfrfØ;kvksa dks <sj lkjs ys[ku dk;ksZa tSls fMLdkslZ v‚u esFkM ,.M esfMVslu v‚u QLVZ
fQykslkQh esa çdkf'kr fd;kA

Cyst ikLdy ¼1623&1662½ ,d Ýkalhlh [Link]] HkkSfrdfon~ vkSj nk'kZfud FksA ncko
¼Pressure½ dh oSKkfud bdkbZ mlds uke ij gSA vYik;q esa gh] mUgksaus igyh [Link] djus
okyh e'khu dk vfo"dkj fd;kA viuh oSKkfud miyfCèk;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk muds vUnj
ekuo&ç—fr dh xgu le> FkhA bldk vUos"k.k mUgksua s vius ys[ku dk;Z isulhl
¼Pensees½ vFkkZr fopkj esa fd;kA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd n'kZu lUnsg dks tUe nsr vkSj
euq"; dh lPph çlUurk èkeZ esa vofLFkr gSA mldk 'nk¡o' rdZ ;g fn[kkrk gS fd ;fn ge
bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dks ysdj fuf'pr ugha gSa] rks ;g vfèkd [Link] gS fd ge bZ 'oj esa
fo'okl djsa ¼;g nk¡o yxk,a fd bZ'oj vfLrRo esa gS vkSj mlh çdkj viuk thou fcrk,a½
u fd ,d ukfLrd cusaA

csusfMDl ¼c:p½ fLiukstk ¼1632&1677½ ,d Mp ;gwnh ¼ckn esa blkbZ½] cqf)oknh nk'kZfud
FksA mUgksua s vius n'kZu esa nsdkrZ dh rjg T;kferh; fofèk dk ç;ksx fd;kA og bl fu"d"kZ
ij igqaps fd eu vkSj inkFkZ ,d gh oLrq ds nks vk;ke gSaA ;g mUgsa loZs'ojoknh –f"Vdks.k
ij ys vk;kA loZs'ojokn ds vuqlkj] lHkh phtsa fdlh u fdlh <ax ls bZ'oj esa fufgr gSa
vkSj ç—fr bZ'oj dh vfHkO;fDr gSA mUgksaus ,d [kqys fopkjksa okyh vkSj mnkj 'kklu
O;oLFkk dk çLrko j[kkA oLrqr% og vius le; ls vkxs ds fopkjd FksA rFkkfi] muds –
f"Vdks.k dks 17oha 'krh ds ;wjksi esa vklkuh ls Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA

tku y‚d ¼1632&1704½ us vius fucUèk dUlfuZx áweu [Link] ls n'kZu esa cqf)
¼nsdkrZ dh fofèk½ ls gVdj psru vuqHko }kjk lR; dks çkIr djus dh i)fr dk çkjEHk
fd;kA blus ,d u;s vkUnksyu ¼vuqHkookn½ dks çkjEHk fd;kA og bl ij vfMx jgs fd
gekjs lHkh çR;; vUrr% psru vuqHko ls vkrs gSaA eu ljy çR;;ksa dks tksM+dj vfèkd
tfVy çR;;ksa dks mRiUu djrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i] ''osr*] 'Bksl*] 'Å¡pk' vkSj 'likV' dh
bfUæ; laosnuk ,df=r gksdj 'osr nhokj dk çR;; cuk ldrh gSaA

63
y‚d us vFkZ'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr'kkL= ij Hkh [Link] [Link] fy[kha vkSj èkkfeZd lfg".kqrk
ds i{k esa rdZ fn;sA ;g 17oha 'krkfCn esa vuwBk çdj.k FkkA og ,sls igys fopkjd ;s
ftUgksua s rdZ fn;k fd ekuoksa esa vfèkdkjksa dh ewy è[Link] gksrh gSA bl fopkj us èkhjs èkhjs
'ekuo vfèkdkj' dh vkèkqfud le> dks fufeZr fd;kA

lj vkbtd U;wVu ¼1642&1727½ vc rd ds egkure oSKkfudksa esa fxus tk;sx

a sA nks o"kZ
¼1665&67½ ls de le; esa mUgksua s [Link] dh uohu 'kk[kk] tks fd dyu ¼calculus½ ds uke
ls tkuh tkrh gS] dk vkfo"dkj fd;k] 'osr çdk'k fofHkUu jaxksa dk feJ.k gS fd [kkst dh
vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds lkoZHkkSfed fu;eksa dh [kkst dhA og vius xfr ds rhu fu;eksa ds
fy, Hkh tkus tkrs gSa ;|fi] og 'kksèk esa vfèkd :fp j[krs Fks u fd çflf) esa blfy;s
mUgksua s rc rd [kkstksa dks çdkf'kr djus ij è;ku ugha fn;k tc rd fd muds fe=
,MeUM gSyh ¼èkwedsrq dk vkfo"dkjd½ us mUgsa 1967 esa fçfUlfi;k esFksefs Vdk uked 'kh"kZd
dh iqLrd esa ,slk djus ds fy;s çsfjr ugha fd;kA mudh oSKkfud fofèk] tks fd vkt
''kkL=h; HkkSfrdh' ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gS] dks rc rd pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldh tc rd
fd chloha 'krkCnh esa DokUVe fl)kar ¼Quantum Theory½ vkSj lkis{krk dk fl)kar ¼Theory
of Relativity½ dk vkxeu ugha gks x;kA

xkêÝkbM ykbcfuRl ¼1646&1716½ ,d teZu cqf)oknh tks dbZ fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr Fks mUgksaus
;a='kkL=] iqLrdky; foKku] [Link]] rdZ'kkL=] HkkSfrdh] Hkk"kk&foKku] bfrgkl] lkSan;Z
'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= esa foy{k.k ;ksxnku fn;kA iqLrdky; [Link]Øe lwph dh
vkèkqfud i)fr muds }kjk çdk'k esa vk;hA ,d nk'kZfud ds :i es]a ;g nsdkrZ vkSj
fLiukstk dh f'k{kkvksa ls çHkkfor Fks ysfdu mlus nksuksa ds eè; vkSj vusd n'kZuksa vkSj èkeksZa
ds eè; ,drk ds fuekZ.k dh bPNk j[khA [Link] Lo:i] mudh çfl) eksuM ¼[Link]½ dh
nk'kZfud voè[Link] çdk'k esa vk;hA ;|fi] eksuM [Link] ds leku æO; dh lcls NksVh
bdkbZ gS] ysfdu æO; ds Hkwr vkSj vfo"; dks Hkh èkkj.k fd, jgrh gSaA bldh cqf)okn [k.M
esa foLr`r :i esa ppkZ dh tk;sxhA

64
tktZ cdZys ¼1685&1753½ ,d 18oha 'krh dk vk;jyS.M ¼vaxzst½ dk fo'ks"k vkSj vuqHko ij
fuHkZj jgus okyk nk'kZfud FkkA og bl dFku fd 'vuqHkwfr gh lR;@fo"k; gS' ¼,lls ,sLV
çflfi½ ds fy, çfl) FksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tks vuqHkwr ugha gS og okLrfod :i ls vfLrRo
esa ugha gSA ;g n'kZu vHkkSfrdokn ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA cdZys ds fy, gekjs fo'o ds
HkkSfrd inkFkZ çR;; ek= gSaA blfy, mUgksua s inkFkZ ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA

pkYlZ yqbl fM lsdksUMsV ¼1689&1755½ ekaVsLD;w ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA og Ýkalhlh
vUos"kd jktuhfrd fopkjd vkSj ekuo Lora=rk ds egku leFkZd FksA viuh iqLrd n
fLçV v‚Q n y‚] esa mUgksua s 'kklu ds fofHkUu çdkjksa tSls fd [Link]=h;] jktra=h; vkSj
fujadq'k jkT; dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA mUgksaus fl) fd;k fd lcls vPNh ljdkj og gksxh
ftlesa ljdkj dh rhu 'kfDr;k¡] ;Fkk foèkk;h] dk;Zdkjh vkSj U;kf;d] ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd
jgsAa muds –f"Vdks.k us dbZ ns'kksa ds lafoèkku] Hkkjr lfgr] dks çHkkfor fd;kA

Ýkadksbl&esjh ,jkmV ¼1694&1778½] ,d çfl) Ýkalhlh fopkjd] tks vius fy[kus okys
uke okYVsvj ds :i esa vfèkd tkus tkrs gS] FksA og ,d ,sls vkfLrd Fks tks bZ 'oj esa rks
fo'okl djrs Fks ysfdu fdlh fo'ks"k èkeZ esa ughaA mUgksaus eqDr O;kikj] èkkfeZd vfg".kqrk]
vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ds rhu fl)karksa dk l'kDr leFkZu fd;kA mUgksua s vuqHko
fd;k fd dsoy bUgha ds }kjk fodkl vkSj laiUurk çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ;|fi] mUgksaus
Lo;a jktra= ds –f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu fd;kA muds jktuSfrd fopkjksa us Ýkalhlh Økafr dks
vR;fèkd çHkkfor fd;kA

MsfoM áwe ¼1711&1776½ Ld‚VyS.M ds çcksèku dk çfl) nk'kZfud FksA ;|fi] os èk feZd
ifjokj esa iSnk gq, fdUrq èkhjs&èkhjs og ukfLrd cu x;sA mUgksaus 29 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa ,
fVªVht v‚Q áweu uspj dks çdkf'kr fd;kA èkkfeZd fo'okl ij lhèks vkØe.k djus ds
fy, muds ys[k çfl) gSaA mudk ;g nk'kZfud nkok fd ekuo fuf'pr :i ls ;g dHkh
ugha tku ldrk fd ,d ?kVuk nwljh ?kVuk dk dkj.k gksrh gSA bl la'k;oknh nkos ds
}kjk] mUgksaus leLr ekuo Kku dks [kksn MkykA

65
thu&tSdl :lks ¼1712&1778½ ftusok esa iSnk gq, ysfdu Ýkal esa cl x;sA og mu
nk'kZfudksa esa ls Fks ftUgksua s Ýkalhlh Økafr ds fy, vkèkkj cuk;kA mUgksua s vius [Link]
dk;Z n lksf'k;y dkUVªsDV esa rdZ fd;k fd ekuo çk—frd :i ls ,d nwljs ls çfrLièkkZ
esa jgrs gSa vkSj blfy, os vkil esa feydj leqnk; cukrs gSa ftlls fd os la?k"kZ esa ykHkçn
fLFkfr dh lEHkkouk ds lkFk [kM+s gks ldsAa :lks ekurs gSa 'fd lkekftd lafonk vkèkqfud
lH;rk vkSj lekt dk vkèkkj gSA mUgksua s futh lEifÙk dh è[Link] dh vkykspuk dh D;ksfa d
;g vlekurk mRiUu djrh gSA mUgksua s] Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj lHkh ds fy, U;k; dk i{k
fy;kA

beSuqvy dk.V ¼1724&1804½ çcksèku ds laHkor% lcls çHkko'kkyh nk'kZfud FksA mUgksua s
nkok fd;k fd ge ;g dHkh ugha tku ldrs fd æO; Lo;a esa dSls gSaA ge fo"k;ksa dk
dsoy çfrHkkfld :i gh tku ldrs gSaA bl çdkj] og n'kZu esa ,d 'd‚ijfudl Økafr' ys
vk;s D;ksfa d mudk cM+k ifjKku ;g Fkk fd Kku æO; ds cká lalkj dh ç—fr ls fuf'pr
ugha gksrk cfYd ekuo cqf) dh ç—fr ls fuf'pr gksrk gSA fpUru ds bl <ax us vusd
nk'kZfud leL;kvksa ij foe'kZ dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k vkSj teZu n'kZu esa çR;;okn ds mn; dks
tUe fn;kA dk.V ds dqN çfl) f'k"; fQDVs] 'ksfyax vkSj gsxsy Fks tks vius vki esa egku
nk'kZfud FksA

3-4 ik'pkR; n'kZu ds fy, çcksèku dk egRo

çkphu n'kZu thou ds fofHkUu lS)kafrd vkSj ç;ksfxd vk;keksa dks funZsf'kr djus okyh çKk
esa vfèkd :fp j[krk FkkA eè;dkyhu n'kZu ,slh çKk esa :fp j[krk Fkk tks thou dks
nSfod okLrfodrk ds lkFk esy esa lapkfyr djrh FkhA bu nksuksa rjhdksa ls vyx vkèkqfud
n'kZu viuh fofèk;ksa vkSj y{;ksa esa dgha vfèkd vkMEcjghu FkkA ;g ewyr% Kkuehekalk( ç—
fr] l`f"V vkSj ekuo Kku dh lhek dks tkuus lEcafèk nk'kZfud vUos"k.k ls lEcafèkr FkkA
ckn esa ;g [kkst leLr vU; lS)kafrd vkSj çk;ksfxd vUo"[Link] dk vkèkkj le>h x;hA

66
,slk blfy, Fkk D;ksafd çcksèku ,slk dky Fkk tc u rks vkè;kfRed lÙkk ¼ewy xzUFk] çeq[k
fopkjd vkSj ppZ ds usrk½] vkSj u gh nk'kZfud lÙkk ¼ewyxzUFk vkSj çkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu
n'kZu ds çeq[k fopkjd½ dks egRo fn;k x;kA blds LFkku ij] fuf'pr lR; çkfIr ds
fy;s fcuk fdlh èkkfeZd vkSj nk'kZfud iwoZ ekU;rk dh vis{kk Kku dh [kkst ds fy;s 'kqU;
ls çkjEHk fd;k x;kA

nsdkrZ dks blfy;s vkèkqfud n'kZu dk firk dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d og ;g [Link]; djus okyk
fd çHkqRo vkSj ijEijkvksa ds rdksZa dks Lohdkj djus dh vis{kk og viuh rdZ djus dh
'kfDr ij fuHkZj jgrs gq, fuf'pr rF;ksa dks çkIr djsxk çFke vkèkqfud nk'kfuZd FkkA 'kqU;
ls çkjEHk djrs gq, og ,d fuf'pr lR; 'eSa lksprk gw¡] blfy, eSa gw¡' ij igq¡pkA blds
vkèkkj ij og vU; dbZ [Link] fu"d"kksZa ij igqapus esa lQy jgsA

vo'; gh] 'kqU; ls vkjEHk djus dh fLFkfr ljy ,oa lEHko ugha Fkh D;ksfa d ml le; ds
<+sj lkjs fopkjd viuh lkaL—frd] nk'kZfud vkSj èkkfeZd ijEijkvksa ls çHkkfor FksA Qyr%]
mudh i)fr;ka vkSj fu"d"kZ mrus fujis{k ugha Fks ftrus os mUgsa Lo;a le>rs FksA oLrqr%
cqf)oknh;ksa ¼nsdkrZ] fLiukstk] ykbcfuRl½ dk fo'okl Fkk fd eu vkSj mlds foHkkx vfèkd
ls vfèkd fo'oluh; ekuoh; Kku çkIr djus ds fy, [Link]% mÙkjnk;h gSaA nwljh vksj]
dsoy vuqHko ij fuHkZj jgus okyksa ¼y‚d] cdZy]s áwe½ dk fo'okl Fkk fd bfUæ;ka vkSj
mudh 'kfDr;k¡ çeq[k :i ls ekuo ds okLrfod Kku ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA

;g teZu nk'kZfud beSuqvy dk.V Fks ftUgksaus bu nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa lafèk djkrs gq, nkok
fd;k fd KkuksRifÙk esa eu lçR;; vFkok dksfV;ka mRiUu djrk gS vkSj bfUæ;k¡ vko';d
'çR;{k' ;k 'laons uk*] tks dksfV;ksa dks laosnu :ih dPph lkexzh ls Hkjrh gSa] mRiUu djrh gSA
dk.V us [Link] ledkyhu n'kZu dks ,d cM+s Lrj ij çHkkfor fd;kA muds vuqlkj] ekuo
eu ds lEçR;; lHkh esa leku gSa rFkkfi os gesa oLrq&lr dks tkuus dh vuqefr ugha nsrsA
ge lr~ dks dsoy ekuo eu ds lEçR;;ksa dh lhek rd gh tkurs gSaA

67
dk.V ds mijkUr vusd nk'kZfudksa us lansg O;Dr fd;k fd D;k ge okLro esa
rkfRod&lR;rk dk Kku çkIr dj ldrs gSaA bl çdkj] dk.V ds le; ls gh n'kZu us
Lo;a dks rkfRod ç'uksa tSls fd LoxZ vkfn] ls ijs dj fy;k vkSj mlds LFkku ij ekuo
vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa ij vkèkkfjr ç'uksa ij dsfUær dj fy;kA

[Link] ds bl çHkko ds [Link] Lo:i ledkyhu ik'pkR; n'kZu us cM+s Lrj ij mu

ç[Link] ij è;ku vkdf"kZd fd;k tks ekuo vfLrRo] oSKkfud Kku] Hkk"kk] lapkj] lkekftd
lajpuk vkSj blh çdkj dh vU; ekuo leL;kvksa ls lacfa èkr FksA çkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu
n'kZu ds o`gn vkSj leLr dks xys yxkus okys –f"Vdks.k dks vkèkqfud vkSj ledkyhu
n'kZu }kjk vfèkd ladqfpr fo"k;ks]a tSls ,slh leL;k,a ftuesa yksx O;fDrxr]
vUrjO;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd ljksdkjksa dk lkeuk djrs Fks] }kjk LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k
x;kA

lkekftd jktuhfrd ekspZs ij] 'kqU; ls çkjaHk gksus okyh dsoy cqf) vkèkkfjr ço`fÙk ds
ç;ksx us vusd jktkvksa dh lÙkk dks èoLr dj fn;k vkSj vusd jk"Vªksa esa yksdrkaf=d
çfØ;kvksa dks f'k[kj ij igq¡pk fn;kA

;|fi] fo'o ds vfèkdrj Hkkxksa esa vHkh Hkh lkaL —frd ijaijkvksa vkSj èkkfeZd vfèkdkfj;ksa dk
çHkko Fkk fdUrq ledkyhu ;wjksfi;u psruk&çcksèku ls vR;fèkd çHkkfor&foosd dh 'kfDr]
oSKkfud çn'kZu] vkSj yksdrkaf=d lkekftd lgefr ls çHkkfor FkhA bu lcus lekt dh
jpuk esa lg;ksx fn;kA bl çdkj] çcksèku us rRdkyhu ;wjksfi;u laL—fr dks vkdkj fn;k
vkSj bls ,slh igpku nh tks 'ks"k lalkj ls vR;ar fHkUu FkhA

fu"d"kZr%] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd çcksèku dky us vkèkqfud ;wjksi dh psruk vkSj

lkekftd lajpuk dks O;kid :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA ;g nk'kZfud ckSf)d Økafr ¼vkèkqfud
n'kZu dk tUe vkSj dk.V dh ^dkijfudl Økafr*½] oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh Økafr] vkS|ksfxd
Økafr ¼baXyS.M½ vkSj baXyS.M] Ýkal vkSj vesfjdk esa jktuSfrd Økafr ds }kjk gqvkA

cksèk ç'u 3
68
[Link] %

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

[k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A

1½ çcksèku dky ds cM+s fopkjdksa ds mnkgj.k vkSj mudk ;ksxnku crkvksA

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2½ çcksèku fdl çdkj ik'pkR; n'kZu ds lanHkZ esa [Link] Fkk\

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3-6 lkjka'k
'vkèkqfud ik'pkR; n'kZu' dk lkekU;r% çcksèku ds uke ls çpfyr laL—fr ls fudV dk
lEcUèk gSA bl bdkbZ us vkèkqfud n'kZu ds xgu vè;;u ds fy,] çcksèku dh vkèkkjHkwr
vUrj–f"V ls rFkk vkSj vfèkd [Link] ?kVukvksa vkSj bl le; ds çpfyr O;fDr;ksa ls
ifjp; djk;k gSA ;gka ij geus dqN Toyar leL;kvksa vkSj ml; dky esa ;wjksfi;u psruk
ls çHkkfor lacafèkr {ks=ksa ij Hkh fpUru fd;kA vUrr%] geus çcksèku ds mu lHkh i{kksa

69
¼[Link] ?kVuk;sa vkSj fodkl] çeq[k leL;k;sa vkSj çdj.k] fof'k"V O;fDrRo½] ftUgksaus
ik'pkR; n'kZu ds fodkl ij çHkko NksM+k] dk vè;;u fd;kA

çcksèku ls lEcfUèkr fuEufyf[kr çeq[k fcUnqvksa dks le>ks vkSj ;kn djks %

 'çcksèku' ¼18oha 'krh½ cqf) ds ;qx ¼17oha 'krh½ ds mijkUr vk;kA ysfdu vfèkd lkekU;
:i ls dgsa rks çcksèku dks 17oha vkSj 18oha 'krh
vkvks fopkj djsa &II
¼1600&1800½ dks lefgr djrs gq, le>k tk ldrk
baXyS.M] Qkal vkSj vefjdh
gS D;ksfa d bl le; esa cqf) dk foLr`r ç;ksx ØkfUr;ksa ds nkSjku vkSj ckn
nk'kZfud vkSj oSKkfud rdksZa esa u fd vkLFkk vkSj dh ?kVukvksa dks ;kn dhft,A
yksdra= vkSj yksdrkaf=d
lkaL—frd ijEijk esa vR;fèkd fd;k x;kA ewY;ksa ds fodkl esa bu
 'çcksèku' dky O;kid Lrj ij ik'pkR; n'kZu dk og ØkfUr;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk
ijh{k.k dhft,A
dky gS ftls 'vkèkqfud n'kZu' ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
gSA vkèkqfud n'kZu ç—fr dh leL;kvks]a Kku dh lhek vkSj Jksrksa ¼Kkuehekalk½ ls
eq[;r% lEcfUèkr gSA
 iqutkZxj.k dky es]a lkekftd fodkl dk vuqHko O;kid Lrj ij èkuh] 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj
f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k x;kA ysfdu] çcksèku dky es]a lkekftd fodkl dk vkuUn
turk ds vR;fèkd cM+s oxZ }kjk mBk;k x;kA
 bl dky us baXyS.M] Ýkal vkSj vesfjdk ls çkjEHk gq, yksdra= dk rhoz fodkl] ns[kkA
yksdra= ds fodkl us Lora=rk vkSj lekurk ds ewY;ksa dks ;wjksi vkSj 'u;h nqfu;k' ¼mÙkjh
vesfjdk½ esa –<+ djus esa lgk;rk dhA
 bl dky us vkS|ksfxd Økafr dks mRiUu fd;k D;ksfa d oSKkfud [kkstksa vkSj vkfo"dkjksa
ls mRiUu rduhdh vuqi;;ksx ds dkj.k vkSj [Link] fo'o esa vusd ;wjksfi;u mifuos'kksa
ls O;kikj ds c<+s voljksa ds dkj.k bl dky us vkS|ksfxd Økafr dks mRiUu fd;kA

3-7 dqt
a h 'kCn

70
çcksèku % ;wjksfi; lkaL—frd bfrgkl dk og dky tks 17oha 'krkCnh esa vkjaHk
gqvk vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh esa ml le; pjeksRd"kZ ij igq ¡pk] ftl le;
cqf) ¼u fd lkaL—frd] èkkfeZd] vkSj nk'kZfud ijEijk½ dks Kku çkIr
djus ds eq[; ,oa oSèk lzksr ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ;g foKku]
n'kZu vkSj jktuhfr ds vR;fèkd fodkl dk dky FkkA

vkxeu fofèk % ;g uohu Kku dks iwoZ LFkkfir fl)kUrksa dh vis{kk ç;ksx vkSj
fujh{k.k ds }kjk çkIr djus dh fofèk gSA ;g 'kksèkdrkZ dks =[Link]
fl)karksa dks] ;g ns[kdj fd os fujh{k.k fd;s x;s rF; ls esy [kkrs gSa
fd ugha] NksM+us dh vuqefr nsrh gSA ,d fofèk ds :i esa bldh
foLr`r O;k[;k Ýkafll csdu }kjk 1620 esa dh x;h FkhA ;g oSKkfud
'kksèk vkSj oSKkfud fodkl esa vR;fèkd mi;ksxh fl) gqbZ] D;ksfa d
blls vusd u;h [kkstas vkSj vkfo"dkj gq,A

vkS|ksfxd Økafr % ;g 18oha 'krh ds var vkSj 19oha 'krh ds vkjaHk dk og dky Fkk tc
[kuu] —f"k] ifjogu vkSj rduhdh fodkl ds vU; {ks=ksa esa cM+s
ifjorZu gq,A bu ifjorZuksa us thou dks vfèkd l{ke] lq[knk;d vkSj
'kkjhfjd :i ls de [Link] blfy;s cuk;k D;ksfa d e'khuksa us ekuo
dk dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA bu vkS|ksfxd ifjorZuksa us fczVsu
esa vkfFkZd vkSj lkaL—frd fLFkfr dks ifjofrZr dj fn;k vkSj bl
çdkj iwjs fo'o esa lkekftd ifjorZu gqvkA

yksdra= % ljdkj dk ,d Lo:i 'yksxksa dk] yksxksa ds }kjk vkSj yksxksa ds fy,']
'kkluA blesa ukxfjdksa ds ikl jkT; dks pykus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS]
vkSj os bl vfèkdkj dk ç;ksx cgqer ds fu;e }kjk djrs gSaA
yksdrU= ds fy;s vaxzsth 'kCn MseksØslh ¼Democracy½ Mseksl ¼demos½
vFkkZr O;fDr vkSj ØkaVksl ¼kratos½ vFkkZr ¼'kfDr½ ls fy;k x;k gSA

71
 vkèkqfud yksdra=] çkphu le; esa ç;qDr yksdra= ls loZFkk fHkUu gS]
D;ksfa d ;g yksxksa ds vfèkd ls vfèkd oxksZa dks 'kfDr nsrk gS] Hkwrdky
dh rjg lekt ds dsoy dqN fo'ks"k oxksZa dks ughaA

3-7 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

fczUVksu] Øsus] ÞbUykbVuesUV**] bu n ,UlkbDyksfifM;k v‚Q fQykslksQh] oksY;w&2] ¼,fM-½
i‚y ,MoMZl] U;w;kdZ ,.M yUnu] dksfy;j esfDefyu ifCyllZ] 1967] 519&25-

dkiyLV‚u] ÝsMfjd] , fgLVªh v‚Q fQykslksQh] oksY;w&4&6] yUnu] culZ vks,Vsl ,.M
oklcksuZ fyfe-] 1958&61-

MqjUs V] foy ,.M ,sfj;y MqjsUV] n LVksjh v‚Q flfoykbtslu] oksY;w&7&10] U;w;kdZ] fleksu
,.M lqLVsj] 1961&67-

'ksfeV] ts-] ¼,fM-½ OgkV bt bUykbVUesUV\ ,sVhu&lsU;wjh vkUljl ,.M VqosUVhaFk lsUpqjh
DosLpul] cdZys] ;wfuoflZVh v‚Q dsfyQksjfu;k çsl] 1996-

okdj] j‚cVZ] ÞbUykbVuesUV] dkfUVusUVy*] bu jkmVyst ,UlkbDyksfifM;k v‚Q

fQykslksQh] oksY;w&3] ¼,afM-½] ,MoMZ Øsx] yUnu ,.M U;w;kdZ] jkmVyst] 1998]
315&20-

okVlu] ihVj] vkbfM;kl % , fgLVªh Ýkse Qk;j Vq Ýk;M] yUnu] okbMu fQYM ,.M
fud‚ylu] 2005-

pkyVu] ts-MCY;w-vkj- iksLVj] ih- jkstjl ,.M ch-,e- LVkQksMZ] ¼,fM-½] n Cysdosy
dEisfu;u Vq n bUykbVues.V] yUnu] CySdosy] 1991-

[Link] osclkbVl %

bUykbVsUesUV ewy lzksr : [Link]/[Link]

72
bUVjusV e‚MZu fgLVªh lkslZcqd % n bUykbuesUV% [Link]/halsall/
[Link]

n bUVjusV ,UlkbDyksfifM;k v‚Q fQykslksQh% [Link]

n LVsuQksMZ ,UlkbDyksfifM;k v‚Q fQykslksQh% [Link]

n esVk ,sUlkbDyksfifM;k v‚Q fQykslksQh% [Link]/encyc/[Link]

3-9 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cksèk ç'u

1½ çcksèku ;wjksi ds lkaL—frd bfrgkl dk og dky Fkk tks 17oha 'krh esa vkjaHk gqvk
vkSj 18oha 'krh esa vius pekZsRd"kZ ij igq¡pkA bl le; esa] ;wjksi dk vius ijEijkc)
Hkwrdky ls lkekU; tkxj.k ,sls Hkfo"; ds i{k esa gqvk Fkk tks cqf)] oSKkfud] vkSj
ftd fodkl ls lapkfyr FkkA ;g ,d ,slk dky Fkk tc Kku vkSj n'kZu ek= dqN
fo}kuksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkk cfYd lkekU; ekuoksa esa O;kid :i ls çlkfjr gks
x;k FkkA blus [Link] ckSf)d] oSKkfud] lkaL—frd vkSj jktuSfrd Økafr;ksa dks
tUe fn;kA

2½ çcksèku dky dh dqN lcls çeq[k ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa %

1620 Ýkafll csdu ds uksoe vkjxuu us vusd [Link] }kjk vkxeu i)fr ij
vkèkkfjr rdZ'kkL= dh ,d uohu i)fr çLrqr dhA

1632 xSfyfy;ks xSfyyh us viuh iqLrd Mk;ykax vku n Vw phQ flLVe v‚Q n oYM esa
d‚ijfudl ds fl)kar ds i{k esa rdZ çLrqr fd;sA bl iqLrd us mUgsa ppZ ds lkFk
fookn esa yk fn;kA

1641 nsdkrZ ds esfMVslu dk çdk'kuA

73
1687 lj vkbtd U;wVu ls fçalfi;k eSFkesfVdk çdkf'kr fd;kA

1688&89 bXyS.M esa LVwvVZ jktoa'k dks mrkj Qsadk x;k vkSj vksjsat ds fofy;e eku
¼funjyS.M ls½ dks lezkV cuus ds fy, vkefU=r fd;k x;kA 'vfèk dkjksa dh ?kks"[Link]'
ds }kjk laoSèkkfud ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

1751&72 fMMjkV dh ,ulkbDyksfiMh;k ¼[Link] fopkjdksa }kjk çcksèku ds vkn'kksZa dks

çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,d cgqxzUFkh O;k[;k½ dk çdk'kuA

1756&63 lkr o"kZ dk ;q)( Ýkal us Hkkjr vkSj dukMk ij viuk çHkko [kks fn;kA

1775&83 vesjhdh Lora=rk dk ;q)A

1781 beSuqvy dk.V us , fØfVd v‚Q I;ksj jhtu çdkf'kr fd;kA vkfLVª;k ds lezkV
tkslsQ us tehunkjksa dks Lora= dj fn;kA

1789&93 Ýkalhlh Økafr

cksèk ç'u 2

1½ çcksèku us oSKkfud laL—fr dk tUe ns[kk] ftlus iqu% vusd rduhdh vkfo"dkjksa dks
tUe fn;kA vfUre lÙkk vkèkkfjr rdZ dk çHkko de gksus yxk vkSj cqf) vkSj
vuqHkooknh çek.k Kku ds Jksr ds :i esa vfèkd [Link] gks x;sA blh le;] vusd
lkekftd ifjorZu gq,] [Link] Lo:i u;s mHkjrs gq, eap ij yksx vfèkd i<+us vkSj
fofHkUu ç[Link] ij ppkZ djus yxsA vUrr% bl fo'okl fd ekuo esa ewy vfèkdkj dh
voè[Link] çk—frd :i ls gksrh gS us Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj yksdra= lEcaèkh vkèkqfud
jktuSfrd fopkjksa dks tUe fn;kA

2½ iqutkZxj.k ,oa çcksèku ds eè; fujUrjrk fuEu gS %

74
 v½ n'kZu vkSj èkeZ dk vyxko tkjh jgkA

c½ foosd vkSj vuqHko dh 'kfDr dks ekuk x;k u fd èkkfeZd lÙkk dksA

l½ f'k{kk] lh[kuk vkSj i<+us dk èkhjs&èkhjs QSyko gksrk jgkA

iqutkZdj.k vkSj çcksèku esa fHkUurk fuEu gS %

v½ iqutkZxj.k us 'kkL=h; ;qfDr;ksa dks thfor djus dk y{; cuk;k tcfd çcksèku
us Hkwr ls çkIr y{;ksa ls vkxs fodkl djus dk mís'; cuk;kA

c½ iqutkZdj.k us lekt ds dfii; Hkkxksa esa lkaL—frd ifjorZu fd;s tcfd çcksèku
us [Link] lekt] lkekU; vkSj lkèkkj.k yksxksa ds fnu&çfrfnu ds thou dks
çHkkfor fd;kA

l½ iqutkZxj.k dyk vkSj ekufodh ls çHkkfor Fkk] tcfd çcksèku foKku vkSj
rduhd ls çHkkfor FkkA

cksèk ç'u 3

1½ çcksèku ds dqN lcls [Link] fopkjd Fks %

v½ jsus nsdkrZ( bUgksaus èkkfeZd lÙkk] ijEijkvksa ls LorU= n'kZu ij dk;Z fd;kA

c½ lj vkbtsd U;wVu( bUgksua s xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds lkoZHkkSfed fu;eks]a xfr ds rhu

fu;eksa dh [kkst dhA ;s vkSj mudh [kkstksa us foKku vkSj rduhdh ds {ks= esa
Økafr djus esa lgk;rk dhA

l½ ekaVsLD;w] okYVs;j vkSj :lks( bUgksua s çcksèku ds fopkjksa dks Ýkal esa c<+k;k] ftlus
vUrr% Ýkalhlh Økafr dks tUe fn;kA

n½ beSuqvy dk.V( ;s n'kZu esa nk'kZfudksa ds è;ku dks oLrq txr ls gVkdj
fo"k;h@Kkrk dh vksj eksM+dj 'dksijfudu Økafr' dks ysdj vk;sA
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2½ çcksèku fuEufyf[kr [Link] ls [Link] Fkk %

v½ n'kZu esa çR;{k vuqHko vkSj rdZ }kjk uohu vkjaHk gqvk u fd ijelÙkk ;k
ijEijk lsA

c½ nk'kZfud vfHk#fp esa rRoehekalk ls Kkuehekalk dh vksj >qdko vk;kA

Kkuehekalk cká txr ls gVdj Kkrk ds lEçR;;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa dh vksj eqM
xbZA

l½ oSKkfud] vkS|ksfxd] vkSj jktuhfrd {ks= esa vusd ifjorZuksa us ekuo {kerk vkSj
ekuo fodkl esa u;k fo'okl mRiUu fd;kA blls ;wjksi esa èkhjs&èkhjs èkeZ
fujis{krk dk vkxeu gqvkA vc] O;ogkfjd :fp;ka vkè;kfRed :fp;ksa dh vis{kk
vfèkd [Link] gks xbZA bl çdkj] nk'kZfud f{kfrt vfèkd ekuooknh vkSj èkeZ
fujis{k gks x;kA

76