International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)

E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: [Link] ● Email: editor@[Link]

An Overview of Air Pollution and Its Impact on

Human Health in Kolkata
Arpita Dutta1, Arnab Rao2
1,2
Student, Geography, University of Calcutta

Abstract
This paper consists the overview of air pollution in the Kolkata Municipal area in between the time span
of 2018 to 2022 to analyse the trend of air pollution in the area and its impact on human health. For this
purpose some cartographic techniques have been used to analyse the data. Different calculations have been
done with different data sets to analyse the trend.

Keywords: A.Q.I- Air quality index, P.M- Suspended particulate matters

Introduction
The air we breathe is an essential ingredient for our wellbeing and a healthy life. But unfortunately air has
been polluted. There is no doubt that air pollution existed in ancient times, but it was much less severe and
less widespread than today.
According to Mishra (2003) rapid growth in urban population, increasing industrialization, and rising
demands for energy and motor vehicles are the worsening air pollution levels.
Air pollution effects human health as well as the climatic condition and indirectly effects the economic
condition of the place. Meteorological factors, vehicle emission, industrialisation and many other natural
and man-made causes increase the level of pollutants in air.
In India air quality is a very important issue now a days and Kolkata is one of the most polluted cities in
India after Delhi (Kolkata news, 19.11.2020). For these reasons this topic is needed to be enlightened.

Figure [Link] of Pollutants and Air Pollution

Types of air pollution

Pollutants that are emitted directly from identifiable sources, produced both by natural events (for
example, dust storms and volcanic eruptions) and human activities (emission from vehicles, industries,

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etc.) are referred to as primary pollutants. There are five primary pollutants that together contribute about
90 per cent of the global air pollution. These are carbon oxides, 5 nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile
organic compounds (mostly hydrocarbons) and suspended particulate matter.
Those substances that are not directly emitted into the atmosphere, but rather are formed by chemical
reactions in the atmosphere are referred to as secondary pollutants. Acid rain is a form of secondary
pollution because it results from processes occurring within the atmosphere after primary pollutants such
as SO2 are emitted from exhaust stacks and other sources.

Literature review-
Several literatures have been studied to understand about the air pollution in Kolkata and its effect on
health of citizen of Kolkata.
• According to Mishra (2003), poor environmental regulation, less efficient technology of production,
congested roads, and age and poor maintenance of vehicles, also add to the problem. He further added
that air pollution is caused of ill health and death by natural and man-made sources, major man-made
sources of ambient air pollution include tobacco smoke, combustion of solid fuels for cooking, heating,
home cleaning agents, insecticides industries, automobiles, power generation, poor environmental
regulation, less efficient technology of production, congested roads, and age and poor maintenance of
vehicles.
• WBPCB published annual report on air pollution of Kolkata and pointed out that the air pollution level
in Kolkata is observed too high in industrial and residential area also.
• According to European Public Health Alliance, 2009, The natural sources of air pollution include
incinerators and waste disposals, forest and agricultural fires.
• According to Prof. Masood Ahsan Siddiqui et al (2010), three factors account for the air pollution- (i)
less human population, (ii) small consumption per person and (iii) very basic types of materials used.

Location of the study area-

The study has been conducted in Kolkata, the capital city of West Bengal and a metropolitan city in eastern
India. It is located on the latitude 22deg34min03sec N and longitude of 88deg 22min 12sec E on the left
bank of Hugli river. The total area of the city is [Link].
The city of Kolkata has been dubbed as one of the most unplanned and polluted cities in the world. A study
in comparison of air quality data among four metropolitan areas in India indicates a higher pollution level
in Kolkata in comparison to Mumbai and Chennai, and is close to Delhi. It has also been termed as the
dusty city.
For this project we selected 5 major places in Kolkata based on their location namely-

[Link] (ward-10), 2. BEHALA (ward-129), 3. TOLLYGAUNGE (ward-97), 4. MINTO

PARK (ward-74), 5. PICNIC GAEDEN (ward-66). Thus, these different places of south, north, east, west
and middle Kolkata has been selected and refers the air quality of Kolkata.

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Figure 2, Ward Division Map Of Kolkata

([Link]
aper&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjY7Y3z4vODAxUgbmwGHZKNAO0Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=kolkata+municipal+corporation+ward+wise+map+from+research+paper&gs_lcp=C
gNpbWcQAzoFCAAQgAQ6BAgAEB5Q3ANY3Spg0y1oAHAAeACAAc4JiAHaSZIBDzAuMS4yLjU
uMS4zLjMuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=HdSvZZjrL6DcseMPkpu
C6A4&bih=585&biw=1263&rlz=1C1YTUH_enIN1088IN1088&hl=en#imgrc=oras99CMYEm_hM
[Link]
[Link]%2Fencyclopedia%2Fkolkata-municipal-
corporation&psig=AOvVaw35CslWxTREA5YT_ENonFAI&ust=1706109046377000&source=images&
cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCLiT95Xl84MDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD)

Objectives-
The objectives of the study resolves around the following goals, which successful achievement can provide
fruitful solutions for the existing problem.
1. To identify the air pollution zones in Kolkata.
2. To find out the different sources of air pollution.
3. To assess the harmful effects of air on health.

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4. To know the steps that should be taken to reduce air pollution.

Methodology-
The whole case study has been done with the help of secondary data. The data has been collected from
West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB).
For case study 5 places have been selected according to their location namely Shyambazar, Behala,
Tollygaunge, Minto Park, Picnic Garden. From 2018-2022 5 years have been selected for the study. To
represent the status of air pollution in different parts of Kolkata various cartographic techniques have been
used in the study to show the selected 4 pollutants which are PM2.5, P.M 10, NO2, SO2.
The AQI is calculated in the following process-
The data reading is devided by the national standard and multiplied by 100 to get the AQI for the pollutant.

Table 1, Among metropolitan cities, Central Pollution Control Board declares the standard value
of different pollutants
POLLUTANTS STANDARD VALUE
PM 10 60
PM 2.5 40
NO2 40
SO2 50

Sources of air pollution-

Table 2, Sources Of Air Pollution

Emissions (Tonnes/Year)
% % % %
Totals
RPM NOx SO2 Total
RPM NOx SO2

Motor
16,115 95,452 0 111,567 7.4 44.0 0 51.4
Vehicles

Industry 6571 34,208 12,378 53,157 3.0 15.8 5.7 24.5

Road Dust 45,881 0 0 45,881 21.1 0 0 21.1

Area Sources 6573 0 0 6573 3.0 0 0 3.0

Grand
75,140 129,660 12,378 217,178 34.5 59.8 5.7 100.0
Totals

Source: Compiled by Researcher from WBPCB, 2005.

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Figure 3, Pie Diagram Of The Various Sources Of Air Pollution

SOURCES OF AIR
POLLUTION
0%
22%

53%
25%

MOTOR VEHICLES INDUSTRY

ROAD DUST AREA SOURCES

Several factors cause air pollution in Kolkata and among them the main factor is transportation, where the
abundance of poorly-maintained vehicles, use of petrol fuel, and poor controlling are making
transportation the major air polluting sector. Additionally, there are three thermal power plants operating
in and around Kolkata, and some small-scale industries which also affects the air quality. An analysis of
different sources of air pollution in Kolkata has revealed that motor vehicles are the leading contributor to
air pollution (53%) which is followed by industry (25%) and dust particles (22%), respectively.

Major findings-
• Treand of each pollutants in each station 2018-2022-
From the collected data from WBPCB 2018-2022, the level of 4 pollutants pm 10, pm 2.5, so2 and no2
are represented by simple bar diagram of each station.
In 2018, highest amount of pm 2.5 was in Shyambazar (71.92 unit) and lowest in Minto park (62.87unit),
highest amount of no2, so2, pm 10 was also in Shyambazar (41.83 ug/qb.m, 6.12 and 134.08 respectively)
and lowest in picnic garden (32unit, 3.3 and 94.83 unit respectively).
In 2019, the highest amount of pm 2.5, pm 10, no2 and so2 was observeb in Shyambazar (68.6, 125.2,
43.4 and 9.1 respectively) and the lowest amount of pm 2.5 and no2 was in Minto park(50.6, 37.6
respectively), lowest so2 was in Tollygaunge and picnic garden( 7.5) and lowest pm 10 was in picnic
garden( 83.8).
In 2020, Shyambazar obtained the highest amount of pm 2.5 and pm 10 (43.6 and 92.7) picnic garden and
minto park obtained the highest amount of no2 and so2 respectively in the value of 49.3 and 6.67.
In 2021, Shyambazar obtained highest number of each pollutants (pm 10- 117.42, pm 2.5-43.79, no2-
40.37 and so2 6.75) and behala was lowest in case of pm 2.5 (36.21), tollygaunge was lowest in case of
no2, so2 and pm 10(34.23, 4.33, 56.31 respectively).
In 2022, shyambazar was highest for pm 2.5(44.8) and picnic garden was highest for no2, so2 and pm 10
with the value of 48.3, 9.5, 130.7 respectively. In minto park pm 2.5 was observed in the lowest condition
with the value of 35.3 and tollygaunge was observed with lowest value in case of no2, so2 and pm 10 with
the value of 37.1, 3.3 and 65.4 respectively.
In case of Tollygaunge and picnic garden the value pf pm 2.5 was not observed.

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Figure 4, Air Quality Status Of Samle Stations Of Kolkata (2018-2022)

PARAMETER- P.M<2.5
80
60
P.M<2.5 40
20
0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
YEARS

Shyambazar Behala Tollygaunge

Minto Park Picnic Garden

PARAMETER- P.M<10
150

100
P.M<10

50

0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
YEARS

Shyambazar Behala Tollygaunge Minto Park Picnic Garden

PARAMETER- NO2
60

50

40
NO2

30

20

10

0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Shyambazar Behala Tollygaunge Minto Park Picnic Garden

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PARAMETER- SO2
10

6
SO2

0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
YEAR

Shyambazar Behala Tollygaunge Minto Park Picnic Garden

Data source- West Bengal Pollution Control Board (2018-2022)

• Meteorological factors and AQI of Kolkata-

It is seen from the data collected from IMD and WBPCB that there is a direct relation of air quality with
the meteorological factors like rainfall, temperature, humidity etc. For this analysis the average value of
rainfall and temperature of 2018-2022 was taken and compared with the value of AQI of Kolkata of the
same time period.
From the analysis of the data it is clearly seen that when the temperature is moderate and rainfall is very
high, then the level of air pollution comes in a good state. In case of June- Sept the air quality become in
a good condition and the value of AQI decreases (average 66.3) as the quantity of rainfall increases (287-
359 mm) and temperature becomes moderate( 28-30 deg Celsius).
When the quantity of rainfall starts decreasing the value of AQI increases and the air quality becomes
poor. In case of Nov- feb as the rainfall decreased, the pollutants and dusts rises more and effects the air
quality.

Figure 5, Level Of A.Q.I And Meteorological Factors In Kolkata (2018-2022)

LEVEL OF AQI AND RAINFALL IN KOLKATA
(2018-2022)
400
A.Q.I AND RAINFALL

300
200
100
0

MONTHS

Rainfall(mm) AQI

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LEVEL OF AQI AND TEMPERATUE IN KOLKATA

(2018-2022)
160
A.Q.I AND TEMPERATURE

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

MONTHS

Temperature (degree celcius) AQI

Data source- Indian Meteorological Department and West Bengal Pollution Control Board

• Corelation of AQI and monsoon-

In this analysis, we calculate the trend of AQI with monsoon from2018 to 2020. The months are divided
in 3 divisions as-
JAN-APR- Pre monsoon
MAY- AUG- Monsoon
SEP- DEC- Post- monsoon
In case of monsoon the AQI becomes lowest than the other 2 seasons and in case of post monsoon the AQI
rises the most. And in case of the trend of AQI in past 5 years, a downwards moderate slope trend line is
seen.

Figure 6, Air Quality Trend During Pre Monsoon, Monsoon, Post Monsoon In Kolkata (2018-
2022)

PRE MONSOON AQI

300

250
AIR QUALITY INDEX

200

150 PRE MONSOON AQI

100 Linear (PRE MONSOON

AQI)
50

0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
YEAR

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MONSOON TREND
250

200

150
A.Q.I

100 MONSOON TREND

Linear ( MONSOON TREND)
50

0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
YEAR

POST MONSOON TREND

600

500

400
A.Q.I

300 POST MONSOON TREND

200 Linear (POST MONSOON

TREND)
100

0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
YEAR

Data source- Indian Meteorological Department and West Bengal Pollution Control Board

• Air quality and festive season-

In this analysis, we divided the months in 2 phases-
JAN- SEP- Non festive season
OCT-DEC- Festive season
In case of festive season the pollutants increases and pollutes the air. The trend of AQI with festive season
is shown by a line diagram which shows, In 2018- 2022, all the pollutants increases in festive time
specially in Dec- Jan and becomes lowest in non festive season specially in May-Jun.
Figure 7, Level Of Pollution In Festive Season (October- December) In Kolkata (2018- 2022)

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P.M<2.5
60
P.M<2.5(YEARLY AVERAGE)

50
40
30
20
10
0

MONTH

P.M<10
200
P.M<10(YEARLY AVERAGE)

150
100
50
0

MONTHS

NO2
60
NO2(YEARLY AVERAGE)

50
40
30
20
10
0

MONTHS

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10
SO2(YEARLY AVERAGE) 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

MONTHS

Data source- West Bengal Pollution Control Board (2018-2022)

• Covid and A.Q.I-

In this study, the 5 year span was divided in 3 periods-
PRE COVID- 2018-19
COVID-2020
POST COVID- 2021- 22
It is seen that in case of every station the amount of AQI was lowest in the covid period than the other two
periods. In 2018-19 the value of AQI was highest among all the periods due to normal amount of vehicle
emission and the normal amount of industrialization.
But in covid period, 2020, due to the lockdown, every thing was stopped, people were bounded in their
home. For these reasons the number of pollutants became decrease.
In the post covid period, all things were started to get normal, people started their common outdoor
activities. That’s why the AQI increased but not as the post covid period, because of the presence of covid
and the restrictions.

PRE-COVID PERIOD

Picnic Garden

Minto Park
Stations

Tollygaunge

Behala

Shyambazar

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

A.Q.I

2019 2018

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COVID PERIOD

Picnic Garden

Minto Park
STATION

Tollygaunge

Behala

Shyambazar

0 10 20 30 40 50
A.Q.I

Chart Title
Picnic Garden

Minto Park
STATIONS

Tollygaunge

Behala

Shyambazar

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
A.Q.I

2022 2021

Data source- West Bengal Pollution Control Board.

Impact of air pollution on human health-

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is 30 times thinner than a human hair and can be inhaled deeply into lung
tissue. It accounts for most health effects due to air pollution. Air pollution can affect lung development
and is associated with emphysema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PM 10
and nitrogen oxide have been linked to chronic bronchitis.
Cardiovascular disease –
Air pollution can aggravate heart and cardiovascular system in many ways. PM 2.5 can impair blood
vessel function and speed up calcification in arteries.
Cancer-
Many types of cancer are associated with air pollution.
• Researchers found that occupational exposure to benzene, an industrial chemical and component of
gasoline, can cause leukaemia and is associated with non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
• A long-term study, 2000-2016, found an association between lung cancer incidence and increased
reliance on coal for energy generation.

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Figure 8, Health Effect Of Air Pollution

RESPIRATORY DISEASES ARI

60 RESPIRATORY DISEASES COPD

50
40 RESPIRATORY DISEASES
INFLUENJA
30
RESPIRATORY DISEASES UTRI
20
10 RESPIRATORY DISEASES AFB
0
INFECTED
PEOPLE(IN
%)

Data source- Primary survey, MDPI

According to WBPCB, different amount of AQI effects the human health in different ways. Table3, AQI
Level And Health Impact

(Source-West Bengal Pollution Control Board)

Suggestive measures-
In Kolkata the following measures can be taken-
1. Use of low sulphur fuel instead of high sulphur fuel by electric utilities .
2. Reduce the amount of pollutants by the less production of cfcs and carbon.
3. Stop cutting the trees and plant more trees.
4. Use filter and scrubber in cars and factories chimney.
5. Reduce the use of fossil fuel.
6. Reduce the amount of unscientific works by human in case of living and industrialization.

Conclusions-
The study shows the different sources, effects, problems, suggestive measures to control air pollution in
Kolkata. It has been found that vehicles, factories, road dust etc are the major sources of air pollution in
Kolkata. Several health impacts such as COPD, emphysema, asthma etc has been occur in human health

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that causes due to air pollution. In these circumstances the local administration, ngos and local public
should take necessary steps to improve air quality.

Appendix-
Table 4, TABLE FOR AIR QUALITY STATUS OF SAMPLE STATIONS OF KOLKATA (2018-
2022)
PM<2.5
Station 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Shyambazar 71.92 68.6 43.6 43.79 44.8
Behala 64.79 55.04 34.1 36.21 37.2
Tollygaunge 0 0 0 0 0
Minto Park 62.87 50.6 38.7 38.95 35.3
Picnic Garden 0 0 0 0 0

P.M<10
Station 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Shyambazar 134.08 125.2 92.7 117.42 125.29
Behala 99.38 106.3 75.3 98.62 102.7
Tollygaunge 101.38 95.5 70.38 56.31 65.4
Minto Park 114.12 101.3 88.25 100.67 110
Picnic Garden 94.83 83.8 79.3 91.62 130.7

NO2
STATION 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Shyambazar 41.83 43.4 43.2 40.37 46.42
Behala 40.25 43.25 41.6 36.33 45.4
Tollygaunge 34.75 40.4 39.2 34.23 37.1
Minto Park 37.5 37.6 43.3 37.5 43.8
Picnic Garden 32 42.3 49.3 35.37 48.3

SO2
STATION 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Shyambazar 6.12 9.1 6.63 6.75 9.04
Behala 4.87 8.3 6.5 5.58 5.9
Tollygaunge 3.83 7.5 4.6 4.33 3.3
Minto Park 4.71 7.6 6.67 5.46 6.3
Picnic Garden 3.3 7.5 6.6 5.71 9.5

(Source-West Bengal Pollution Control Board)

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Table 5, Correlation Between Meteorological Factors And Air Quality(2018-2022)

MONTHS Rainfall(mm) AQI
January 9 129.8
February 23 111.6
March 31 126.4
April 74 113.5
May 133 82.6
June 286 73.8
July 359 65.8
August 342 54
September 287 65.4
October 157 72.5
November 30 109.2
December 7 138.7

Temperature (degree
MONTHS celcius) AQI
January 19 129.8
February 22 111.6
March 28 126.4
April 31 113.5
May 34 82.6
June 32 73.8
July 30 65.8
August 29 54
September 29 65.4
October 28 72.5
November 25 109.2
December 22 138.7
Data source- Indian Meteorological Department and West Bengal Pollution Control Board

Table 6, Correlation Between Monsoon And AQI Of Kolkata

MONSOON POST MONSOON
YEAR PRE MONSOON AQI TREND TREND
2018 236 198 478
2019 223 182 402
2020 218 178 398
2021 165 126 278
2022 112 73 157
Data source- Indian Meteorological Department and West Bengal Pollution Control Board

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Table 7, Air Quality Index In Festive Season (October- December) In Kolkata (2018-2022)
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
8.98 7.22 5.39 6.18 6.15 6.15
56.02 49.84 36.33 21.48 15.5 16.92
177.22 157.58 117.06 73.22 55.4 64.17
52.48 49.38 42.92 31.8 24.4 24.26
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
4.94 5.95 5.48 5.93 8.21 9.42
15.4 16.11 17.48 20.84 35.3 48.22
65.66 62.95 66.52 69.81 114.48 149.19
38.38 34.26 36.38 37.12 47.22 51.18
(Source-West Bengal Pollution Control Board)

Table 8, Changes Of A.Q.I In Pre, Post And Covid Period

Pre- Covid Covid Post- Covid
Station 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Shyambazar 309.03 61.57 46.53 52.08 56.38
Behala 52.21 53.28 39.37 44.3 47.8
Tollygaunge 34.99 35.85 28.54 23.71 26.45
Minto Park 54.8 49.27 44.23 45.64 48.9
Picnic Garden 130.13 33.4 33.8 33.17 56.38
(Source-West Bengal Pollution Control Board)

Table 9, Impact Of Air Pollution On Health

RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Diseases ARI COPD INFLUENJA UTRI AFB
INFECTED PEOPLE(IN
%) 60 7.8 12.7 1.2 3.4
(Source- Primary survey. MDPI)

Acknowledgement-
I would like to show my regards to all of my teachers and friends who helped me in this research. Really
obliged towards my parents. All the websites and other research papers also helped me a lot for the
completion of this paper.

Biography-
I am Miss, Arpita Dutta, student of University of Calcutta, pursuing [Link] in Geography. I completed my
graduation under University of Calcutta, Vidyasagar College. Passed H.S in 2020.

References-
1. Mishra, V. (2003) Effect of Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Combustion on Prevalence of Asthma
in the Elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 71-78.
Https://[Link]/reference/[Link]?Referenceid=1426199

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2. [Link] et al, 12.10.2017, Air Pollution and Human Health in Kolkata, India: A Case Study,
Climate-MDPI, 5.77, 3-4 & 13-15.
Https://[Link]/publication/322615960_Air_Pollution_and_Human_Health_in_Kolkat
a_India_A_Case_Study
3. Rahman et al , 12.12.2011, Air Pollution in Kolkata: An Analysis of Current Status and Interrelation
between Different Factors. Versita, SEEU Review, 8, 185-186
Https://[Link]/publication/271381801_Air_Pollution_in_Kolkata_An_Analysis_of_
Current_Status_and_Interrelation_between_Different_Factors
4. Sylvia Medina, Alain Le Tertre, Michael Saklad, 28.10.2009, The Apheis project: Air Pollution and
Health—A European Information System, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health- Springer, 2(4), 187.
Https://[Link]/pmc/articles/PMC2805804/
5. West Bengal Pollution Control Board: Annual report: 2018-2022.

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