CHAPTER ONE
1.1: INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
Introduction
General
Definition of terms
Building Classifications
Classification based on occupancies
Classification based on types of construction
Components of a Building
Design and performance requirements
Participants in building project
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
A construction is a process of constructing something by man for one purpose or
another. It may be a road, bridge, a dam, a dwelling place, an airport, a commercial
building, etc.
A building can be generally considered as a structure consisting of floors, walls
and roofs erected to provide covered space for different uses such as residence,
business, entertainment, workshop, etc.
Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted
throughout history for a wide number of factors:
Building materials available weather conditions
Land prices ground conditions
Specific uses Aesthetic reasons
INTRODUCTION, Contnd….
Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather and
as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably
live and work.
The first shelter on Earth constructed by a relatively close ancestor to humans is
believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an early ancestor of humans.
The initial causes which forced man to look for shelter were:
Fear of wild animals
Seeking protection against the cold and the heat
Seeking shelter against the rain and wind
The desire for a place where everything belonging to the family could be
gathered
INTRODUCTION, Contnd….
The main considerations in architectural design of buildings for all purpose are:
Climate and its effect
People and their requirements
Materials for construction and method of construction
Regulations and building codes
Requirements which must be satisfied for the construction of a modern house are:
A plot of land
Permission from local authorities
Materials for building
Skilled laborers for the erection
Finance
Professionals, such as architects and engineers
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Building: is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that
provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, and
performance of human activities, storage of human possessions, or any
combination of these.
Building design: is the process of providing all information necessary for
construction of a building that will meet its owner’ requirements and also
satisfy public health, welfare, and safety requirements.
Building construction: is the process of assembling materials to form a building
based on the building design.
Buildings can be generally classified in different groups depending upon their
occupancy of use or types of construction.
Classification Based On Classification Based On
Occupancy Types Of Construction
· Residential buildings · Type1: Fire-resisting
· Educational buildings construction
· Assembly buildings · Type 2: Non-combustible
construction
· Business buildings
· Type 3: Heavy timber
· Mercantile buildings construction
· Industrial buildings · Type 4: Ordinary
· Institutional buildings construction
· Storage buildings · Type 5: Wood frame
· Hazardous buildings construction
1.
Include houses occupied by persons where
living accommodations are provided.
Private residences, apartments,
Dormitories, hotels, etc.
2.
Include any building used for educational
instructions.
Schools
3.
Include any building where group of people
gather for amusement, recreation, social,
political, religious and similar purposes.
o Theatres, halls, places of worship, etc.
4.
Any building which is used for the
transaction of business, for professional
services and for keeping accounts & records
for similar purpose.
Garages, barbershops, city halls,
-courthouses, libraries, etc.
5.
Any building which is used as shops, stores,
market, and for display and sale of
merchandise.
o Shopping malls
6.
Any building or structure, in which products
or materials of all kinds are fabricated,
assembled, finished or processed.
Assembly plants
7.
Any building which is used for purposes
such as medical or other treatment or care or
for penal or correctional detention.
o Hospitals, prisons, etc
8.
Any building which is used for storage or
sheltering of goods, merchandise, agricultural
products, raw materials etc.
o Ware houses, Barns, etc.
9.
Any building used for storage, handling,
manufacturing or processing of highly
inflammable, combustible or explosive
materials.
o explosive storage 10
Buildings are classified on the basis of resistance to fire of the elements of the
buildings.
:
Type of construction in which the elements of the building, which include
the floors, walls, columns and the roof itself, are non-combustible. The
building is sufficiently fire resistance that it with stands the effect of fire and
prevents its spread to other rooms.
Construction in which the walls, partitions, structural elements etc. are
non-combustible with less fire resistance than Type 1.
Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non-combustible material.
Interior structural members, floors and roofs are constructed out of timber
either in solid or laminated forms.
Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non-combustible material. Interior
structural members could be partially or wholly out of wood of relatively
smaller sections unlike Type 3.
Type of construction in which practically the whole of the building is out of
wood or other combustible materials.
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
A building has two basic parts:
Sub-structure
Super structure
Sub-structure: is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the
ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the supporting
soil.
Super-structure: is that part of the structure which is above the ground level, and
which serves the purpose of its intended use.
The basic component of a building include: Foundations, Walls, floor structures,
Roof structures, Building finishes, Doors, windows and other openings, Vertical
transportation
Sub-structure
Super-structure and sub-structure
3D-model
A building structure should satisfy the following basic design and performance
requirements
A. The structure should have adequate margin of safety (factor of safety) in
addition to that necessary to support its normal loading.
B. It must have sufficient stiffness (hardness) so that its distortion does not offend the
eye or
reduce the efficiency of the structure for its normal purpose.
C.
The building should be planned to provide sufficient comfort and convenience
to the occupants of the building.
To accommodate the basic functional requirements, a building should
satisfy the following requirements in its design and construction works:
Any structural component of a building should be strong enough to carry or
support all possible types of loads to which it is likely to be subjected. The
Loads in a building are commonly classified as: dead loads, super imposed or
live loads and wind loads.
are static loads due to the weight of the respective structural
members, i.e. The wall partitions, roofs, slabs and all other permanent
fixtures in the building.
also called as super-imposed loads, consist of moving or
variable loads, due to people or occupants, their furniture, temporary
stores, machinery, etc.
are loads, which can cause uplift on a building and reduce
the pressure on the foundation on the windward side and increase pressure on
the leeward side. The effect of wind pressure increases with the height of the
building.
Refers to the resistance to dimensional
changes in building materials and structures caused due to:
Elastic and plastic deformations as a result of applied loads,
Expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature and moisture
content.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT (CONT…)
3. Comfort and convenience: - Should be satisfied by proper
planning of the buildings and its units.
o Optimum utilization of space
o Lighting considerations
o Orientation
4. Resistance to moisture penetration: - The presence of moisture in
any building structure deteriorates the materials strength,
reduces durability and could cause partial or total failure of the
structure.
5. Fire protection
o A building structure should not ignite easily
o A building should provide means of fire escape
o A building should be designed to reduce the spread of fire
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT (CONT…)
6. Heat insulation: -
The building should be designed in such a way to maintain
fairly constant temperature of the internal environment
independently of the varying climatic conditions externally.
7. Day light and ventilation
Day lighting is essential to promote the activities carried in
the building and to create pleasant inside environment.
Ventilation is essential to prevent undue concentration of
odours, fumes, dust, etc. and maintain suitable condition for
the user of the building.
8. Sound insulation
The insulation of noise is a very important requirement for
buildings such as hospitals, educational institutions, offices
band residential building located in noisy areas.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT (CONT…)
9. Durability
The durability of a building is defined as the time over which a
building remains serviceable and depends mainly on;
Type of building materials
Environmental exposure
Quality of workmanship
Degree of maintenance, et
10. Security
Due considerations should be given in designing and
constructing external walls and openings to protect a building
against burglary or theft
11. Economy
The designer must exercise economy at every stage of
planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation.
PARTICIPANTS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
The practice of planning, designing, constructing, and operating
buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of
professionals and trades.
Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building
project, the project team may include:
A client or an owner: Individuals, government, real estate developers etc.
Financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
Local planning and code authorities
Consultants or Licensed architects and engineers who provide building
design and prepare construction documents
Contractors who provide construction services and install building
systems
Marketing or leasing agents
Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.
THANYOU!