BUILDING

NETWORKS
NEWTORK STRUCTURE AND SECURITY
UNIT 8.1
 NETWORKING WITH PEOPLE AROUND
• Creating a network and socializing is an essential part of our
personal and professional lives.
• One way to create a network is to attend events, join clubs or
groups related to your interests or industry, and actively
participate in conversations. Additionally, you can use social
• One listens actively, and shows interest in others.
• Building and maintaining relationships takes time and effort, but
it can lead to wonderful opportunities and meaningful
connections.
• When socializing, it's important to be genuine.
 VIRTUAL
COMMUNICATION
AND NETWORKING
COMMUNICATION THROUGH
DEVICES IN A NETWORK
 NETWORKING WITH DEVICES
• Devices communicate with each other through a network
using various methods such as wired or wireless
connections.
• In a wired network, devices are connected via physical
cables, while wireless networks use radio waves to enable
communication between devices.
• The devices exchange data and information using network
protocols and standards, allowing them to send and receive
messages, share resources, and communicate effectively.
• Networking technologies such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and
Bluetooth play crucial roles in enabling devices to connect
and communicate with each other.
 WHAT IS PAN
• A personal area network (PAN) is a network of
interconnected devices, such as smartphones, tablets,
and laptops, that are situated within a relatively small
area, typically within reach of an individual person.
• PANs can be used for communicating, sharing data,
and connecting to the internet, often using technologies
like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
PAN
 WHAT IS LAN
• LAN stands for Local Area Network.
• It is a computer network that interconnects computers
within a limited area such as a residence, school,
laboratory, university campus, or office building.
• Typically, a LAN is used for sharing resources such as
printers, files, and applications.
• This type of network is usually limited to a small
geographic area and does not involve connections to
the internet or other networks outside of the defined
area.
LAN
 WHAT IS WAN
• WAN stands for Wide Area Network.
• It is a telecommunications network that extends over a large
geographical area, allowing a wide variety of computers and
devices to connect and communicate with each other.
• WANs can be used to connect different local area networks
(LANs) together, allowing users to share resources and
information across a large area.
• They are commonly used by businesses, governments, and
organizations to facilitate communication and data exchange
across different locations.
 WHAT IS MAN
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer
network that usually spans a city or a large campus.
• It typically connects multiple buildings within a specific
geographic area using high-speed connections such as fiber
optic cables.
• MANs are larger than local area networks (LANs) but smaller
than wide area networks (WANs), and they are designed to
provide internet connectivity and network services to a larger
area than a LAN.
• They are commonly used by businesses, government
agencies, and educational institutions to interconnect local
area networks in different parts of a city.
ADVANTAGES – DISADVANTAGES
OF NETWORK DEVICES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 WHAT ARE FIREWALLS
• Firewalls are security systems that monitor and control
incoming and outgoing network traffic based on
predetermined security rules.
• They act as a barrier between a trusted internal network and
untrusted external networks, such as the Internet.
• Firewalls can help prevent unauthorized access to or from
private networks and are a crucial part of a comprehensive
cybersecurity strategy.
• Firewalls also filters the network traffic that comes in,
checking the validity of the messages as much as possible
and perhaps denying some messages altogether
HOW A FIREWALL
WORKS
 WHAT ARE SERVERS
• Servers in a network are powerful computers or software
applications that store and manage data, information,
resources, and services.
• They are designed to provide functionality to other devices
connected to the network, such as desktop computers,
laptops, smartphones, and other servers.
• Servers can handle tasks like storing files, processing
requests, hosting websites or applications, managing user
access, and running specific network services like email,
databases, and file sharing.
• In essence, servers act as central hubs that facilitate
communication and resource sharing within a network.
SERVER
CENTRAL HUB
 WHAT IS A MAC ADDRESS
• A MAC address, or Media Access Control address, is a
unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for
communications on the physical network segment.
• It is a hardware address that uniquely identifies each
node/computer in a network.
• MAC addresses are used for numerous network
technologies and most commonly implemented in
Ethernet networks.
ROUTER

Your router’s primary

responsibility is to route data
between devices in your
home, and between those
devices and the wider
Internet. The system of
interconnected devices plus
the router itself is what we’re
collectively referring to when
we talk about a home
network.
NIC – NETWORK INTERFACE
CONTROLLER

A Network Interface Controller

(NIC) is a hardware component
that enables a device to
connect to a network. It is
commonly found in computers
and other devices, and it allows
the device to communicate with
other devices on the same
network. The NIC can be wired
or wireless, and it provides the
necessary hardware to send
and receive data over the
network. In essence, the NIC
acts as the interface between
the device and the network,
enabling communication and
data transfer..
A switch in a network is a networking
device. Its primary function is to forward
data packets to their intended destination
within the local area network (LAN) based
on the Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses of the devices connected to it.
Essentially, a switch efficiently manages
and controls the data flow within a
network by creating a direct and
dedicated connection between the
sender and receiver of a data packet, thus
reducing traffic and improving network
performance.
 QUESTIONS
• Q1. Define:
• A. Servers : Servers are the main computers in a network. It offers services to the other
devices in the network.

• B. Switch : A switch is a device that forwards the data from one device to another in a
network. It uses the MAC address of the devices to transmit data.

• C. Router : A router is a device that connects different networks together and provides
access to the internet. It finds the fastest route to send the data.

• D. NIC: It stands for Network Interface Controller/Card. It enables a device to be

connected in a network. Every NIC has a MAC address that uniquely identifies a device in
a network
 QUESTIONS
• Q2. Explain any two benefits and any two drawbacks of using networking
devices.

• Ans: Page 11, refer to the table.

Write any two points of your choice
 QUESTIONS
Q3. Distinguish between MAN and WAN. Write two points of
difference.
MAN WAN
Metropolitan Area Network, is a type Wide Area Network , is a type of
of network that allows the devices to network that allows the devices to
communicate within a city. communicate within a larger
geographical area, usually with LANs
connected together.

They are commonly used by They can be used to connect different

businesses, government agencies, local area networks (LANs) together,
and educational institutions to allowing users to share resources and
interconnect local area networks in information across a large area.
different parts of a city.
WHAT IS DATA TRANSMISSION

• Data transmission is the process of sending digital or

analog data over a communication medium, such as
a wired or wireless connection.
• This process allows computers and devices to
communicate with each other and share
information.
• Data transmission can occur over short distances
within a computer or between devices, or it can
occur over long distances between different
locations using networks and the internet.
 ASCII

• ASCII stands for American

Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
• It is a character encoding
standard that represents text in
computers, telecommunications
equipment, and other devices.
• Each character is assigned a
unique ASCII code, allowing for
consistent representation of text
Link :
across different systems and
[Link] devices.``````
U
SERIAL – PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
 OPERATING SYSTEM

• An operating system is system software that

manages computer hardware, software resources,
and provides common services for computer
programs.
• The operating system acts as an intermediary
between the computer hardware and the
applications running on it. It controls and
coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various application programs for various operations
such as file management, memory management,
input/output control, and scheduling tasks.