MATHEMATICS

SEQUENCE & SERIES

CONTENTS

Topic Page No.

Theory 2 - 34

Exercise -1 35 - 41

Exercise - 2 41 - 45

Answer Key 46 - 47

ALP 48 - 50

JEE (Advance) Syllabus

Sequence, Type of Sequences, Series, Type of Series, Progression, Type of Progressions, Arithmetic Progression,

Sum of n Terms of an AP, Properties of Arithmetic Progression, Geometric Progression, General Term of a GP, Sum

of n Terms of a GP, Recurring Decimal, Properties of Geometric Progression, Harmonic Progression, Arithmetic

Mean, Geometric Mean, Harmonic mean, Geometrical Proof of A > G > H, Arithmetico-Geometric Series (AGS),

Sigma () Notation, Natural Numbers, Methods of Difference Vn Method, Application to Problems of Maxima and

Minima (without Calculus)

 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

SEQUENCE & SERIES

Sequence :
Sequence is a collection of numbers which follows a definite pattern.
OR
A collection of numbers which can be put in one to one correspondence with natural numbers is called a sequence.
OR
Mathematically a sequence is a function from the set of natural numbers to the set of real numbers.
For Ex. 2, 4, 6, 8, ..... ; 1, 8 , 27, 64, ..... ; 1, 3, 9 ,27, ......
A sequence is normally denoted by <an> or {an} and a1, a2, a3, .... are called sequential values.

A sequence is said to be monotonically increasing if a n 1  a n n

And is said to be monotonically decreasing if a n 1  a n n .

A sequence which is neither increasing nor decreasing is called non - monotonic. A sequence is expressed by an
explicit formula or by a recursion relation.

Ex .1 Write down the sequence whose nth term is given by

n  3n  2  1 n
(i) ( 1)   (ii) 2
sin
 5  n 3

Ex. 2 A sequence of numbers a1, a2, a3,.....satisfies the relation an+1 = an + an–1 for n  2 . Find a4 given a1 = a2 = 1 Ans. 3

n
Ex. 3 Show that the sequence whose nth term is given by a n  is monotonically increasing.
n 1

Ex. 4 Show that the sequence defined by an = sin n is non monotonic.

1 1 1 1
Ex. 5 Show that the sequence whose nth term is given by a n     .....  is monotonically increasing.
n 1 n  2 n  3 2n

Ex. 6 If a1  1, a n 1  2  a n  n  1 . Show that the sequence {an} is monotonically [Link] show that

1  an  2 n  1

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (2)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)

It is a sequence which increase or decrease by a fixed number.
OR A sequence in which difference of two successive terms is constant is called an AP i.e. if a1, a2, a3, .... an is an AP then
an+1 – an is constant for all n. This fixed no. is called common difference of the A.P. i.e. an+1– an = d
 a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = a4 – a3 = ........ = d.

* General AP a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ......, a + (n – 1) d, ....nth term or general term an = a + (n–1) d

or Tr = a + (r –1) d
where a = first term & d = common difference

* If d > 0 then AP will be increasing AP

d < 0 then AP will be decreasing AP

d = 0 then AP will be constant AP

* If an AP be given by a, a + d, a + 2d, .......,l here l is the last term.

Here nth term from the end  T 'n  l  (n  1) d

* If Tm and Tn be mth and nth terms of an AP having common difference d then Tm – Tn = (m – n )d

* nth term of an AP is always a linear expression in n. i.e. an = An + B where the coefficient of n i.e. A is always equals to

the common difference.

an = a + (n – 1) d
= nd + (a – d)  an = An + B
Here A = d & B = a – d

* In an A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always constant and is equal to the sum

of first and last term.

Consider the AP a, a + d, a + 2d, ......., l
nth term from the beginning Tn = a + (n –1) d

nth term from the end T 'n  l  (n  1) d Sum Tn  T 'n  a  l (independent of n)

Ex. Find the nth term of the AP 2, 5, 8 , 11 ,.......

Sol. Trick :
Since we know that the nth term of an AP is always a linear expression in n , also the coefficient of n in the expression
is the common difference AP. using this nth term must be of the form an = dn + 

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (3)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

i.e. in this question an = 3n +  to calculate  put n = 1 in the expression , it will be the first term in terms of 

 

a n  3n  1

The Sum of n terms in A.P. :

Consider the AP a, a + d, a + 2d , ...... , a + (n – 1) d
Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ..... + {a + (n–1) d}
Sn = {a + (n–1)d} + {a + (n –2) d} + {a + (n – 3) d} + ......+ a [The same AP is written in reversed order]
on adding both equations
2Sn = {2a + (n–1) d} + {2a + (n–1)d} + {2a + (n–1) d} +......{2a + (n–1) d}
2Sn = n {2a + (n–1) d}

n
 Sn  2a  (n  1) d
2

If the last term/nth term of the above sequence is given by l then l = a + (n –1) d formula reduced to

n
Sn  (a  l )
2

* The sum of n terms in AP is always in the form of An2 + Bn where coefficient of n2 i.e. A is equal to the half of the
common difference.

n d
Sn  2a  (n  1) d  an  n(n  1)
2 2

d 2 nd d 2  d d d
Sn  n  an   n   a   n  An 2  Bn where A  & B  a 
2 2 2  2 2 2

* If Sn be the sum of n terms of a sequence then Sn  Sn 1  a n

i.e. sum of n terms - sum of (n –1) terms = nth term.
Ex. Find the sum of n terms of the AP 3, 7, 11, 15 , .....
Sol. Trick :
According to above disscussion Sn must be supposed as

d 2
Sn  n  n
2
i.e. in ques. Sn = 2n2 + n
Now by replacing n = 1 we get S1
i.e. sum of one term
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (4)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

i.e. 1st term in terms of  2    3    1

 Sn = 2n2 + n Ans.
Selection of terms in AP :
Selection of 3 terms in AP  a - d, a, a + d
Selection of 4 terms in AP a – 3d , a – d , a + d, a + 3d
Selection of 5 terms in AP  a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
Selection of 6 terms in AP a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + 3d, a + 5d
Here note that c.d. b/w odd no. of terms supposed = d
and c.d between even no. of terms supposed = 2d

Arithmetic Mean :
Let a and b be two given numbers then the no. A1, A2, A3, ...., An between them are called arithmetic means if a,
A1, A2, ...., An, b be an AP of n + 2 terms.

* There can be inserted infinite no. of A.M’.s between two given numbers a and b the procedure is as follows.
 a, A1, A2 , .....,An, b are in AP where a be the first term and b be the (n + 2)th term of the A.P.
 b = a + (n + 2 –1) d

ba
 d . First of all d is obtained (Remember)
n 1

Means are
A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d, A3 = a + 3d , .........., An = a + nd

a b
* If a and b be two numbers then single A.M. A between them is A  (Average of two numbers)
2

ac
Here its is obvious that if a, b, c are in AP then b is the A.M. of a & c  b 
2

* If A1, A2, A3, ......... An be n A. M. between a and b then sum of these means is equal to n times a single A.M. between a

ab
& b i.e. A1 + A2 + A3 + ........ An = nA = n  .
 2 

Proof : Here a, A1, A2, ...., An, b are in A.P.

 A1  A n  a  b ...(1)
[ sum of the terms equidistant from beginning & the end is an AP is constant and is equal to the sum of first and the last
term]
n
Now A1  A 2  A 3 ........  A n   A1  An  [as means are also in AP]
2

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (5)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

n
= (a  b)
2
ab
=nA , A (Single A.M. between a & b)
2

* The A.M. of n real numbers a1, a2, a3, ........., an ( not necessarily in a sequence) is defined as the average of the given no.

a1  a 2  ......  a n
i.e. A  .
n

Ex. Insert 15 A.M. between 1 and 9.

Properties of an A.P. :

* If a constant number is added to or subtracted from each term of an A.P. then the new resulting sequence is again be an

A.P.

* If each term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by a non - zero constant, the resulting sequence is again an A.P.

* In an AP the terms choosen at regular intervals again forms an A.P.

Q. If p, q, r be in AP then prove that pth, qth & rth term of an AP be in AP.

OR
th th th
If p , q & r term of an AP be in AP then prove that p, q, r are in AP.

* In an AP if the groups are made by taking equal no. of consecutive terms together then the sum of these groups are in

AP.
Consider the AP. a,a
  d , a

2d,a
 
3d ,a

4d,
a 
5d , a + 6d, .........

Groups are made by taking 2 consecutive terms together.

Now sum of groups 2a + d, 2a + 5d, 2a + 9d ,2a + 13d, .....are in A.P.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS : (A.P.)
Q.1 The first term of an AP is 5 and the last is 45, and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms adn the common difference.
2
Ans. n  16, d  2
3
Q.2 The sum of first 3 terms of an AP is 27 and the sum of their squares is 293. Find Sn.
n n
Ans. (5n  3), (33  5n)
2 2
1 1
Q.3 In an AP if t m  , t n  then show that Smn  1 (mn  1)
n m 2
1 2
Q.4 How many terms of the sequence 20  19  18  ..... must be taken so that their sum is 300. Explain the double
3 3
answer. Ans. 36 ,25

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (6)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Q.5 The sum of n terms of two AP’s are in the ratio of 7n + 1 : 4n + 27, find the ratio of their 11th terms.
Q.6 If S1, S2, S3 , ......, Sp are the sums of n terms of p AP’s whose first terms are 1,2,3,4, ... and whose common difference
np
are 1,3,5,7,.....Prove that S1  S2  S3  ......  Sp  (np  1)
2
Q.7 The number of terms in an AP is even, the sum of odd terms is 24, the sum of even terms is 30, and the last term exceeds

1
the first by 10 . Find the no. of terms.
2

Q.8 Find the sum of all integers between 1 to 100 which are divisible by 2 or 3.
Q.9 Find the nature and nth term of the sequence whose sum to n terms is 5n2 + 2n.
Q.10 If a, b, c are in AP then prove that
(i) b + c , c + a, a + b are in AP .
(ii) (b + c)2 – a2, (c + a)2 – b2, (a + b)2 – c2 in AP .
Q.11 If a2, b2, c2 are in AP then prove that

1 1 1 a b c
(i) , , are in AP (ii) , , are in AP
bc ca ab bc ca ab
Q.12 Insert 20 means between 4 and 67.
A3 2
Q.13 If p A.M.’s are inserted between 5 and 41 so that the ratio  , then find p. Ans. p = 11
A p 1 5

Q.14 A number sequence a1, a2, a3, a4, ... , an is such that
a1 = 0 , |a2| = |a1 + 1| , |a3| = |a2 + 1| , ..... |an| = |an-1+ 1|
1
Prove that A.M. of a1, a2 , ...., an is not less than  .
2
 7
Q.15 If log 3 2, log 3  2 x  5  , log 3  2 x   are in AP. determine x ? Ans. 3
 2

Q.16 If first 3 terms of an AP (increasing AP) are the roots of the cubic 4x 3  24x 2  23x  18  0 . Find Sn?
n
Ans. (5n  7)
4
Q.17 Given a1, a2, a3, ....., an in AP. Prove that
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
   ........      .....  
a1a n a 2 a n 1 a 3 a n  2 a n a1 a1  a n  a1 a 2 an 

Q.18 Prove that 2, 3, 5 cannot be the 3 terms of an AP..

1 1 1 n 1
Q.19 If a1, a2, a3, ..., an be n + ve no. then prove that a1, a2, ....,an are in AP if   .....   for n  3
a 1a 2 a 2 a 3 a n 1a n a1a n
Here if means the converse of the result can also be proved (kc).

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (7)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Q.20 If S1, S2, S3 be the sums of n, 2n, 3n terms of an AP respectively then PT S3 = 3 (S2 – S1).
Q.21 Find the sum of first 10 terms common to the series 17, 21, 25, .... and 16, 21, 26 ,......?
Q.22 Show the cube roots of 3 distinct prime no. cannot be the 3 terms (not necessarily consecutive) of an AP.

Q.23 If 1, log y x, log z y, 15log x z are in AP then PT(i) x  y1 (ii) z 3  y

Geometric Progression (GP)

Definition :
A sequence is called a GP if the ratio of any term and its just preceding term is constant throughout. This
constant factor is called the common ratio of the GP.
OR
A Geometric progression is a sequence of numbers whose first term is non-zero and each of the term is obtained by
multiplying its just preceding term by a non-zero constant no. This constant no. is called the common ratio of the G.P.
a n 1
i.e. if a1, a2, a3, .........,an .....is a GP then  constant
an
a n 1
or  r (constant = Common ratio)
an
The general GP is given by a, ar, ar2, ar3, .......
Here first term = a and common ratio = r
If r > 1 then GP is an increasing GP
r < 1 then GP is a decreasing GP
r = 1 then GP is a constant GP
3 equal no. (non - zero) are said to be in GP with CR 1.
0
Note that 3 constant equal no. 0, 0,0 are not in GP as CR  is not defined.
0
General term/ nth term :
Consider a GP a, ar, ar2, .......
its nth term is given by a n  ar n 1
l
* Also if a, ar ,ar2 ..... l be a GP here l is the last term then nth term from the end a 'n  n 1
r
a
* If am and an are the mth and nth terms of a GP then m  r m  n
an

* In a GP the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always constant and is equal to the product
of the first and last term i.e. if GP is a, ar, ar2, ......l then product of the nth terms from the beginning and the end
l
a n  a 'n  ar n 1  n –1
 al = constant (The product of 1st & last)
r
Sum of n terms :
Consider a GP of n terms a, ar, ar2, ..... , arn-1.
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ......+ arn–1
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (8)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

rSn = ar + ar2 + .....+ arn–1 + arn

on subtracting both equations
(1–r) Sn = a + 0 + 0 +.....+ 0 – arn
a (1  r n )
 Sn  provided r  1
(1  r)
 a(1  r n )
 if r  1
 1 r if r = 1 then Sn = a + a +.....+a = na
Sn   n
 a(r  1) if r  1
 r  1
Now if l be the last (nth term) of the GP then l  ar n 1

 a  lr
 1 – r if r  1
 Sn  
 lr  a if r  1
 r – 1

Convergent sequence :
A sequence in which the values of terms converges to a fixed point are called convergent sequences. In such sequence
the sum of infinite terms is finite.
Convergent GP :
A GP in which if | r | < 1 then absolute value of the terms tends to 0 as we tends to  .
i.e. a, ar, ar2,.........up to  |r|<1
then r n  0 as n  
The sum of infinite terms is finite in this case.
a(1  r n )
 Sn 
1 r
a
Now as n   r n  0 s  provided |r| < 1
1 r
This formula gives sum of infinite terms of a decreasing GP.

* Selection of terms in GP :
a
3 terms in GP can be choosen as = , a, ar
r
a a
4 terms in GP can be choosen as = , , ar, ar 3
r3 r
a a
5 terms in GP can be choosen as = , , a, ar,ar 2
r2 r
a a a
6 terms in GP can be choosen as = 5
, 3 , , ar, ar 3 , ar 5
r r r
This supposition of terms in GP will be helpful if product of terms is given , as the product of all these terms in GP is
taken then r will be cancelled and we get the value of one variable a.
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (9)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Note : If the product of the terms is not given then we choose the terms from general GP a, ar, ar2, ....
Geometric Mean :
Definition :
If a and b are two given real no. and let G1, G2, G3, ...,Gn be n no. between a and b such that
a, G1, G2,...,Gn, b be a GP of (n + 2) terms then these inserted no. G1, G2,....,Gn are called n G.M.’s between a and b.

* Method to insert G.M’s :

If G1,G2 ....,Gn are n G.M.’s between a and b then a, G1, G2,...., Gn, b be a GP of (n + 2) terms where b is the
(n + 2)th term of the sequence.
 b  ar n  2 1
1
 b  n 1
r 
a
here r is the CR of the GP.
Now G1  ar ,G 2  ar 2 ,G 3  ar 3 ,..... Gn = arn
i.e. First of all find r using above formula then G.M’s.

* If a and b are two + ve numbers then a single G.M. ‘G’ between a and b is given as G   ab
If a and b are two – ve numbers then a single G.M. b/w a & b is G   ab where a < 0 & b < 0
Now it is clear that if a, b, c are in GP then b is the G.M. of a & b i.e. b2 = ac

* If G1, G2, G3 ,..., Gn be n G.M. inserted between two no. a and b then product of these means is the nth power of the single
G.M. between a and b.
n
i.e. G1  G 2  .......  G n   ab  1
 b  n 1
Proof : a, G1,G2 ,....,Gn, b are in GP  r    .... (1)
a
Now G1 × G2 × .... × Gn = ar × ar × ... × arn
2

= an × r 1 +2 + 3 + ...+ n
n(n 1)
n n (n 1) / 2  b  2(n 1)
n bn / 2
= a r a    a n . n / 2  a n / 2 bn / 2
a a
n
=  ab   Gn H.P.

* If a1, a2, a3, ..... , an be n +ve real numbers (not necessarily in a sequence) then G.M. of these no. is defined
as = G = (a1a2a3....an)1/n
OR G  n a1a 2 a 3 .....a n
Properties of GP :
(i) If each term of a GP be multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant then the new sequence obtained will again be a G.P.
(ii) If any no. is raised to power of each term of a GP then the resulting sequence again becomes a GP.
i.e. if a, ar, ar2.... be a GP with CR = r

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (10)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

then a k , a k r k , a k r 2k .... also a GP with CR = rk more particularly squaring of each term of a GP again forms a GP..

Square root of each term of a GP again forms a GP.

(iii) In a GP the terms choosen at regular intervals again forms a G.P.
Q. If P, q, r are in AP, then P.T. pth, qth & rth terms of a GP again forms a GP.
(iv) If all the terms of a GP are positive then a new sequence obtained by taking logarithms of each term of the GP to the same
base becomes an AP.
i.e. if a, ar, ar2 ........be a GP with CR = r

then log k a,log k a  log k r,log k a  2log k r ..... are in AP with CD = log k r .

(v) If each term of an AP raised to power of some constant no. k then resulting sequence becomes G.P.
a, a + d, a + 2d, ...........be an AP.
ka, ka + d, k a + 2d
, .....be a GP.
(vi) In a GP if groups are made by taking equal number of consecutive terms together then the sum of these
groups form a GP again.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a,
 ar,ar
 , ar
 , ar
 , ar
 , ar
 ,ar
 , ar
 ,........

a (1 + r + r2) , ar3 (1 + r + r2), ar6 (1 + r + r2) ..... be in G.P.

Questions for practice :
1 1
Q.1 In a GP if T3 = 2 , T6 =  , find T10 . Ans. = 
4 64
Q.2 If pth, qth and rth terms of a GP be x, y, z respectively then prove that x q  r .yr  p .z p  q  1
Q.3 The sum of first 3 terms of a GP is 19 and their product is 216. Find Sn & also S if exists. Ans. 27
Q.4 In a GP if the sum of first 3 terms is 13 and the sum of their squares be 91 then find Sn.
10 20
Q.5 The sum of an infinite GP is 15 and the sum of their squares is 45. Find the series. Ans. 5, , ,...
3 9
n n
 0 if r  s
Q.6 Evaluate  rs 2r.3s , Here rs  
r 1 s 1 1 if r  s
Q.7 Find the sum
(i) S = 7 + 77 + 777 + .... + 7777....7 (n times)
(ii) S = 0.2 + 0.22 + 0.222 + .... + 0.222 ....2 (n times)
p 291
Q.8 Express the non-terminating repeating decimal 3.23 in rational form using GP.. Ans.
q 90
Q.9 Find four consecutive terms in GP of which 2nd term is smaller than the first by 35 and 3rd term is larger than the fourth
by 560. Ans. 7, –28, 112 , – 448.
Q.10 If pth, qth, rth and sth terms of an AP are in GP then prove that p - q, q - r, r - s are in GP.

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (11)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Q.11 If S1, S2, S3 ....Sp are sums of infinite GP whose first terms are 1,2,3 ...,p and whose common ratios are
1 1 1 1 p
, , ,......, S  S2  ....  Sp  (p  3) .
2 3 4 p  1 respectively then prove that 1 2
Q.12 Insert 4 G.M.’s between 160 and 5. Ans. 80, 40 , 20 ,10
Q.13 If A.M. between a and b is 15 and GM between a and b is 9. Find the numbers.

Q.14 If sum of 2 no. a and b is n times their GM then show that a : b  n  n 2  4 : n  n 2  4

Q.15 If a, b, c are in GP and x,y are respectively the A.M.’s between a, b and b, c then prove that
1 1 2 a c
(i)   &  2
x y b x y

Q.16 Prove that (666....6)2  (888....8)  (444....4)

n digits n digits 2n digits

Q.17 If S1, S2, S3 be the sums of n, 2n & 3n terms of a GP respectively then P.T.
(i) S1(S3–S2) = (S2–S1)2 (ii) S12  S22  S1 (S2  S3 )
Q.18 Does there exist a GP which has 27,18 and 12 as three of its [Link] it exists, How many such series are possible.
2
2 2
Ans. Infinite, one possibility 27 + 27 ×    27  
3
  3

2 1 
Q.19 If sum of 3 distinct no. in GP is S and sum of their squares is S2. Show that   ,1  1,3 , where , s &
3 

2 1 2
common ratio of the series are real numbers. Disscuss the cases when   ,   1 and  2  3 .
3
Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
Definition :
It is a collection of non - zero unequal no. which on reciprocating gives an AP.
i.e. if a1, a2, a3, ......., an are in H.P.
1 1 1 1
then , , ,....., are in A.P..
a1 a 2 a 3 an

1 1 1
A general HP is given by , , , .....
a a  d a  2d
1
General term a n 
a  (n  1) d

* There is no general formula to calculate the sum of n terms of an H.P.

Harmonic Means :
(i) Let a & b be two given numbers and H1, H2, ....,Hn be n no. between them such that
a, H1, H2 , ...., Hn, b are in HP then these no. H1, H2 , ....,Hn are called n Harmonic means between a & b.
1 1
& and then reciprocate them to get H.M.’s. As a, H1,
To insert n H.M.’s between a & b , Insert n A.M.’s between
a b
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (12)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

H2,... Hn, b are in HP

1 1 1 1 1
 , , ,......, , are in AP
a H1 H 2 Hn b
1 1
 1 1 1 1
 d  b a now   d,   2d,....
n 1 H1 a H2 a
2ab
(ii) A single H.M. between a & b is H 
ab
2 1 1 2ab
 a, H, b are in HP    H 
H a b ab
2ac
i.e. If a, b, c are in HP then b is called H.M. between a & c i.e. b 
a c
(iii) The sum of the reciprocals of n H.M. means inserted between two no. a & b is n times the reciprocal of a single H.M.
between the numbers.
1 1 1 n
  .......  
H1 H 2 Hn H
Proof : a, H1,H2 ....., Hn, b are in HP
1 1 1 1 1
, , ,.........., , are in AP
a H1 H 2 Hn b
1 1
1 1 1    n(a  b) n
   ......   n a b   H.P.
H1 H 2 Hn  2  2ab H
 
(iv) If a1, a2, a3, ...., an n real no. (not necessarily in a sequence) then their H.M. is defined as reciprocal of average of the
reciprocal of the numbers.
1 1 1
  ...... 
1 a1 a 2 an n
i.e.  or H 
H n 1 1 1
  ..... 
a1 a 2 an
Properties :
(i) If a1, a2, a3 ......., an are in H.P. then a1a2 + a2a3 + .... + an–1 an = (n – 1) a1an
Proof : If a1, a2,...,an are in HP
1 1 1
 , ,..... are in AP
a1 a 2 an

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
       .........   d
a 2 a1 a 3 a 2 a 4 a 3 a n a n 1

a1  a 2 a  a3 a  a4 a  an
 a 1a 2  , a 2a3  2 , a 4a3  3 ,...., a n a n 1  n 1
d d d d
1
 a1a 2  a 2 a 3  a 3 a 4  ......  a n 1a n  (a1  a 2  a 2  a 3  a 3  a 4  ....  a n 1  a n )
d
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (13)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

1
= (a1  a n ) ....(1)
d
1
 th
a n is n term of the corresponding AP..

1 1 a  an
  (n  1) d  1  (n  1) d ... (2)
a n a1 a 1a n
using (2) in (1) we get
a1a 2  a 2 a 3  a 3 a 4  .......  a n 1a n  (n  1)a 1a n H.P.
Ex. If a, b, c , d, e are in HP then PT ab + bc + cd + de = 4ae
(ii) In an AP and a HP having equal no. of terms if the first and last terms in both series are equal then product of
the terms equidistant from beginning in one series and from the end in another series is always constant and
is equal to the product of 1st and last terms.
Proof : let no. of terms in both series = n
and first term of both series = a
also last term of both series = b
i.e. a ,......... b (n terms ) be the AP
and a ,......., b (n terms) be the HP.
In AP. a ......,b In HP a, ..... b
1 1
nth term = b corresponding AP  ,...., (n terms)
a b
let c.d. = d let c.d. = d '
1 1
b = a + (n –1) d ......(1)   (n  1) d '
b a
ab
rth term from the end d' 
ab (n  1)
T 'r  b  (r  1) d rth term from the beginning
(b  a) 1
= b  (r  1). Tr   (r  1) d '
n 1 a
1 1 (r  1) (a  b)
=
n 1
b (n  1)  (r  1)  b  a  = a  ab (n  1)

1 b (n  1)  r (a  b)  a  b
= bn  b  r(b  a)  b  a = ab (n  1)
n 1
1 bn  a  r (a  b)
= a  (n)b  r (b  a) = ab (n  1)
n 1
1
= a  nb  r(a  b) ... (1)
n 1
The corresponding term of H.P. i.e. rth term from the beginning in
H.P.
ab (n  1)
tr  ... (2)
bn  a  r(a  b)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (14)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Now product of Both

i.e. Tr '  t r  ab H.P. (Using (1) & (2)
Practice Questions :

1 1 3
Q.1 If the 3rd, 6th and last term of an HP are , , . Find the no. of terms.
3 5 203

Q.2 If mth term of an HP is n and nth term is m then prove that (m + n)th term is mn/(m + n).
Q.3 If a is the A.M. of b and c ; b is the G.M. of c and a then P.T. c is the H.M. of a and b.

ax ay az

Q.4 If   and p, q, r are in A.P. then P.T. x, y, z are in H.P..
px qy rz

x y z w
Q.5 If a  b  c  d = .....and a, b, c, d are in G.P. then PT x, y ,z, w are in H.P..

p r a c
Q.6 If a, b, c are in H.P. , p, q, r are in H.P, and ap, bq, cr are in G.P. then prove that   
r p c a

Some Special Sequences

Type - I : Sequences dealing with n,n2, n3.
n (n  1)
(i) n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ....+ n = = sum of 1st n natural no.
2
2 2 2 2 2 n(n  1)(2n  1)
(ii) n  1  2  3  .....  n  = sum of squares of first n natural numbers.
6
n 2 (n  1) 2
(iii) n 3  13  23  .....  n 3  = sum of cubes of first n natural no.
4
(iv) Sum of first n odd natural no. = 1 + 3 + 5 + ....+ (2n –1) = n2
(v) Sum of first n even natural no. = 2 + 4 + 6 +.....+ 2n = n (n +1)
Proof :
n (n  1)
(i) 1  2  3  .......  n 
2
n n
AP of n terms =  2  1  (n  1)  1  (n  1)
2 2
n(n  1)(2n  1)
(ii) n 2  12  22  .....  n 2 
6
Consider the expression

k 3  (k  1)3  k 3 –  k 3  3k 2  3k  1
 k3 – (k –1)3 = 3k2 – 3k + 1
 13 – 03 = 3 × 12 – 3 × 1 + 1 ,

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (15)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

 23 – 13 = 3 × 22 – 3 × 2 + 1 ,
33 – 23 = 3 × 32 – 3 × 3 + 1,
.....................................
n3 – (n–1)3 = 3n2 – 3n + 1
On adding All
n3 = 3 (12 + 22 + ....+ n2) – 3 . (1 + 2 ......+ n) + n

3 3n(n  1)
 n   3n 2  n
2
3n(n  1)
 n3   n  3n 2
2
2n 3  3n 2  n n(2n 2  3n  1)
 3n 2  
2 2
n(n  1)(2n  1)
 n 2  H.P.
6
2
3 3 3  n(n  1)  2
(iii) To Prove that 1  2  ......  n     ( Sn)
 2 
Consider k 4 – (k  1)4  k 4  {k 4  4k 3  6k 2  4k  1}

k 4  (k  1)4  4k 3  6k 2  4k  1
 14  04  4  13  6  12  4  1  1
4 4 3 2
 2 1  4  2  6  2  4  2 1
 34  24  4  33  6  32  4  3  1
..............................................
also n4 – (n–1)4 = 4 × n3 – 6 × n2 + 4 × n –1
On adding all
n 4  4n 3  6n 2  4n  1
 4n 3  n 4  6n 2  4n  n
6n(n  1)(2n  1) 4(n)(n  1)
 n 3  n 4   n
6 2
n 3
n 3 
4
n  (n  1)(2n  1)  2 (n  1)  1
n 3 n n2
3
 n 
4
 n  2n 2  3n  1  2n  2  1   n 3  2n 2  n   n 2  2n  1
4 4
2 2 2
 n 3  n (n  1)   n(n  1)   (n) 2 H.P.
4  2 
(iv) & (v) Proofs are so easy because the series are 2 A.P.’s.

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (16)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

* These formulas are helpful to calculate the sum of n terms of those series whose nth term is a polynomial of n
(upto degree 3).
n n n

* (i) a
r 1
r  b r   a r  b r (iii)  ka
r 1
r  k  ar
r 1

n n n n

(ii)  k  k 1  kn (iv)    (n  1) (v) 1  n  1

r0
r 1 r 1 r 0

Practice Questions :
Q.1 Find the sum of the following series upto n terms.
(i) 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + 7.9 +....+ (2n – 1) (2n + 1)
(ii) 1.4.7 + 4.7.10 + 7.10.13 + 10.13.16 + .....+ upto n terms .
(iii) 1.2 + 3.5 + 5.8 + 7.11 + .... upto n terms.
(iv) 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) + ....... upto n terms.
13 13  23 13  23  33 13  23  33  43
(v)     .... upto n terms.
1 1 2 1 2  3 1 2  3  4
(vi) 32  7 2  112  ........ upto n terms.
Q.2 Compute : (i) 312 + 322 + 332 + ... + 502
n j i

(ii)   1
j1 i 1 k 1
n
Q.3 Find the values of positive integer n for which the quadratic equation,  (x  k  1) (x  k)  10n has solutions 
k 1
and  + 1 for some . Ans. 11
An Important Short - trick :
If general term of a sequence is the product of consecutive integers starting from n then to calculate the sum of n
terms we can remeber the trick that increase one more term in continuation in the numerator and write the no. of
terms in the denominator.
for Ex. If ar = r (r + 1)
n n
n(n  1)(n  2)
then Sn   a r  r (r  1) 
r 1 r 1 3
r replaced by n increased one term in Nr & now Nr has 3 terms so write 3 in Dr.
Another Ex. If an = n (n + 1) (n + 2)
n n
n(n  1) (n  2)(n  3)
Sn   a n  n (n  1) (n  2) 
n 1 n 1 4
th
This trick can be used in so many questions in which n term can be expressed as the product of consecutive natural no.
starting from n.
For Ex - Compute the sum of n terms whose nth term is given by Tn = n (n + 1) (n – 1)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (17)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

n
Sol. Sn   n (n  1)(3n  1)
n 1
n
  n(n  1) 3(n  2)  7
n 1

n
  [3n (n  1) (n  2)  7n (n  1)]
n 1

3n (n  1) (n  2) (n  3) 7n(n  1)(n  2)
= 
4 3
3 7 1
= n(n  1)(n  2)  (n  3)    n (n  1)(n  2) (9n  1) Ans.
4 3  12
(See the proof of this short trick after the completion of Type - II.)
Type-II Method of Differences :
If T1, T2, T3, T4,.... are the terms of a sequence then the terms T2 – T1,T3 – T2, T4 – T3,... are some times in AP and
somtimes in GP (i.e. the series obtained by the difference of consecutive terms are in AP or GP), then using the method of
difference first we calculate the nth term and then the sum to n terms.
Ex. Find the sum to n terms of the following series.
(i) 3 + 5 + 11 + 21 + 35 + ..... upto n terms.
Sol. Here difference series 2, 6, 10 , 14 ,....are in AP so we use following method
let Tn be nth term of the sequence.
So S = 3+ 5+11 + 21 + 35 + .....+Tn
S= 3  5  11  21  35  .......  Tn Write the same series after shifting one terms.
Now subtracting
0 = 3 + [2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + ........upto (n – 1) terms] – Tn
n 1
Tn = 3 + [2 × 2 + (n–1–1) × 4]
2
(n  1)
Tn  3   2 2  (n  2) 2
2
Tn = 3 + (n – 1) (2n – 2) = 3 + 2n2 – 4n + 2
Tn = 2n2 – 4n + 5
Now Sn  Tn [as Tn is a polynomial in n ]
Sn = 2n2 – 4n + 51
2n(n  1) (2n  1) n (n  1)
Sn  4  5n
6 2
Now simplify to obtain Sn.
An important short - trick:
Given series : 3, 5, 11, 21, 35, .....

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (18)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

nth term of this sequence is always in the form of

Tn = An2 + Bn + C
1
Here A  (c.d of the difference series which is an AP)
2
2 6 10 14 ......... 4
i.e. Here A  2
3, 5, 11, 21, 35,......... 2
Now to calculate C we calculate the 0th term of the given sequence following the same pattern as if n = 0
T0 = C.
For this
-2 2 6 10 14
3– (–2) = 5 3, 5, 11, 21, 35,.......

Therefor C = 5
Now Tn = 2n2 + Bn + 5
Now if we put n =1 we get 2 + B + 5 = 3  B = –4
 Tn = 2n2 – 4n + 5
Ex. 2 : Find the sum 1 + 2 + 9 + 22 + 41 + ..... upto n terms.
-5 1 7 13 19
Sol.
6 1 + 2 + 9 + 22 + 41+ ....

Tn = 3n2 – 8n + 6
 When differences are in GP.
Find the sum 3 + 5 + 9 + 17 + 33 + .... upto n terms.
S = 3 + 5 + 9 + 17 + 33 + .....+Tn (Differences 2, 4, 8, 16, .... are in GP)
S=  3  5  9  17  33  .......  Tn
0 = 3 + [2 +4 + 8 + 16 + .....(n –1) terms] – Tn
2(2n 1  1)
Tn  3   Tn  3  2n  2  2n  1
(2  1)
n
Now Sn    2n  1   2n  1
n 1

2 (2n  1)
=  n  2n 1  n  2
2 1
Shortrick : nth term of a such a series is of the form Tn  A.r n 1  B
Here r is the CR of the difference series which is a G.P.
a
Here A  , a = first term of the difference series & Calculate B by putting n =1 i.e. using check method.
r 1
2 4 8 16
Given series 
3 + 5 + 9 + 17 + 33 + ....

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (19)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

 2  n 1
Tn    .2  B
 2 1
= 2n + B T1 = 2 + B = 3  B = 1
= 2n + 1
Note : By this method of difference we can calculate the sum of n terms of those series also in which double differences are in
AP or triple differences are in AP by extending the procedure 2 or 3 times. Here is a short trick for such questions.
d3 d'3 .......
d2 d'2 d''2......
d1 d'1 d''1......
Given series  a, b, c, d......
(n  1) (n  2) (n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
Tn  a  (n  1) d1  d2  d 3  .......
2! 3!
Here a = first term of the given sequence
d1 = first term of the first difference series
d2 = first term of the 2nd difference series
d3 = first term of the 3rd difference series
If 2nd differences are in AP then d3  d 3'  d ''3  ....... & d 4  0 using above formula we get Tn which will be a polynomial
of degree 3.
Practice Questions :
Q. find the sum -
n(n  1) (2n  13)
(i) 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + ....upto n terms. Ans. = n
6
(ii) 2 + 3 + 12 + 29 + 54 + .... upto n terms.
n(n  1) (2n  7)
(iii) 3 + 8 + 15 + 24 + ...... upto n terms. Ans.
6
(iv) 4 + 5 + 8 + 17 + 44 + ........ up to n terms.
(v) 2 + 5 + 14 + 41 + 22 + ..... upto n terms.
1 1 1 1 1 1 3n (2n  1)  1
(vi) 1   1     1   2   ......  1   2  .....  n 1  Ans.
 3  3 3   3 3 3  4.3n 1
Proof of the short - trick in type - I :
n
n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
(i) To prove that  n(n  1) (n  2) 
n 1 4
n
1
 n(n  1) (n  2)   4 n(n  1)(n  2)[(n  3)  (n  1)]
n 1

n
1
=  4 [n (n  1) (n  2) (n  3)  (n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)]
n 1

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (20)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

1
 [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  ......  n (n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  (n  1)n (n  1)(n  2)
4
1
= n(n  1) (n  2)(n  3)
4
n
(n  1) (n  2) (n  3)
(ii) To check that  (n  1) (n  2) 
n 1 3
(This result is not applicable if we want to find the sum use the procedure)
n
1
 (n  1)(n  2)  3  (n  1) (n  2){(n  3)  n}
n 1

1 n
 (n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  n(n  1)(n  2)
3 n 1
1
= 2.3.4  1.2.3  3.4.5  2.3.4  4.5.6  3.4.5  ....  (n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  n(n  1)(n  2)
3

1
=  (n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  1.2.3
3

1
=  (n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  6 (final Ans.)
3
n
(n  1)n(n  1)(n  2)
(iii) To check whether  (n  1)n(n  1) 
n 1 4
n n
1
 (n  1)n(n  1)  4  [n  1]n(n  1)[(n  2)  (n  2)]
n 1 n 1

n
1

4
(n  1)n (n  1) (n  2)  (n  1)n(n  1)(n  2)
n 1

1
=  0  0  [Link]  0  [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  [Link]  .....  (n  1)n(n  1)(n  2)  (n  1)n(n  1)(n  2)
4

1
= (n  1)n(n  1)(n  2) Ans.
4
If the nth term stars with n then use trick otherwise follows procedure.
Type - III : Airthmetics - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.) :
A sequence which is obtained by multiplying the corresponding terms of an A.P. and a G.P. is called A.G.P.
Consider the AP a, a + d, a + 2d, .....
Consider the GP  1, r, r2, .......
The General AGP is  a, (a + d) r, (a + 2d) r2, ....
General Term Tn = {a + (n – 1) d} rn–1
The sum of n terms of AGP
Sn = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d) r2 + (a + 3d) r3 + .... + {a + (n –1) d} rn–1
_rSn = _ar  (a + d) r  (a + 2d) r2  .........................  {a + (n–1)d}rn
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (21)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Now by subtracting

 
(1  r)Sn  a  dr  dr 2  dr 3  ......dr n 1   a  (n  1)d r n
  (n 1) terms 
 

dr (1  r n 1 )
(1  r)Sn  a   {a  (n  1) d}r n
1 r
n
a dr(1  r n 1 ) a  (n  1) d r
Sn   
1 r (1  r) 2 (1  r)

Now if | r | < 1 then AGP becomes convergent , in this sum of its infinite terms is finite i.e. as n   ,rn  0
a dr
Sn  
1  r (1  r) 2

Note : In both formulas here note that 1st term of the corresponding GP should be 1. If it is not then we shall get
wrong answer by formula.
Questions for practice
Q.1 If | x | < 1 then compute the sum of infinite terms of the following series -
1
(i) 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... Ans. = (1  x)2

(ii) 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + .... Ans. (1 – x)–3

Q.2 Find the sum of n terms and also S.
4 7 10 35 12n  7 35
(i) 1     ..... Ans. Sn   ;S 
5 52 53 16 16.5n 1 16
3 5 7 9 3 n  2
(ii)     ...... Ans. Sn   2  n 
5 15 45 135 5 3 
3 33 333 3333
(iii)     .....
19 192 193 194
Type-IV Splitting the nth term as a difference of two :
Here is a series is which each term is composed of the reciprocal of the product of r factors in A.P. , the first factor of
the terms being in the same A.P.
Through Examples
1 1 1
Q.1    ..... upto n terms.
1.2 2.3 3.4
1 1 1
Q.2    .....
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
1 1 1
Q.3    ....
1.3.5 3.5.7 5.7.9
1 1 1
Q.4    .......
[Link] [Link] [Link]
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (22)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

1
Sol. Write the general term = (3n  2)(3n  1)(3n  4)(3n  7)

Now to split this term as the difference of two consecutive terms multiply & divide by a factor which is the difference
of 1st and last factor in the Denominator
i.e. (3n + 7) – (3n – 2) = 9
1 9
Now Tn 
9 (3n  2)(3n  1)(3n  4)(3n  7)

1 (3n  7)  (3n  2)
=
9 (3n  2)(3n  1)(3n  4)(3n  7)

1 1 (3n  2) 
= 
9  (3n  2)(3n  1)(3n  4) (3n  2)(3n  1)(3n  4)(3n  7) 

1 n  1 1 
Now Sn     
9 n 1  (3n  2) (3n  1) (3n  4) (3n  1)(3n  4) (3n  7) 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Sn         ...   
9 1.4.7 4.7.10 4.7.10 7.10.13 7.10.13 10.13.16 (3n  2) (3n  1) (3n  4) (3n  1)(3n  4)(3n  7) 

1 1 1 
=    Ans.
9  28 (3n  1)(3n  4)(3n  7) 

2 4 6 8
Q.5 Find the sum     .....upto n terms .
1  1  1 1  2  2 1  3  3 1  42  44
2 4 2 4 2 4

1 3 5 7
Q.6 In case when we have a factor in the Numerator     ....
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 4.5.6
2n  1
Sol. Tn 
n(n  1) (n  2)
2n  1
Tn  write 2n –1 = An + B
n(n  1) (n  2)
suppose if we get
3n 2  2n  1
Tn  then write 3n2 + 2n + 1 = An (n + 1) + Bn + C
n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
A B C
 Tn   
(n  2)(n  3) (n  1)(n  2)(n  3) n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
Now we have 3 standard series
2 1
Tn  
(n  1) (n  2) n(n  1)(n  2)
n
 1 1  1 n  1 1 
Sn  2        
n 1  n  1 n  2  2 n 1  n(n  1) (n  1) (n  2) 
In this type of question degree of numerator must be atmost two less than the degree of denominator .

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (23)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Q.7 In case if a factor is missing.

3 4 5
   ...... upto n terms
1.2.4 2.3.5 3.4.6
(n  2) (n  2) 2 n 2  4n  4
Sol. Tn   
n(n  1)(n  3) n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
Now n2 + 4n + 4 = An (n +1) + Bn + C
Comparing A = 1, A + B = 2 B = 1 & C = 4
n(n  1)  n  4 1 1 4
 Tn    
n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  2)(n  3) (n  1)(n  2)(n  3) n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
Now

 1 1  1  1 1  4  1 1 
Sn        –     
 n  2 n  3  2  (n  1)(n  2) (n  2)(n  3)  3  n(n  1)(n  2) (n  1)(n  2)(n  3) 
Q.8 Find the sum upto n terms
(Here the factors in the denominator are increasing)
1 2 3 4
    .......
1.3 1.3.5 [Link] [Link].9
n
Sol. Tn 
[Link].9......(2n  1)(2n  1)
1 (2n  1)  1
Tn  . Difference of 1st and last (2n + 1) –1 = 2n
2 [Link].9......(2n  1)(2n  1)

1 n  1 1 
Sn     
2 n 1 [Link].....(2n  1) [Link]....(2n  1) 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Sn         ......   
2 1 1.3 1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5 [Link] 1.3......(2n  1) 1.3....(2n  1) 
Q.9 Factors in the Numerator are increasing -
1 1.3 1.3.5
   .....
2.4 2.4.6 [Link]
[Link].....(2n  1)
Sol. Tn 
2.4.6.......(2n  2)

[Link]......(2n  1) (2n  2)  (2n  1)

Tn 
2.4.6.........(2n  2)
n
[Link]........(2n  1) [Link].......(2n  1)(2n  1) 
Sn     
n 1  2.4.6......2n 2.4.6........2n(2n  2) 

1 1.3 1.3 1.3.5 1.3......(2n  1) 1.3......(2n  1)(2n  1)

Sn      ......  
2 2.4 2.4 2.4.6 2.4.....2n 2.4........2n(2n  2)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (24)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Q.10 Find the product (x +1) (x2 + 1) (x4 + 1) ...... x 2  n 1


1

n
1
Q.11 th
If n (n +1) (n + 2) (n + 3) be the sum of n terms of the series and let its n term be tn then find t
n 1
.
n

Some Important Inequalities & Results Related To Sequence :

* A.M. - G.M. Inequality (Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M.)
(1) If a and b are two positive numbers and let A, G, H be their A.M., G.M. and H.M. respectively then
AGH
Here equality exists i.e. A = G = H iff a = b.
2
Proof :   a b   0  a  b  2 ab  0  a  b  2 ab

a b
  ab  A.M.  G.M or A  G .... (1)
2

ab 2ab
Now   ab  ab  ab  GH .... (2)
 2  a b
Now (1) & (2)  A  G  H
Obviously equality will exist when a = b.
(2) If a and b be two negative no. also let A, G, H be their A.M., G.M. & H.M. respectively then
A
G
H

≤
≤

Here equality exist if a = b.

ab 2ab
Proof : Now here if a < 0 and b < 0 then A.M.  A  , G.M.  G   ab and H.M. = H =
2 ab
2
Also take  a   b   0as a & b will be defined.

 a  b  2  a  b  0
 a  b  2 ab for +ve no. – a & – b we have
ab
   ab a b  ab
2
 AG ... (1)

ab
Now   ab   ab ab [Note : A.M. - G.M. inequality does not hold if a & b are
 2 
 (a  b) ab  2ab of opposite signs as G.M. not defined ]
2ab
  ab  as a + b < 0
ab
 G  H .... (2)
Combining (1) & (2)
A G  H
Here equality will exist if a = b

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (25)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

(3) If A , G and H be the AM, GM and HM of two no. a and b then G2 = AH i.e. A, G, H are in G.P.
ab 2ab
Proof : A  , G  ab , H 
2 ab
Now AH = ab  AH = G2  A, G, H are in G.P.
(4) If a1, a2, a3, ....., an be n + ve real no. (not necessarily forming a sequence) and let A, G, H be their A.M., G.M. or
H.M. respectively then A  G  H
Also here equality exists when a1 = a2 = a3 = .....= an
a1  a 2  a 3 .....  a n
A.M. of n real no. be defined as A 
n
G.M. of n real no. be defined as G  n a1a 2 a 3 ......a n

n
H.M of n real no. be defined as H 
1 1 1
  .... 
a1 a 2 an

a1  a 2  .....  a n n n
So here  a1a 2 ....a n 
n 1 1 1
  .... 
a1 a 2 an

Here equality will exist if a1 = a2 = a3 ..... = an.

Proof : First of all we prove it for 2k no.
x1  x 2 x 3  x 4
x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  x1 x 2  x 3 x 4
 2 2  (as we have proved for two)
4 2 2
x1  x 2  x 3  x 4 x1  x 2  x 3  x 4 4
  x1 x 2 x 3 x 4   x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
4 4
x1  x 2 x 3  x 4 x 5  x 6 x 7  x 8
  
x  x 2  x3  x 4  x5  x 6  x 7  x8 2 2 2 2
Now again 1 =
8 4

 x1  x 2   x 3  x 4  x 5  x 6  x 7  x 8 
 4
 2  2  2  2  (as we have proved for four numbers)
    
4
 x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8  8 x1 x 2 x 3 ....x 8

Similarly we can prove for 16 , 32 , 64 no. etc.

Now we shall prove the inequality for the no. of numbers other than 2k form.
x1  x 2  x 3
for ex. we have 3 no. x1, x2 , x3  A 
3
Now take four no. x1, x2, x3, A (take as many A with the numbers so that no. of numbers becomes of the form 2k. here
next to 3 is 22 = 4)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (26)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Now Applying A - G inequality for 4 no.

x1  x 2  x 3  A 4
 x1 x 2 x 3 A
4
1
3A  A 4
  x 1 x 2 x 3 A  A   x1 x 2 x 3 A  4
4
1
 A3 / 4  (x1x 2 x 3 )1/ 4  A3  x1x 2 x 3  A   x1x 2 x 3  3

x1  x 2  x 3
  (x1 x 2 x 3 )1/ 3
3
x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5
Now take 5 no. x1, x2,x3, x4, x5  A .
5
Consider 8 no. x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, A, A, A (as the number next to 5 which is of the form 2k is 8).
Now Applying A - G inequality on 8 no.
x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5  A  A  A 8
 x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 AAA
8
1
 x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5  3A   (x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 )1/ 8 A 3 / 8
8
1 1/ 8
(5A  3A)   x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5  A3 / 8
8
 A  (x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 )1/ 8 A3 / 8
1/ 8
 A5 / 8   x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 
1
 A5   x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 

 A  5 x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5
  5 x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
5
Now here it is proved that A  G for any n +ve no. Now G  H can be proved using A  G .
1 1 1 1
Consider the numbers , , .....,
a1 a 2 a 3 an

By A – G inequality

1 1 1
  ....  1/ n
a1 a 2 an  1 
 
n  a1a 2 .....a n 

1/ n n
 a1a 2 a 3 .....a n  
1 1 1
 G H
  ..... 
a1 a 2 an

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (27)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

(5) If a1, a2, a3, .... an be n +ve real no. (not necessarily forming any sequence) and let A, G, H be their A.M., G.M.
or HM respectively then G2 = AH if a1, a2, a3, .... , an are in G.P.
Proof : Let a1, a2, a3, .... an be a GP of CR r
a1  a 2 .....  a n 1
A  a1  a1r  a1r 2  ....  a1r n 1
n n
1 (r n  1)
A a1 .... (1)
n r 1
1
Now G  (a1a 2 ....a n ) n
2 n 1 1/ n
 G = (a1  a1r  a1r  ......  a1r )
1
(n 1) n n
n 1 2  3 ..... (n 1) 1/ n  
= a1 r    a1n r 2 
 
(n 1) / 2
= a 1r
 G12  a12 r n 1 .... (2)

n n n
H  
1 1 1 1 n n
1   1   1  r  1   r
   ....  n 1
a1 a1r a1 r 2 a1 r 1      n 
a1   r   a1  r  r  1
 1
1  
 r

na1 (r  1) r n 1
H= .... (3)
rn 1

(1) & (3)  AH  a12 r n 1  G 2 by (2)

 G2 = AH H.P.

1 1 1  2
(6) If a1, a2, a3, ......,an be n +ve real no. then (a1 + a2 + .... + an)  + + ...... +   n
 a1 a 2 an 
Proof : Now Here  A  H

1 n
 a1  a 2  a 3  ....  a n   1 1 1
n   ...... 
a1 a 2 an

1 1 1 
 (a1  a 2  .....  a n )    ....    n 2 H.P.
 a1 a 2 an 

(7) The sum of a +ve number and its reciprocal is always greater than or equal to 2 i.e. for x > 0
1
x+  2 here equality exist for x = 1.
x
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (28)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

1
Sol. let x  0  0
x
1
Now applying A - G inequality for two +ve no. x and we have A.M.  G.M
.M
x
1
x
x  x 1 x  1  2
2 x x
1
(8) The sum of a –ve number and its reciprocal is always, less than or equal to -2 i.e. if x < 0 then x +  –2 , here
x
equality exists when x = –1.
Proof : If x < 0  < 0 Now applying A.G. inequality for –ve no. we have A.M.  G.M.
1
x
 x   x 1
2 x

1
 x  2
x
(9) Root mean square (R.M.S. value ) : - If a and b be two numbers then R.M.S. is defined as the square root of the
A.M. of squares of the numbers.

a2 + b2
i.e. R.M.S. =
2
For n real no. a1, a2, a3 .... an

a12  a 22  a 32  ....  a n2
R.M.S. 
n
An Important Inequality :
* R.M.S. of some quantities is always greater than the A.M. of the quantities.
i.e. A.M.  R.M.S.

ab a 2  b2

2 2

a1  a 2  a 3  .....  a n a 2  a 22  a 32  .....  a 2n
Also  1
n n
Proof : Consider the graph of y = x2
2
By the graph 2
+b
b a B (b, b2)
a+ , 2
2 2
a 2  b2  a  b  M
  2
2  2  P a+b
( ,( a +2 b ) )
2
2
A (a,a )
ab a 2  b2 a a+b b

2 2 2

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (29)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

for 3 numbers a, b, c,
By the graph
C(c, c2)
2
a 2  b 2  c2  a  b  c 
  a+b+c, a2 +b2+c2 2
3  3  G 3 3
B(b,b )
a+b+c, a +b+c
2 P 3 3
abc a 2  b 2  c2 (a,a )A
 a L b c
3 3
a+b+c
Similarly we can extend for n no. a1, a2, a3, ...., an. 3

(10) A.M. of mth power : The relation between A.M. of mth powers of n+ve real numbers and mth power of A.M. of n
+ve real numbers be given as -
m
 a1  a 2  .....  a n  a m  a 2m  ......  a nm
   1 if m  R   [0,1]
 n  n
m
 a1  a 2  .....  a n  a m  a 2m  ......  a nm
   1 if m  (0,1)
 n  n
m
 a1  a 2  .....  a n  a1m  a 2m  ......  a nm
   if m  {0,1}
 n  n
Proof : For m = 2 we have given the proof in previous point (9)
Now for any no. m a similar proof can be given suppose we want to prove
33 3 3 3
 a1  a 2  a 3  a 4  a 1  a 2  a 3  a 4
  
 4  4
D (a,44a) 3
Make a graph of y = x3 3 3 3
a1+a2+a3+a4 a1 +a2 +a3 +a4
3

G , 3
4 4 a1+a2+a3+a4 a1+a2+a 3+a4
In quadrilateral ABCD it is obvious that C 4
,
4
33 3 3 3 (a)1,a13 A B
 a1  a 2  a 3  a 4  a 1  a 2  a 3  a 4 a1 a2 a3 a4
  
 4  4

1
Now if m  then to prove that
3
1/ 3 3
a3b +b
a b 3 a 2
   b,
 2  2 a+
2 B (b, 3 )
b
a ) P
Now consider the graph of y = x1/3. 3 3 a +3 b
(a, M a+ b ,
A 2 2
In all the graphs of y = xm
if m > 1 Graph is concave up for x > 0
a a+b b
for m < 1  Graph is concave down for x > 0 2

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (30)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

3
ab a3b
Now obvious result from the graph is 3  .
2 2

(11) Weighted A.M., weighted G.M. & weighted H.M. : Let a1,a2, a3, ... an, be n +ve real numbers and
m1, m2, ....,mn be n +ve rational no. (called weights of a1, a2....,an)
The we define weighted A.M. A*, weighted G.M. G* and weighted H.M. H* as follows
m1a1  m 2 a 2  ......  m n a n
A* 
m1  m 2  m3  ......  m n
1
G*   a1m1 a 2m2 .....a nmn  m1  m 2 .... mn

m1  m 2  .......  m n
H* 
m1 m 2 m
  .....  n
a1 a 2 an

Now for n + ve real no. A *  G*  H * where equality exists for a1 = a2 = a3 = .....=an

(12) An important inequality : for any three +ve real numbers a 2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca  0
Here equality exists when a = b = c.
1
Proof: a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
2
 2a 2  2b 2  2c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca 

1 2
=
2
a  b2  2ab  b2  c2  2bc  c2  a 2  2ac
1
=
2
 2
 a  b   (b  c)2  (c  a)2  0  H.P.

Obviously equality will exist when a = b = c

(13) Lagrange’s Identity : If a, b, c and x,y z be two triads of real numbers then
(a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2) = (ax + by + cz)2 + (ay – bx)2 + (az – cx)2 + (bz – cy)2
Proof : RHS = a2x2 + b2y2 + c2z2 + 2 abxy + 2 bcyz + 2 caxz + a2y2 + b2x2 – 2abxy + a2z2 + c2x2 – 2acxz + b2z2 + c2y2 – 2 bcyz
= a 2 (x 2  y2  z2 )  b2 (y2  x 2  z2 )  c2 (z2  x 2  y2 )
= (x 2  y2  z 2 ) (a 2  b2  c2 )  LHS
(14) Cauchy’s Inequality : If a, b, c and x, y, z be two triads of real numbers then
(a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2)  (ax + by + cz)2
Proof : By lagrangians Identity we have
(a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2)  (ax + by + cz)2 + (ay – bx)2 + (az – cx)2 + (bz – cy)2
 obviously we have
(a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2)  (ax + by + cz)2 H.P.

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (31)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

a 2 b 2 (a  b) 2
(15) If a and b any two real numbers and x, y be two + ve real numbers then  
x y xy

Proof :  (ay  bx)2  0

 a 2 y2  b2 x 2  2abxy  0

 a 2 y2  b2 x 2  2abxy
a2xy + a2y2 + b2x2 + b2xy  a2xy + b2xy + 2abxy
a2y (x + y) + b2x (x + y)  (a + b)2 xy
a 2 b 2 (a  b) 2
   H.P.
x y xy
(16) An inequality involving the sides of a triangle can be reduced to an inequality involving only positive real
numbers, which is generally easier to prove. There is no need to use the following constraints followed by the
sides of the triangle  a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b.
To convert the inequality use the following substitutions ; x = s – a, y = s – b, z = s – c ....(1)
 x + y + z = 3s – (a + b + c) here 2s = a + b + c
 x+y+z=S .... (2)
Also a = s – x = y + z
b=s–y =z+x
c=s–z=x+y ....(3)
substitutions in (1), (2) & (3) will convert the inequality into x, y , z. Now this new inequality will be Generally easier to
prove.
Questions for practice :

1 1 1
Q.1 Find the least value of (a + b + c)     Ans. = 9
a b c
bc ca ab
Q.2 For 3 +ve real no. a, b, c P.T.   6
a b c
x 2  y2  z2
Q.3 Show that the expression can not lie between –2 and 1 where x, y , z are real such that
xy  yz  zx
xy + yz + zx  0
Q.4 If p, q, x, y are +ve then PT (px + qy) (pq + xy)  4 pqxy
Q.5 If a, b, c are +ve then PT a2b + b2a + c2a + ca2 + b2c + bc2  6 abc
Q.6 If a, b, c are +ve then PT. (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)  8abc
Q.7 If a, b, c > 0 then PT. (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2)  9abc
Q.8 If a > 0 then PT. (a3 + a2 + a + 1)2  16 a3
Q.9 For usual meanings of a, b, c and s in a triangle P.T. 8 (s – a) (s – b) (s – c)  abc
Q.10 For usual meaning of a, b, c & s in a triangle P.T. (a  b  c)3  27(a  b  c)(b  c  a)(a  c  b)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (32)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

7
Q.11 If a, b, c > 0 then P.T.  (1  a)(1  b)(1  c)   7 7 a 4 b 4 c 4

59 210
Q.12 If a + b + c = 5 then find the greatest value of a3 b2 c4 ? Ans.
315

2 22  37  55
Q.13 Find the greatest value of  5  x  (x  2)5 here +2 < x < 5. Ans.
77

Q.14 If a, b, c > 0 then P.T. a4 + b4 + c4  abc (a + b + c)

Q.15 If a, b > 0 and a + b = 1 then P.T.

1 1 1
(i) a 2  b 2  (ii) a 4  b 4  (iii) ab 
2 8 4

n 1
Q.16 for every natural no. n > 1 P.T. 2n  1  n.2 2

a 3b 27
Q.17 If a, b > 0 then P.T. 4

(a  b) 256

Q.18 If x, y, z  0 and x + y + z = 1 P.T.

1 8
(i) x 2  y 2  z 2  (ii) (1  x) (1  y)(1  z) 
3 27

1  1  1  1 
(iii) x 2 yz  (iv)   1   1   1  8
64  x  y  z 

 1  1  1 
(v) 1   1   1    64
 x  y  z 

81
Q.19 If x + y + z = 6 (x,y,z > 0). Find the maximum value of x2yz. Ans.
4

Q.20 If a1, a2, a3, ..., an > 0, P.T.

n 1
 aia j   a1  a 2  a 3  ....  a n 
0  i  j n 2

Q.21 Using Cauchy’s Inequality P.T.

1 1 1 
(i)  a1  a 2  ....  a n     ....    n 2 (where ai > 0)
 a1 a 2 an 

1
(ii) If x + y + z = 1 P.T. x 2  y 2  z 2  (where x,y,z > 0)
3

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (33)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

(iii) a1  a 2  a 3  .....  a n  a 2
1  a 22  .....  a 2n  n

Q.22 If a, b, c ; x, y, z be real no. s.t. a2 + b2 + c2 = x2 + y2 + z2 = 1

PT ax + by + cz  1

Q.23 If x2 + y2 + z2 = 27 (x, y, z > 0)

P.T. x3 + y3 + z3  81

Q.24 If x, y , z > 0 and x3 + y3 + z3 = 81 P.T. x + y + z  9.

Q.25 For every natural no. n prove that

n n
 n 1  (n  1) (2n  1) 
(i) n!    (ii) nn > 1.3.5..... (2n –1) (iii) (n!)2   
 2   6 

ab
ab
Q.26 Prove that    a b .ba where a, b  N
 2 

 
Q.27 If    0,  , then find the range of 9 tan 2   16cot 2   7
 2

2 2
 1  1 1
Q.28 If x and y are two positive numbers whose sum is 4. Show that  x     y    12
 x  y 2

bc ac ab abc
Q.29 If a, b, c > 0 then P.T.   
bc ac ab 2

Q.30 P.T. a 2 (1  b2 )  b2 (1  c2 )  c2 (1  a 2 )  6abc

m 1
 mn  1 
Q.31 If m and n are two +ve quantities then P.T.    nm
 m 1 

1 1 1 6
Q.32 If a, b, c are in AP. then P.T.    .
a b c ac

a (1  a) b (1  b) c (1  c)
Q.33 If a + b + c = 1, also a, b, c > 0 then PT   6
bc ac ab
Q.34 Show that for non - zero x & y

 y2 x 2   x y 
3  2  2   8     10  0
x y  y x

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (34)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

EXERCISE # 1
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (1) : Arithmetic Progression
1-1. In an A.P. the third term is four times the first term, and the sixth term is 17 ; find the series.
1-2. The third term of an A.P. is 18, and the seventh term is 30 ; find the sum of 17 terms.
1-3. How many terms of the series –9, –6, –3, ....must be taken that the sum may be 66 ?
1-4. Find the number of integers between 100 & 1000 that are
(i) divisible by 7 (ii) not divisible by 7
1-5. Find the sum of all those integers between 100 and 800 each of which on division by 16 leaves the remainder 7.
p
1-6. Find the sum of 35 terms of the series whose pth term is 2.
7
1-7. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 27, and their product is 504, find them.
1-8. If a, b, c are in A.P., then show that :
(i) a2 (b + c), b2 (c + a), c2 (a + b) are also in A.P.
(ii) b + c – a, c + a – b, a + b – c are in A.P.
1-9. The fourth power of the common difference of an arithmetic progression with integer entries is added to the
product of any four consecutive terms of it. Prove that the resulting sum is the square of an integer.

Section (2) : Geometric Progression

2-1. The third of a G.P. is the square of the first term. If the second term is 8, find its sixth term.
2-2. The continued product of three numbers in G.P. is 216, and the sum of the products of them in pairs 156 ;find the
numbers.
2-3. If the pth,qth, rth terms of a G.P. be a ,b ,c respectively, prove that aq–rbr–pcp–q = 1.
2-4. The sum of infinite number of terms of a G.P. is 4 and the sum of their cubes is 192. Find the series.
2-5. If a, b, c, d are in G.P., prove that :
(i) (a 2  b2 ),(b2  c2 ),(c 2  d 2 ) are in G.P..

1 1 1
(ii) , 2 , 2 are in G.P..
a  b b  c c  d2
2 2 2

Section (3) : Harmonic and Arithmetic Geometric Progression

1 1
3-1. Find the 4th term of an H.P. whose 7th term is and 13th term is .
20 38
3-2. Sum the following series
2 3 4
(i) 1   2  3  ..... to n terms.
2 2 2

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (35)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

3 7 15 31
(ii) 1      ...... to infinity..
4 16 64 256
3-3. Find the sum of n terms of the series the rth term of which is (2r + 1)2r.
Section (4) : Means, Inequalities A.M.  G.M.  H.M

4-1. The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 6 and their geometric mean G and harmonic mean H satisfy the relation
G2 + 3H = 48. Find the two numbers.
4-2. If betwen any two quantities there be inserted two arithmetic means A1, A2 ; two geometric means G1, G2 ; and two
harmonic means H1, H2 then prove that G1G2 : H1H2 = A1 + A2 : H1 + H2.
x100
4-3. If x > 0, then find greatest value of the expression .
1  x  x 2  x 3  ....  x 200
4-4. Using the relation A.M.  G.M. prove that

(i) tan   cot   2 ; if 0   
2

(ii) (x 2 y  y2 z  z 2 x) (xy2  yz2  zx 2 )  9x 2 y2 z 2 . (x, y, z are positive real number)

(iii) (a + b). (b + c). (c + a) > abc ; if a, b, c are positive real numbers

Section (5) : Method of difference, tn = vn – vn–1

5-1. Find the sum to n-terms of the sequence.

(i) 1 + 5 + 13 + 29 + 61 + ..... up to n terms
(ii) 3 + 33 + 333 + 3333 + .......up to n terms
5-2. Find the sum to n-terms of the sequence.
1 1 1
(i)    .... (ii) 1.3.22  2.4.32  3.5.42  .....
1.3.5 3.5.7 5.7.9
Section (6) : Miscellaneous
6-1. The sum of three numbers which are consecutive terms of an A.P. is 21. If the second number is reduced by 1 & the
third is increased by 1, we obtain three consecutive terms of a G.P., find the numbers.
6-2. If the pth, qth & rth terms of an AP are in G.P. Find the common ration of the G.P.
6-3. Find the sum of the n terms of the series whose nth term is
(i) n (n + 2) (ii) 3n – 2n
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
Section (1) : Arithmetic Progression
1-1. The first term of an A.P. of consecutive integer is p2 + 1. The sum of (2p + 1) terms of this series can be expressed
as
(A) (p + 1)2 (B) (2p + 1) (p + 1)2 (C) (p + 1)3 (D) p3 + (p + 1)3
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (36)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

1-2. If a1, a2, a3, ......are in A.P. such that a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 225, then a1+ a2+ a3+ .....+ a24
(A) 909 (B) 75 (C) 750 (D) 900
1-3. If the sum of the first 2n terms of the A.P. 2, 5, 8, ......, is equal to the sum of the first n terms of the A.P. 57, 59, 61,
...., then n equals
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 11 (D) 13
1-4. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible by 2 or 5 is
(A) 2550 (B) 1050 (C) 3050 (D) none of these
1-5. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. if the smallest angle is 120° & the common difference is 5°, then the
number of sides in the polygon is :
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 16 (D) none of these
1-6. Consider an A.P. with first term 'a ' and the common difference 'd ' . Let Sk denote the sum of its first K terms.
Skx
If is independent of x, then
Sx
(A) a = d/2 (B) a = d (C) a = 2d (D) none of these
1-7. If x  R , the numbers 51 x  51 x , a / 2, 25x  25 x form an A.P. then 'a ' must lie in the interval :
(A) [1, 5] (B) [2, 5] (C) [5, 12] (D) [12, )
1-8. There are n A.M 's between 3 and 54, such that the 8th mean : (n –2)th mean:: 3:5. The value of n is.
(A) 12 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 20
1 1 1 1
1-9. The sum of the series    .....  is
log 2 4 log 4 4 log8 4 log 2n 4

1 1 1 1
(A) n (n  1) (B) n (n  1) (2n  1) (C) (D) n (n  1)
2 12 n (n  1) 4
1-10*. If a1, a2 ,......,an are distinct terms of an A.P., then
(A) a1  2a 2  a 3  0 (B) a1  2a 2  a 3  0
(C) a1  3a 2  3a 3  a 4  0 (D) a1  4a 2  6a 3  4a 4  a 5  0
1-11*. If x, |x + 1|, |x –1| are three terms of an A.P., then its sum upto 20 terms is -
(A) 180 (B) 350 (C) 90 (D) 720

Section (2) : Geometric Progression

2-1. The third term of a G.P. is 4. The product of the first five terms is
(A) 43 (B) 45 (C) 44 (D) none of these
2-2. If S is the sum to infinity of a G.P. whose first term is 'a ' , then the sum of the first n terms is
n n n
a   a    a 
(A) S 1   (B) S 1  1    (C) a 1  1    (D) none of these
 S   S     S  

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (37)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

2-3. Consider an infinite geometric series with first term 'a ' and common ratio r. If the sum is 4 and the second term is 3/
4, then :
7 3 3 3 1 1
(A) a  , r  (B) a  2, r  (C) a  , r  (D) a  3, r 
4 7 8 2 2 4
20
2-4. For a sequence {an}, a1 = 2 and a n 1  1 . Then a r is
an 3 r 1

20 1
(A) [4  19  3] (B) 3 1  20  (C) 2 (1 – 320) (D) none of these
2  3 
3
2-5. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. and a2, b2, c2 are in G.P. If a < b < c and a  b  c  , then the value of a is
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C)  (D) 
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
2-6.  be the roots of the equation x2 – 3x + a = 0 and   the roots of x2 – 12x + b = 0 and numbers 
(in this order) form an increasing G.P., then
(A) a = 3, b = 12 (B) a = 12, b = 3 (C) a = 2, b = 32 (D) a = 4, b = 16
2-7. The rational number, which equals the number 2.357 with recurring decimal is
2355 2379 2355
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
1001 997 999
1 1 1
2-8*. If sum of the infinite G.P., p,1, , 2 , 3 ,...... is 9 , the value of p is
p p p 2
2 3 1
(A) 3 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3
2-9*. Indicate the correct alternative (s), for 0     / 2 , if :
  
x   cos2n , y  sin 2n , z  cos2n  sin 2n , then :
n0 n0 n0

(A) xyz = xz + y (B) xyz = xy + z (C) xyz = x + y + z (D) xyz = yz + x

Section (3) : Harmonic and Arithmetic Geometric Progression

3-1. Let the positive numbers a, b, c, d be in A.P. Then abc, abd, acd, bcd are :
(A) not in A.P./G.P./H.P. (B) in A.P.
(C) in G.P. (D) in H.P.
3-2. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to sum of the squares of their reciprocals,
a b c
then , , are in
c a b
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these
1 1
3-3. If 3  (3  d)  2 (3  2d) + .....+ upto   8 , then the value of d is :
4 4
(A) 9 (B) 5 (C) 1 (D) none of these
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (38)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

Section (4) : Means, Inequalities A.M.  G.M.  H.M

4-1. If A, G & H are respectively the A.M., G.M. & H.M. of three positive numbers a, b, & c, then the equation whose
roots are a, b, & c is given by :
(A) x 3  3Ax 2  3G3 x  G 3  0 (B) x 3  3Ax 2  3(G 3 / H)x  G3  0
3 2 3 3
(C) x 3  3Ax 2  3(G 3 / H) x  G3  0 (D) x  3Ax  3(G / H) x  G  0
4-2*. If the arithmetic mean of two positive numbers a & b (a > b) is twice their geometric mean, then a : b is :
(A) 2  3 : 2  3 (B) 7  4 3 :1 (C) 1: 7  4 3 (D) 2 : 3
4-3. If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 2, then M = (a + b) (c + d) satisfies the relation :
(A) 0  M  1 (B) 1 M  2 (C) 2  M  3 (D) 3  M  4
4-4. If a1, a2, a3, ...., an are positive real numbers whose product is a fixed number c, then the minimum value of
a1  a 2  a 3  ....  a n 1  2a n is
(A) n (2c)1/n (B) (n + 1) c1/n (C) 2nc1/n (D) (n + 1) (2c)1/n

Section (5) : Method of difference, tn = vn – vn–1

n
4
5-1*. If  r (r  1)(2r  3)  an  bn 3  cn 2  dn  e , then
r 1

(A) a + c = b + d (B) e = 0
(C) a, b –2/3, c –1 are in A.P. (D) c/a is an integer
Section (6) : Miscellaneous
6-1. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. & | a |, | b |, | c | < 1. If x = 1 + a + a2 + ... to  ; y = 1 + b + b2 + ... to  &
z = 1 + c + c2 + ......to  , then x, y, z are in :
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none
n(n  1) 2
6-2. The sum of the first n-terms of the series 12  2.22  32  2.42  52  2.62  ........ is , when n is even. When n
2
is odd, the sum is
n(n  1) 2 n 2 (n  2) n 2 (n  1) n(n  2)2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 2 4
6-3. If ax = by = cz = dt and a, b, c, d are in G.P., then x, y , z , t are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these

1
6-4. The sum r
r 2
2
1
is equal to :

(A) 1 (B) 3/4 (C) 4/3 (D) none of these

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (39)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

PART - III : ASSERTION/REASONING

1. STATEMENT -1 : The series for which sum to n terms, Sn , is given by Sn = 5n2 + 6n is an A.P.
STATEMENT -2 : The sum to n terms of an A.P. having non-zero common difference is a quadratic in
n, i.e. an2 + bn.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT -2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(C) STATEMENT - 1 is true, STATEMENT -2 is false
(D) STATEMENT -1 is false, STATEMENT - 2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

2. STATEMENT-1 : 1, 2, 4, 8,.....is a G.P., 4, 8, 16, 32 is a G.P. and 1 + 4, 2 + 8, 4 + 16, 8 + 32, ....is also a G.P.
STATEMENT-2 : Let general term of a G.P. (with positive terms) with common ratio r be Tk+1 and general term of

another G.P. (with positive terms) with common ratio r be T 'k 1' then the series whose general term T ''k 1  Tk 1  T 'k 1
is also a G.P. with common ratio r.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT -2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(C) STATEMENT - 1 is true, STATEMENT -2 is false
(D) STATEMENT -1 is false, STATEMENT - 2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

3. STATEMENT -1 : The sum of the first 30 terms of the sequence 1,2,4,7,11,16,22, ...is 4520.
STATEMENT-2: If the successive differences of the terms of a sequence form an A.P., then general term of
sequence is of the form an2 + bn + c.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT -2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(C) STATEMENT - 1 is true, STATEMENT -2 is false
(D) STATEMENT -1 is false, STATEMENT - 2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (40)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

4. STATEMENT -1 : 3, 6, 12 are in G.P., then 9, 12, 18 are in H.P.

STATEMENT -2 : If three consecutive terms of a G.P. are positive and if middle term is added in these terms then
resultant will be in H.P.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT -2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(C) STATEMENT - 1 is true, STATEMENT -2 is false
(D) STATEMENT -1 is false, STATEMENT - 2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

sin 3 x  cos3 x  3sin 2 x  3sin x  2  

5. STATEMENT-1 : Minimum value of for x  0,  is 3
(sin x  1) cos x  2

STATEMENT-2 : The least value of a sin   b cos  is – a 2  b2

(A) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT -2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true , STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(C) STATEMENT - 1 is true, STATEMENT -2 is false
(D) STATEMENT -1 is false, STATEMENT - 2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

EXERCISE # 2
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Find the sum in the nth group of sequence,
(i) (1), (2, 3) ; (4, 5, 6, 7) ; (8, 9, ....., 15) ; ............
(ii) (1) , (2, 3, 4) , (5, 6, 7 ,8, 9), .....
2. Show that 2, 3, 5 cannot be the terms of a single A.P..
3. If the sum of the first m terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of either the next n terms or the next p terms, then prove

 1 1  1 1
that (m  n)     (m  p)    .
m p m n

5 55 555 5555
4. Find the sum of the series  2
   .... up to 
13 (13) (13)3 (13) 4

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (41)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

5. If 0  x   and the expression exp{(1 | cos x |  cos2 x  | cos3 x |  cos 4 x  ....upto ) log e 4}
satisfies the quadratic equation y2 – 20y + 64 = 0, then find the value of x.
6. In a circle of radius R a square is inscribed, then a circle is inscribed in the square, a new square in the circle and so
on for n times. Find the limit of the sum of areas of all the circles and the limit of the sum of areas of all the squares
as n   .
7. Given that   are roots of the equation Ax2 – 4x + 1 = 0 and  the roots of the equation B x2 – 6x + 1 = 0, find
values of A and B, such that    are in H.P..
a + be y b  ce y c  de y
8. (i) If   , then show that a, b, c, d are in G.P..
a  be y b  ce y c  de y
1 1 1
(ii) If , , are in A.P., then show that 9ax 1 ,9 bx 1 ,9cx 1 , x  0 are in G.P..
b c c a a b

9. If a, b, c are positive real numbers, then prove that b2 c2  c2 a 2  a 2 b2  abc(a  b  c) .

10. If a, b, c are positive real numbers and sides of the triangle, then prove that
(a  b  c)3  27 (a  b  c) (c  a  b) (b  c  a)
11. Sum the following series to n terms.
n
n n 1 1
(i)  r(r  1) (r  2) (r  3)
r 1
(ii) 
1.2.3 2.3.4
 .... 
n(n  1) (n  2)
12. Sum of the following series
22 32 42 52 62
(i) 12       ...... .
5 52 53 54 55
1 2 3
(ii)    ......
1  1  1 1  2  2 1  3  34
2 4 2 4 2

13. The sum of the first ten terms of an AP is 155 & the sum of first two terms of GP is 9. The first term of the AP is
equal to the common ratio of the GP & the first term of the GP is equal to the common difference of the A.P. Find the
two progressions.
14. Let a1, a2, ....., be positive real numbers in geometric progression. For each n, let An, Gn, Hn be respectively the
arithmetic mean, geometric mean & harmonic mean of a1, a2, ......,an. Find an expression for the geometric mean of
G1, G2, ....., Gn in terms of A1, A2, ....., An, H1, H2,......, Hn.
15. Let a, b be positive real numbers. If a, A1, A2, b are in arithmetic progression, a, G1, G2, b are in geometric
progression and a, H1, H2, b are in harmonic progression, show that
G1G 2 A1  A 2 (2a  b) (a  2b)
 
H1H 2 H1  H 2 9ab

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (42)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Single choice type
1 1 1
1. If x i  0,i  1, 2,..,50 and x1 + x2 + ..+ x50 = 50, then minimum value of   ....  equals to
x1 x 2 x 50
(A) 50 (B) (50)2 (C) (50)3 (D) (50)4
2. If a, a1, a2, a3, ...., a2n, b are in A.P. and a, g1, g2, g3,.......g2n, b are in G.P. and h is the harmonic mean of a and b, then
a1  a 2n a 2  a 2n 1 a  a n 1
  ....  n is equal to
g1g 2n g 2 g 2n 1 g n g n 1
2n n
(A) (B) 2nh (C) nh (D)
h h
3. One side of an equilateral triangle is 24 cm. The mid-points of its sides are joined to form another triangle whose mid-
points are in turn joined to form still another triangle. This process continues indefinitely. Then the sum of the
perimeters of all the triangle is
(A) 144 (B) 212 cm (C) 288 cm (D) none of these
4. If the sum of n terms of a G.P. (with common ratio r) beginning with the pth term is k times the sum of an equal
number of terms of the same series beginning with the qth term, then the value of k is :
(A) rp/q (B) rq/p (C) rp–q (D) rp + q
5. If P, Q be the A.M., G.M. respectively between any two rational numbers a and b, then P – Q is equal to
2
ab ab 2ab  a b
(A) (B) (C) (D)  
a 2 ab  2 
6. In a G.P. of positive terms, any term is equal to the sum of the next two terms. The common ratio of G.P. is s
(A) 2 cos 18° (B) sin 18° (C) cos 18° (D) 2 sin 18°
2
1 1 1  1 1 1
7. If 2
 2  2  ..... upto   , then 2  2  2  ..... 
1 2 3  1 3 5
(A) 2 /12 (B) 2 / 24 (C) 2 / 8 (D) none of these
8. If a1, a2, ....an are in A.P. with common difference d  0 , then the sum of the series
(sin d) [cosec a1 cosec a2 + cosec a2 cosec a3 + .... + cosec an–1 cosec an]
(A) sec a1 – sec an (B) cosec a1 – cosec an (C) cot a1 – cot an (D) tan a1– tan an
9. Sum of the series
S = 12 – 22 + 32 – 42 + ...–20022 + 20032 is
(A) 2007006 (B) 1005004 (C) 2000506 (D) none of these
1 1 1 3 5 2n  1
10. If H n  1    .....  , then value of 1    ....  is
2 3 n 2 3 n
(A) 2n – Hn (B) 2n + Hn (C) Hn – 2n (D) Hn + n

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (43)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

S3 (1  8Sl )
11. If S1, S2, S3 are the sums of first n natural numbers, their squares, their cubes respectively, then is equal
S22
to
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) 10
12. Consider the following statements :
S1 : Equal numbers are always in A.P., G.P. and H.P.
a b c
1 1 1
S2 : If x > 1 and   ,  ,   are in G.P., then a, b, c are in A.P..
x x x
b b b
S3 : If a, b, c be in H.P., then a  , ,c  will be in AP
2 2 2
S4 : If G1 and G2 are two geometric means and A is the arithmetic mean inserted between two positive
G12 G 22
numbers, then the value of  is 2A.
G 2 G1
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false
(A) FTFT (B) TTTT (C) FFFF (D) TFTF
More than one choice type
13. The sides of a right triangle form a G.P. The tangent of the smallest angle is

5 1 5 1 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 5 1 5 1
14. If b1, b2, b3 (bi > 0 ) are three successive terms of a G.P. with common ratio r, the value of r for which the inequality
b3 > 4b2 – 3b1 holds is given by
(A) r > 3 (B) 0 < r < 1 (C) r = 3.5 (D) r = 5.2
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
Column - I Column - II
(A) If log52, log5(2x – 5) and log5(2x – 7/2) are in A.P., (p) 6
then value of 2x is equal to
(B) Let Sn denote sum of first n terms of an A.P. If S2n = 3Sn, (q) 9
S3n
then is
Sn
8 12 16
(C) Sum of infinite series 4     .... is (r) 3
3 32 33
(D) The length, breadth, height of a rectangular box are in G.P. The (s) 1
volume is 27, the total surface area is 78. Then the length is

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (44)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

2. Column - I Column - II
3 3 3
(A) If log x y, log z x, log y z are in G.P., xyz = 64 and x , y , z (p) 2
3x
are in A.P., then is equal to
y
1 1 1
(B) The value of 2 4 .4 8 .816 ..... is equal to (q) 1
(C) If x, y, z are in A.P., then (r) 3
(x + 2y – z) (2y + z – x) (z + x – y) = kxyz,
where k  N , then k is equal to
(D) There are m A.M. between 1 and 31. If the ratio of the (s) 4
m
7th and (m –1)th means is 5 : 9, then is equal to
7

PART - IV : COMPREHENSIONS
Comprehension # 1
n(n  1)
We know that 1 + 2 + 3 +...... =  f (n) ,
2
n(n  1) (2n  1)
12  2 2  32  .......  n 2   g(n) ,
6
2
 n(n  1) 
13  23  33  .......  n 3     h(n)
 2 
1. g(n) – g(n – 1) must be equal to
(A) n2 (B) (n – 1)2 (C) n – 1 (D) n3
2. Greatest even natural number which divides g(n) – f(n), for every n  2 , is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) none of these
3. f(n) + 3g(n) + h(n) is divisible by 1 + 2 + 3 + ....+ n
(A) only if n = 1 (B) only if n is odd (C) only if n is even (D) for all n  N
Comprehension #2
In a sequence of (4n + 1) terms the first (2n + 1) terms are in AP whose common difference is 2, and the last
(2n + 1) terms are in GP whose common ration 0.5. If the middle terms of the AP and GP are equal, then
4. Middle term of the sequences is
n.2n 1 n.2n 1
(A) (B) (C) n. 2n (D) None of these
2n  1 22n  1
5. First term of the sequence is
4n  2n.2n 4n  2n.2n 2n  n.2n 2n  n.2n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2n  1 2n  1 2n  1 2n  1
6. Middle term of the GP is
2n n.2n n 2n
(A)
n
(B) n (C) n (D) n
2 1 2 1 2  1 2 1
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (45)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1 Section (2) :
PART - I 2-1. (B) 2-2. (B) 2-3. (D)
Section (1) : 2-4. (B) 2-5. (D) 2-6. (C)
1-1. 2, 5, 8, .... 1-2. 612 1-3. 11 2-7. (C) 2-8*. (AC) 2-9*. (BC)
1-4. 128, 771 1-5. 19668 1-6. 160 Section (3) :
1-7. 4, 9 , 14 3-1. (D) 3-2. (C) 3-3. (A)
Section (2) : Section (4) :
2-1. 128 2-2. 2, 6, 18 4-1. (B) 4-2*. (ABC) 4-3. (A) 4-4. (A)
2-4. 6, –3, 3/2, ... Section (5) :
Section (3) : 5-1*. (ABCD)
1 2n 8 Section (6) :
3-1. 3-2. (i) 4  (ii)
11 2 n 1 3 6-1. (C) 6-2. (C) 6-3. (C) 6-4. (B)
n 2 n 1
3-3. n.2 2 2 PART - III
Section (4) : 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D)
1 4. (A) 5. (B)
4-1. a = 4, b = 8 4-3.
201 EXERCISE # 2
Section (5) : PART - I
1 1. (i) 2 n–2 n
(2 +2 n–1
– 1) (ii) (n – 1)3 + n3
5-1. (i) 2n + 2 – 3n – 4 (ii) (10n 1  9n  10)
27
65  2 
1 1 4. 5. , , 6. 2R 2 ; 4R 2
5-2. (i)  36 2 3 3
12 4(2n  1)(2n  3)
7. A = 3; B = 8
n 11. (i) (1/5) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
(ii) (n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (2n  3)
10
n(n  1)
Section (6) : (ii)
4(n  2)
qr
6-1. 3, 7 , 11 or 12, 7, 2 6-2. 25 n (n  1) 1
pq 12. (i) (ii) 2
;s  
54 2 (n  n  1) 2
1 1 n 1
6-3. (i) n(n  1) (2n  7) (ii) (3  1)  2n 1 13. (3 + 6 + 12 + ....) ; (2/3 + 25/3 + 625/6 + ...) G.P.
6 2
PART - II  25 79 83 
(2  5  8  ....);     .....  A.P..
 2 6 6 
Section (1) :
n 1
1-1. (D) 1-2. (D) 1-3. (C) 14. G   (A k H k ) 2n
K 1
1-4. (C) 1-5. (B) 1-6. (A)
1-7. (D) 1-8. (B) 1-9. (D) PART - II
1-10*. (BD) 1-11*. (AB) 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A)
4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (D)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (46)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (A)

10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (A)
13. (BC) 14. (ABCD)
PART - III
1. (A)  (p),(B)  (p), (C)  (q), (D)  (q)
2. (A)  (r), (B)  (p), (C)  (s), (D)  (p)

PART - IV
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D)
4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (D)

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (47)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

ADVANCED LEVEL PROBLEMS

PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Single Choice type
n n n n
1. Let {an} and {bn} are two sequences given by a n  (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2 and b n  (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2 for all n  N .
The value of a1a2a3 ....an is equal to
xy xy xy
(A) x – y (B) (C) (D)
bn bn bn
2. If 12 + 22 + 32 + .....+ 20032 = (2003) (4007) (334) and
(1) (2003) + (2) (2002) + (3) (2001) + ...+ (2003) (1) = (2003) (334) (x). , then x equals to
(A) 2005 (B) 2004 (C) 2003 (D) 2001
3. If x > 0, and log 2 x  log 2  x   log  x   log  x   log  x   .......  4 , then x equals to
2
4
2
8
2
16

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

n n
1 1
4. If t
r 1
r 
12
n(n  1)(n  2) , then the value of t is
r 1 r

2n n 4n 3n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n 1  n  1 n 1 n 1

p r
5. If a, b, c are in A.P., p, q, r are in H.P. and ap, bq, cr are in G.P., then  is equal to
r p

a c a c b q b a
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
c a c a q b q p
6. The common difference 'd ' of the A.P. in which T7 = 9 and T1T2T7 is least, is
33 5 33
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 4 20
16
7. The H.M. between two numbers is , their A.M. is A and G.M. is G. If 2A + G2 = 26, then the numbers are
5
(A) 6, 8 (B) 4, 8 (C) 2, 8 (D) 1, 8
8. If 1, 2, 3.... are first terms ; 1, 3, 5..... are common differences and S1, S2, S3 ... are sums of n terms of given pAP 's ;
then S1  S2  S3  ....  Sp is equal to

np (np  1) n (np  1) np (p  1) np (p  1)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
9. If a and b are pth and qth terms of an AP, then the sum of its (p + q) terms is
pq a  b pq a  b
(A) ab (B) ab

2  p  q  2  p  q 

pq  a  b
(C)  ab (D) none of these
2  p  q 
PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (48)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

n 
1 1
10. If Sn   t r  n (2n 2  9n  13) , then  r. equals
r 1 6 r 1 tr

3 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 2
11. The sum of those integers from 1 to 100 which are not divisible by 3 or 5 is
(A) 2489 (B) 4735 (C) 2317 (D) 2632
12. If a, b, c are in G.P., a – b, c – a, b – c are in HP, then the value of a + 4b + c is
(A) 12 (B) 0 (C) 11 (D) 2
More than one choice type
n
1
13. The value of 
r 1 a  rx  a  (r  1) x
is

n n a  nx  a a  a  nx
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a  a  nx a  a  nx x x
14. Let a, x, b be in A.P. ; a, y, b be in G.P and a,z b be in H.P. If x = y + 2 and z = 5z, then
(A) y2 = xz (B) x > y > z (C) a = 9, b = 1 (D) a = 1/4, b = 9/4
15. If 1, logyx, logzy, –15logxz are in A.P., then
(A) z3 = x (B) x = y–1 (C) z–3 = y (D) x = y–1 = z3
PART - II : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. In an A.P. of which 'a ' is the Ist term, if the sum of the Ist 'p ' terms is equal to zero, show that the sum of the next
a (p  q) q
'q ' terms is  .
p 1
2. The number of terms in an A.P. is even ; the sum of the odd terms is 24, sum of the even terms is 30, and the last
term exceeds the first by 10 1 2 ; find the number of terms.
3. A man arranges to pay off a debt of Rs. 3600 by 40 annual installments which form an arithmetic series. When 30
of the installments are paid he dies leaving a third of the debt unpaid. Find the value of the first installment.
4. If the pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively, show that (q – r) a + (r – p) b + (p – q) c = 0.
5. The sum of the first p-terms of an A.P. is q and the sum of first q terms is p, find the sum of first (p + q) terms.
1 1 1 1
6. If b is the harmonic mean between a and c, then prove that    .
ba bc a c
7. The value of x + y + z is 15 if a, x, y, z , b are in AP while the value of (1/x) + (1/y) + (1/z) is 5/3 if
a, x, y, z, b are in H.P. Find a and b.
n
3n .5n
8. Find the value of Sn   n n n 1
and hence S .
n 1 (5  3 )(5  3n 1 )
9. If n is a root of the equation x2 (1 – ac) – x(a2 + c2) – (1 + ac) = 0 and if n HM’s are inserted between a and c,
show that the difference between the first and the last mean is equal to ac (a – c).

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (49)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

10. Circles are inseribed in the acute angle  so that every neighbouring circles touch each other. If the radius of the
first circle is R, then find the sum of the radii of the first n circles in terms of R and  .
11. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers, then prove that -
a b c 3
(i)   
b+c ca a b 2
2 2 2 9
(ii)   
a  b b  c c  a a b c

a 2  b 2 b2  c2 a 2  c2
(iii)    abc
ab b c ac

1 1 1 3
(iv) 3
 3  3  , if abc = 1
a (b  c) b (a  c) c (a  b) 2
12. Let A, G, H be A.M., G.M. and H.M. of three positive real numbers a, b, c respectively such that G2 = AH, then prove
that a, b, c are terms of a G.P.
ANSWER KEY
PART - I PART - II
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (C) 1 1
2. 8 terms. Series 1 ,3, 4, ,..... 3. Rs. 51
4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (C) 2 2

7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (B) 5. – (p + q)

10. (A) 11. (D) 12. (B) 3

7. a = 1 , b = 9 OR b = 1, a = 9 8.
4
13. (AC) 14. (ABC) 15. (ABCD)
n
  
R 1  sin   1  sin   
 2  
2  1
10.  
  1  sin   
2sin
2  2  
 

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (50)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

NOTES
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (51)
 MATHEMATICS BY
PAWAN KUMAR KUKKAR

NOTES
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

PERFECT EDUCATION, 17-18, Vinayak vihar pharmacy road, Sri Ganganagar -335001 Mob. 84321-00020, 7821822364 (52)